Kodi Kusimbira Kuyamba Nchiyani?

Chiphunzitso choyambirira ndi chiphunzitso cha kumasulira koyambirira kwa lamulo limene limafuna kuchirikiza tanthauzo la mawu a Konsichushoni ku luntha limene anthu amene anaivomereza. M’zaka za zana la 21, ilo lakhala njira imodzi yosonkhezera kwambiri ndi yotsutsana ndi American jurisprudence. Mfundo yaikulu ndi yomveka: Malamulo ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lake loyamba lapoyera la matanthauzo ake a malamulowo ndipo otsutsa kuti munthu wololera panthaŵi ya kutchuka atha kumvetsa bwino kusiyana ndi kusinthidwa ndi oweruza kuti asonyeze makhalidwe amakono. Atsogoleri atsutsa kuti njira imeneyi imaletsa kuweruza, imalimbikitsa kuyankha mlandu wa demokalase, ndi kusunga lamulo. Otsutsa kuti itseketsa mtundu m'kakhalidwe lachikale ndi kunyalanyaza kupita patsogolo kwake.

Chiyambi cha Chiphunzitso Choyambirira

Chiphunzitso chamakono chinawonekera m'ma 1970 ndi 1980 monga chivomerezo chotsutsana ndi kuikidwa kwa oweruza oyambirira a Warren ndi Burger Courts. Akatswiri a zamalamulo onga Robert Bork ndi Justice Antonin Scalia anachirikiza nthanthiyo, akutsutsa kuti oweruza amene anamasulira Konsichurako m’kuwunika kwa miyezo ya tsatanetsatane anaika kuika pachiswe zofuna zawo zaumwini. Masinthidwewo anafikira kuikidwa kwa oweruza oyambirira ndi kuikidwa kwa boma, kufikitsa ku kukwera kwa Justice Scalia ku Supreme Court mu 1986. Mpatuko, m'kupita kwa nthaŵi, Chiphunzitso choyambirira chakhala chopatukira ku zigawo zapamwamba. “kutembenuza kwa "kutembenuza ndi cholinga cha anthu okonza ntchito yopanga mapanganowo, pamene kuli kwakuti“ tanthauzo laponse laponse a anthu ayamba kumvetsetsa.

Chifukwa Chake Kuyambirira Kuli Kofunika Lerolino

M'nyengo ya kugawanika kwakukulu kwa ndale zadziko, chiphunzitso choyambirira chimapereka mawu a kusaloŵerera m’zochitika ndi kumamatira ku lamulo loikidwa. Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu Laposachedwapa . kuchokera ku Dicoality of Columbia v. Heller [1] (2008) pa Kusintha kwachiŵiri kwa Dobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization [202]) pa kuchotsa mimba (2022] mikangano yokhudza ngati chiphunzitso choyambirira chimateteza ufulu wa munthu aliyense kapena kuchepetsa. Kumvetsetsa mphamvu za nzeru ya munthu ndi malire nkofunika kwa aliyense m’tsogolo kwa ufulu wa malamulo.

Kuyambirira kwa Munthu Mmodzi ndi Mlandu Wake

Anthu ochirikiza ufulu akuona kuti kumamatira ku tanthauzo la poyamba kumathandiza kuti ufulu ukhale wolimba poonetsetsa kuti ufulu wokhawo ndi umene anthu oyambitsawo amapatsidwa chitetezo chachiweruzo.

Kusintha Koyamba kwa Malamulo

Matanthauzo oyambirira a First Amendment kaŵirikaŵiri amagogomezera cholinga chake chachikulu: kutetezera kulankhula kwa ndale zadziko ndi kachitidwe ka chipembedzo ku kusanthula ndi kukhazikitsa boma. Mwachitsanzo, oyambitsa achirikiza mosalekeza chitetezo cha ufulu wandale zadziko kaamba ka kutetezera kwa andale zadziko, ngakhale pamene mawuwo satchuka. [[Fluct:0] Mu [Flug] Confluzens United v. Federal Commission [[Foct:1] Commission [2010]] [2010]), Khoti la khomo lolimbanira kuwonana kwamakono kapena kumasuka a chipembedzo. Malo oyambirira a pa mfundo za kudalirana ndi kutetezera kwa kampani, "kupangitsa kuti: "[Fom] Oyambirira] Kutsutsa kuti kugawa kwa gulu la anthu ambiri atsutsa kugaŵana ndi kuti tanthauzo lachipembedzo silingathetse mosavuta mafunso a zamakono kapena kukambirana kwa pa Intaneti. [F]

Kusintha kwachiŵiri ndi Kuyenera Konyamula Zida

Mwinamwake palibe malo osonyeza chiyambukiro cha kuyambirira kwa ufulu wa munthu mmodzi ndi mmodzi kuposa pa Kusintha kwachiŵiri. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, lingaliro lofala linali lakuti kukonza kunali kokha kutetezera kuyenera kwa gulu logwirizana ndi ntchito ya ankhondo. Mu [[FLT: 0] Digatoriation of Columbia v. Helder [2008] [Chourt] [Choma chachikulu cha Supreme Court chinagwiritsira ntchito njira za kuyambitsa chidziŵitso cha anthu, "kufufuza magwero a mbiri yakale] kuchokera ku nyengo ya kuyambika ndi kuchirikiza mfuti. [Moyo], monga momwe Chivomerezero chachiŵiri chimatetezera ufulu wa munthu wokhala ndi chibadwidwe cha kumudzi. Chilungamo chamakono chinadaliranso pa njira za kulongosola kwa mtundu wapo. Chipulumuwe chamakono, chigamulo cha dziko la Brusaledensi cha dziko la Brugonje, chikhomo chachikulu cha chivomerekanso ndi malamulo chachi. [R.22]

Ufulu Wochita Zinthu Zachinsinsi

Chipwirikiti chachikulu kwambiri pakati pa kuyambika kwa ufulu ndi chisankho cha munthu aliyense chimabuka m'malo achinsinsi ndi otchedwa “kusakhala ndi ufulu”. Malamulo satchula kuyenera kwachisawawa kwa kukhala kwachinsinsi, komabe Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira chimodzi pansi pa chiphunzitso chofunikira cha njira ya 145 Confectivement, kukhazikitsa zosankha zonga v. Kupanda pa tanthauzo la malamulo apadera [[FLT:] [21]) ndi [FLT] [ku] OFLT] v. Akazi omwe akukhala ndi ufulu wambirimbiri ya moyo (20:] (2011]) pamene apanga ufulu. Ostisms . Mapangano a m'makedzana a , osatsutsa njira za moyo. Sananena kuti m’malingaliro lapamwamba la ufulu wa malamulo a m'malamulo achilengedwe choyambirira. [F.] Mum'Groptionstions: "3] mums .Options .[222222222] Akufagnoketion) ndi oikidwa ndi oikidwa ndi o

Kusuliza Kupeka Mawu Oyambirira

Kusuliza kofala kwambiri kwagwera m’magulu angapo.

“ Vuto la Kugwa kwa Nkhonya”

Ngati tanthauzo la Konsichushoniyo lakhazikika pa kutembenuza, nchifukwa ninji democracy yamakono iyenera kugwirizanitsidwa ndi malingaliro a kagulu ka anthu amene anafa zaka mazana angapo zapitazo? Otsutsa amanena kuti kutembenuza koyambirira kumaimira ulamuliro wa akufa, kunyalanyaza chenicheni chakuti Konsichushoni inalinganizidwa kusinthidwa ndi kumasulira mopanda pake. Olemba Baibulo akuvomereza kuti kusinthako kumapereka njira yosinthira, ndi kuti kukhulupirika ku malemba oyambirira ndiko kuyenera kupendedwa kwa lamulo m'malo oyambirira. Komabe, vuto lothandiza la kukonzanso malamulo a m'Chilamulocholoŵa m’zaka zoposa 230. Oyambirira akuchititsa kusokonezeka maganizo ameneŵa chifukwa cha nkhani zachinsinsi, katundu, katundu, ndi kugonana.

Kuzindikira Tanthauzo Loyambirira

Kodi tingadziŵe bwanji kuti “tanthauzo la anthu oyambirira” linali chiyani? Umboni wa mbiri yakale kaŵirikaŵiri ngwosagwirizana, wosamveka, kapena wosagwirizana. Mwachitsanzo, tanthauzo loyamba la mawu oyamba a Second Amendment (“Militia yoyendetsedwa bwino, kukhala kofunika kuti boma laufulu...”) wakhala nkhani ya nkhani ya mkangano wankhanza wa mbiri yakale. Mofananamo, ndale za Jenear Amendment za chitsimikizo cha“ kapena kuteteza” ndizo zina zomveka mosiyana ndi ma ratifiers. Oyambirira akutsutsa kuti kufufuza kwamphamvu m'mbiri kukhoza kupereka mayankho, koma okayikira amanena kuti oweruza m'mbiri otsutsa mfundo zawo zotsimikizirika kuti achilikizetsa mfundo zawo.

Kuyamba Kulankhulana ndi Anthu Ena

Mwinamwake kusuliza kokulira m'ndale zadziko ndiko kuti kutsekereza kupita patsogolo kwa chitaganya. Ufulu umene opangawo sanawone [1] monga kuyenera kwa kugwiritsira ntchito kulera, kukwatira kumafuko, kapena kuloŵa muukwati wauchiŵalo wofanana . Wadziŵika ndi Makhoti pambuyo pake pansi pa malingaliro a kuyambika kwa dziko. Mu [[FLT:]] Obergefe [ma] [malingaliro oyamba]] [a] , lingaliro la Woweruza Kennedy linatenga lingaliro la ufulu monga losiyana. Oyambirira anatsutsa, akutsutsa kuti kulingana kuyenera kuyenera kugamulidwa ndi malamulo. Otsutsa kutsimikizira kuti kuwonana kwa fuko kumbuyokusintha kwa malamulo sikungamvedwe kuletsa sukulu, monga chiphunzitso chosiyana ndi chiphunzitso chosiyana ndi chiphunzitso chosiyana ndi chiphunzitso chakusintha. Komabe, kuwonjezera kwa lamulo la m'malemba lakale, kuwonjezera kuwonjezera, kudalira pa kuvomereza kuti kulephera kutsutsa kwa kutsutsa kwake kwa lamulo.

Kuyamba Kulankhulana kwa Anthu m’Zaka za Zana la 21: Khoti ndi Nkhani Zosatha

Kusintha kwa Supreme Court kwamakono kwa kusunga malamulo apamwamba ndi mawu apatsogolo ndi apambuyo. Zimenezi zachititsa kuti anthu ambiri a m'mabanja oyambirira a Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito, Neil Gorfort, Brett Kavathaugh , ndi Amy Coney Barrett ayambe kupenda kwambiri mbiri yakale ya Malamulo ndi kufotokoza za nkhani. Zimenezi zachititsa kuti ayambitsenso anthu oyambirira otchuka a jurisprudence m’madera osakhala njira zaupandu ndi ufulu wa mfuti. Mwachitsanzo, Khoti latengeranso mfundo zoyamba zachikhalidwe, kusiyanitsa mphamvu, ndi ulamuliro wa anthu. Kusumika maganizo pa mwambo wa mbiri yakale ndi malemba kwasonkhezera khoti kuchotsapo kuyesa ndi malamulo abwino kwambiri otengedwa ku lunthanthano loyambirira.

Luso la Zaluso ndi Malire a Kuyambirira

Chimodzi cha zitokoso zotsendereza kwambiri za kuyambika kwa nyengo ya 21 ndi luso. Malamulo sanena chilichonse ponena za intaneti, mafoni am'manja, kapena kuyang'anira za magetsi. Ofufuza za m'chilengedwe ayenera kusankha ngati angagwiritsire ntchito malamulo a malembawo mwachitsanzo, kufunsa kuti kodi chiletso cha Fourth Amendment cha “kufufuza kosapambanitsa ndi kugwidwa ndi kudwala” chimene chikutanthauza mu 1791 ndipo kenaka kukulitsa nzeru yamakono ya makompyuta, kapena kugonjera ku malamulo. Woweruza Gorthssss wachirikiza“ kusakhala ndi mbali ya projekiti” yoyambirira imene imayang'ana ku tanthauzo la ufulu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zatsopano popanda kukonza malamulo amakhalidwe abwino. Otsutsa zimenezi angatulutse zotsatira zosamveka bwino kapena zoopsa, monga kupatsa mphamvu za boma kuti asunge omanga malamulo chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa oyambitsa. Chikhalidwechinga chikanetso chaku

Kuyamba Kulankhula ndi Maganizo a Anthu

Kukwera kwa chiphunzitso choyambirira kwasinthanso mkhalidwe wa ndale zadziko. Mapresidenti tsopano akuchirikiza mwachindunji zotulukapo zimene zimatetezera chiyero cha njira yoyambirira. Federalist Society imagwira ntchito monga wosunga chipata, kupititsa patsogolo oyembekezera kuyambika. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, kufufuza kumapereka lingaliro lakuti anthu ambiri a ku America samaika patsogolo kuyambirira kwa njira zina zomasulira, kaŵirikaŵiri amayanja zotulukapo zimene zimatetezera ufulu wa munthu pa njira zamakono. Kusintha kumeneku kumayambitsa kusemphana maganizo pakati pa oweruza: oweruza oyambirira angasunge zosankha ndi zotulukapo zosakondweretsa (m.g., kutsutsa zigamulo za ndawala za ndawala kapena ufulu wa kuchotsa mimba) chifukwa chakuti amakhulupirira malamulowo, mosadalira malingaliro a anthu onse.

Njira Yake: Kuteteza ndi Kuwongolera Kuyambirira

Anthu amene amalimbikitsa mfundo yakuti zinthu zinachita kulengedwa, amanena kuti nzeru si yosasintha koma kuti ndi yokhoza kukonzedwa bwino.

Kugogomezera Njira Yosinthira Zinthu

Okhulupirira mfundo za m'Chipangano Chatsopano angatchule njira yosinthira malamulo monga njira yoyenerera yopitira ku kufutukuka kwa ufulu. Mwachitsanzo, Demendment ya 19 (Mbadwo wa akazi) ndi Democracy ya 26 (mbadwo wa 18) imasonyeza kuti anthu angasinthe Konsichushoni pamene pali kugwirizana kwakukulu. Olemba nkhani za m'Chipangano Amatsutsa kuti oweruza amene amaŵerenga ufulu watsopano m'malemba achidule a democracy imeneyi angaoneke ngati osamveka bwino. Vuto n’lakuti kusintha kwa njira ya demokrase n’kovuta kwambiri, kufunikira kukonzanso maufumu ndi majomba atatu 76.

Kukula ndi Kuyamba Kochepa

Akatswiri ena odziŵa za malamulo oyambirira amasiyanitsa pakati pa “chiyambi chakale” (chimene chimagwirizana kwambiri ndi ziyembekezo za oyambitsawo) ndi“ chiphunzitso choyambirira chatsopano” (chimene chimakhudza tanthauzo lake loyamba la malamulo onse). Mwachitsanzo, chitsimikiziro cha Malamulo cha“kutetezera kofanana kwa malamulo ” chingagwiritsiridwe ntchito ku mikhalidwe yamakono popanda kutsutsana ndi tanthauzo lake loyamba . Chonde ngati lamulo lakulingana limalemekezedwa, ngakhale ngati oyambitsawo sanaone kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake ku maunansi a anthu. Chiphunzitso choyambirira chosinthika choyambirira chimenechi chingapereke njira yotetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha pamene chikukanabe ntchito yachiweruzo yoweruza.

Kuyamba Kugwirizana ndi Ena

M’zochitika, Chiphunzitso choyambirira sichimagwira ntchito dwake. Ngakhale oweruza oyambirira amadalira pa chitsanzo, mfundo za mpangidwe, ndi kulimbikitsa zotulukapo za malamulo awo. Pozindikira zimenezi, ochirikiza ena a “uchifalikani” amalingalira kuti tanthauzo loyamba ndilo chiyambi koma amalola zipangizo zina zomasulira kuwonjezera pamene mawuwo ali ovuta. Njira yotero ikhoza kusunga mphamvu za chiphunzitso choyambirira ndi kupeŵa zotsatira zake zovuta kwambiri. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, ofufuza ena akuchenjeza kuti malo ambiri ogonamo angachotse mphamvu ya kumasulira kwake.

Mapeto: Kuyamba Kulankhula ndi Mulungu ndi Kuteteza Maufulu m’Zaka za Zana Latsopano

Kutsutsana pa kuyambika kwa zinthu sikungathetsedwe. Pamene United States ikuyang'anizana ndi mavuto achilendo ofufuza masamu ndi kusanthula nzeru zopeka ndi njira yomasulira imene imagwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi makhoti idzaumba ukulu wa ufulu wa munthu aliyense kwa mibadwo. Kutembenuza kumakopa kukhazikika, kutsenderezedwa, ndi kuikidwa kwa demokrase, komanso kumaikanso pangozi ku kumiza mtunduwo ku zinthu zakale zimene sizingalankhule bwino lomwe. Njira yolonjeza kwambiri ingakhale yoyambirira imene imavomereza kufunika kwa kukambitsirana kwa mbiri yakale pamene ikupitirizabe kuchotsapo kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa malamulo apamwamba. Potsirizira pake, chitetezo cha ufulu wa munthu aliyense m’zaka za zana la 21 sichidzadalira pa nzeru iliyonse, koma nzeru, kudzichepetsa, ndi kukhulupirika kwa awo amene ali ndi mphamvu yachiweruzo.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa mbiri ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa kuyambika, onani [[FLT: 0] Malamulo a National Center [, [[FLT :]STUSTULT] , ndi [[FLT:] Vanderbilt Leact Review ya kusinkhutsa kwa lamulo . [FLT:] [FLT]] Brobert] nthano ya Blubberk [[FLT:] ndi [FL:] . University of progalamu ya Chigo cha Chigo]