Chisinthiko cha uyang'aniro wa boma chimaimira mbali yaikulu ya kulinganiza kwa ndale zadziko, kugwirizanitsa mmene mabungwe amalinganizira ulamuliro, kuŵerengera mlandu, ndi ubwino wa anthu. Kuchokera ku malamulo akale olembedwa m'miyala kufikira ku madongosolo amakono a manambala, njira zimene maboma amasungidwa nazo zakhala zikuyendera nthaŵi zonse kuti zigwirizane ndi zochitika zanthaŵi yawo. Kumvetsetsa mbiri yakale imeneyi sikumaunikira kokha maziko a ulamuliro wamakono komanso kumapereka kagalasi komwe kangalukire ndi kutsogolo. Nkhaniyi imapenda zochitika zazikulu za boma zimene zimasinthanso, ndi kufufuza zitoko za mavuto amene akukulawo amene adzalongosola mutu wake wotsatira.

Maziko Akale a Uyang’aniro

Kalekale mawuwo "uyang’anira" asanaloŵe m'nkhani ya ndale zadziko, anthu oyambirira anazindikira kufunika kwa nyumba zolamulira ulamuliro, kutsimikizira chilungamo, ndi kusungitsa dongosolo la kakhalidwe ka anthu. Madongosolo oyambirira ameneŵa, ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri anali ogwirizana ndi ulamuliro wa chipembedzo kapena wa monarchy, anayala maziko a malingaliro a pambuyo pake a kupenda ndi kulinganiza.

Mesopotamia ndi Malamulo a Hammurabi

Ku Mesopotamiya wakale, Mfumu Hammurabi (chirca 1754 BCE) inalengeza lamulo lakale kwambiri la mbiri yakale ndi lathunthu. Malamulo a Hammurabi, olembedwa pa mwala, adakhazikitsa malamulo amene amagwira ntchito pa nkhani zonse, ngakhale kuti anali ndi miyezo yosiyanasiyana ya magawo osiyanasiyana. Malamulo ameneŵa anakhazikitsa lamulo lakuti ulamuliro wa wolamulira sunali woyenerera koma unali womangidwa ndi lamulo lolembedwa limene linkagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi nzika. Ilo linaphatikizapo makonzedwe a malonda, ufulu wa katundu, ndi malamulo a banja, ndi chilango choikidwa cha kuswa malamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo la lamulo la mfumu likhalabe m’manja, kungolengedwa ndi lamulo la anthu odziŵerengera mlandu. [Fom'.]

Igupto ndi Ulamuliro wa Mulungu

Igupto wakale anatenga njira ina, ndi kuyang'anira mokulira m'lingaliro la ufumu waumulungu. Farao analingaliridwa kukhala mulungu padziko lapansi, ndipo malamulo ake anaonedwa kukhala kuwonjezera dongosolo la chilengedwe. Komabe, ngakhale pakati pa dongosolo limeneli, madongosolo a kuŵerengera analipo. Vizier, nduna yoyang'anira, kuyang'anira kuyang'anira kwa chilungamo, misonkho, ndi ntchito zapoyera. Farao anayembekezeredwanso kuchirikiza ma't . [malamulo la choonadi, kulinganizika, ndi kulephera kufotokozedwa monga chizindikiro chakuti wolamulirayo anataya chiyanjo chaumulungu. Makachisi ndi ansembe nthaŵi zina adachitidwa monga otetezera, ndi zolembera zachifumu za chipembedzo. Pamene anali kuyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira kwapamwamba kwa gulu lachipembedzo.

Greece Wakale ndi Roma

Dziko lakale linayambitsa njira zauyang'aniro zadongosolo ndi zapadera. Kukula kwa demokrase kunachititsa mabungwe monga eklexia (kulimba) ndi boulē ['ku] [kuwonjezera], kumene nzika zinatha kukambirana, akuluakulu a boma, ndipo ngakhale kuvota kuchititsa kuti anthu aopseze boma. Magistate anali oyenera kupenda pamapeto a malamulo awo, kachitidwe kodziŵika [ka] [ka] [kapena] [katswiri, ndipo kotsatira lamulo lalamulo logwirizana ndi logaŵikizapo, kupyonjezera, ku Roma, kudziko la Repul Republic, kuyang'ana ndi kulinganiza koyenera kuyang'anira bwino. Pamene kunali kuperekedwa ndi malamulo osankhidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma osankhidwa kwambiri, makamaka kwa akuluakulu a boma, ku Roma ndi kuwonjezera, kuwonjezera kwa zigawake, kuwonjezera chaku

Kusintha kwa Zaka Zapakati

Kugwa kwa Ufumu wa Roma Wakumadzulo kunatsogolera ku kugawikana kwa ulamuliro wapakati ndi kuyambika kwa ulamuliro wa ndale. Uyang’aniro unakhala wa malo amodzi, ndi mphamvu yobalalitsidwa pakati pa ambuye, Tchalitchi, ndi kubuka kwa ufumu wa monarchy. Komabe nyengo imeneyi inatulutsanso zikalata zazikulu ndi malingaliro zimene pambuyo pake zikadziŵitsa ulamuliro wamakono.

Magulu Onyenga

Pansi pa lipansi pa lipansi, dziko ndi ntchito yankhondo zinapanga mathayo audindo. Ambuye anali kuyang'anira ntchito zawo kudzera m'makhoti a boma, kumene mikangano yakwawo inasandutsidwa ndi kusonkhanitsa misonkho. Vassals, adakhala ndi ngongole ya kukhulupirika ndi utumiki. Dongosolo loyenerera limeneli linatanthauza kuti uyang'anira unali waumwini ndi wodetsedwa mmalo mwa kuyang'anira zinthu. Komabe, linayambitsanso mikangano, pamene ambuye ankapondereza mphamvu zawo. Kufunikira kuthetsa mikangano imeneyi kunatsogolera ku kuyambika kwa malamulo amwambo ndi, m'nkhani zina, kupereka malamulo amene anali ndi malire. Mwachitsanzo, Tchati cha Liberers cha 1100% (England) chinali choyambirira kuyesa ndi Mfumu Henry I kudzigwirizanitsa ndi kuyendetsa kololedwa ndi lamulo lotchuka kwambiri, Cargna.

Mbali ya Tchalitchi

Tchalitchi cha Katolika chinali bungwe lamphamvu loyang’anira. Chinafunanso ulamuliro pa nkhani za makhalidwe ndi zauzimu, ndipo lamulo lake lachisankho linalamulira mbali zambiri za moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, kuyambira mu ukwati kumka ku choloŵa. Makhoti a tchalitchi anapikisana ndi makhoti akudziko, ndipo apapa nthaŵi zina analoŵerera m’nkhani za mafumu, kuchotsa olamulira amene anatsutsa malamulo a Tchalitchi. Tchalitchi chinaperekanso malo a kuchonderera ndi kuletsa, kuchita zinthu motsatira mphamvu za dziko. Matchalitchi ndi masukulu a tchalitchi anasungabe chidziŵitso ndi kusungitsa mabukhu a zamaphunziro ndi malingaliro alamulo omwe anakhazikitsa kusintha kwa zaka mazana angapo pambuyo pake. Chikalata cha Resclition (1911.12) chinasonyezanso nkhondo pakati pa ulamuliro ndi ulamuliro wa dziko ndi wachipembedzo, pomalizira pake kutsogolera ku malire ndi mfundo yamakhalidwe abwino ndi mphamvu zauzimu.

Magna Carta ndi Malire Omwe Anali Ochepa pa Udindo

Mwinamwake choloŵa chokhalitsa cha nyengo ya m'zaka zapakati ya uyang'aniro wa boma ndi Magna Carta (1215). Wokakamizidwa pa Mfumu John ndi mabungwe opanduka, chikalata chimenechi chinakhazikitsa kuti mphamvu ya mfumu sinali yotheratu. Malamulo aakulu anafunanso kuti munthu aliyense womasuka aikidwe m’ndende kapena kuchotsedwa kusiyapo ndi kuweruza kwa anzake kapena lamulo la dzikolo, ndi kuti misonkho siikanaperekedwa popanda kuvomereza kwa ufumu (pambuyo pake kutembenuzidwa monga kuvomereza kwa nyumba ya malamulo). Malamulowo anakhazikitsanso komiti ya mabaron 25 kuti atsimikizire kugonjera kwa mfumuyo . Ngakhale kuti Magna Carta anali chikalata cha nkhondo, malamulo ake anafotokozedwanso m’zaka mazana angapo pambuyo pake monga maziko a lamulo, ndi kuyang'anira lamulo loyenera. [Fristting Briesme]

Nyengo ya Kuunika ndi Kuyambika kwa Uyang’aniro Wamakono

Kuunikiridwa kwa m’zaka za zana la 17 ndi la 18 kunasintha kaganizidwe ka boma, kusintha maganizo kuchokera ku ulamuliro waumulungu ndi mwambo kukhala maganizo, ufulu wa munthu payekha, ndi pangano la kakhalidwe ka anthu. Afilosofi anapanga makonzedwe adongosolo oletsa nkhanza ndi kutsimikizira kuti mphamvu zinagwiritsidwa ntchito pa anthu. Malingaliro ameneŵa anasonkhezera mwachindunji zikalata zokhazikitsidwa za United States ndi France ndipo akupitirizabe kuumba njira zoyang’anira lerolino.

John Locke ndi Mgwirizano wa Mayanjano

John Locke (1632-1704) anatsutsa Zikalata ziŵiri za Boma kuti boma lovomerezeka limapeza ulamuliro wake kuchokera ku chivomerezo cha olamulira. Anasunga kuti anthu ali ndi ufulu wachibadwa ku moyo, ufulu, ndi chuma, ndi kuti chifuno cha boma ndicho kutetezera ufulu umenewo. Ngati wolamulira akuswa chikhulupiriro chimenechi, anthu ali ndi ufulu wakukana ndi kulowa m’malo mwa boma. Locke amachirikizanso kulekana kwa boma, mkulu, ndi mphamvu zodyetsera, ngakhale kuti si zalamulo la pambuyo pake. Malingaliro ake anapereka mfundo za makhalidwe abwino ndi zanzeru kwa anthu: maboma sayenera kugonjera koma ayenera kuyankha ufulu wawo.

Kusiya Mphamvu kwa Montes ndi Kulekanitsa

Montesquieu wafilosofi wa ku France (1689-1755) mu Mzimu wa Malamulo unawongolera lingaliro la kusiyanitsa ntchito za boma kukhala zolamulira, zolamulira, ndi nthambi zachiweruzo. Anatsutsa kuti kuika mphamvu zonse m’manja amodzimodzi mosapeŵeka kumatsogolera ku ulamuliro wankhanza. Mwakuleka mphamvu ndi kulola nthambi iliyonse kuyang’anira ena, ufulu ukhoza kusungidwa. Malamulo a Montesquieu anatengedwa mwachindunji ndi otsogolera a U.S. Constitution, imene inakhazikitsa dongosolo la mayeso ndi malingana ndi maulamuliro otsalira limodzi imapangitsa malamulo, prezidenti a iwo, ndi mabwalo omasulira. Bungweli likupitirizabe kugaŵitsako.

Kuukira kwa ku America ndi France

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kothandiza kwa Kuunikiridwa kwa malingaliro kunabwera mkati mwa Chisinthiko cha ku America (1775-1783) ndi Chisinthiko cha ku France (1789-1799). Lamulo la U.S. la 1787, ndi Bill of Rights (1791), zitetezero zoperekedwa monga ufulu wa kulankhula, kusindikiza, ndi msonkhano (‘kuyang'anira boma mwachindunji. Kusinthaku kumatetezera ufulu wa boma wa kubwezera milandu, chida chachindunji. Chilengezo cha French cha zoyenera za Munthu ndi za nzika za nzika chimalengezanso kuti "anthu onse m’mene ufulu wa ufulu wa kuyenera kuperekedwa, kapena kugaŵidwa kwa maulamuliro ogamu, sikuli koikiridwa ndi lamulo. Kusinthakuku kumasonyeza kuti kuyang’anira sikuli koyenera kwa boma koma kuli koyenera kuyang'anira. Iwo anakhazikitsanso zigamu, zigamu zapadera, zolamulira za ufulu, ndi zolamulira za jugalamu.

Zaka za Zana la 20: Boma la Kulamulira ndi Kusintha

M’zaka za zana la 20 munachitika kuwonjezereka kwa ntchito ya boma pochitapo kanthu pa maindasitale, mavuto a zachuma, nkhondo, ndi mabungwe a anthu.

Kusintha Kopita Patsogolo

Mu United States, Experition Era (1890s-1920s) inasamalira ziphuphu ndi kupambanitsa kwa maulamuliro. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Interstant Commerce Commission (1887) ndi Federal Trade Commission (14) adapanga mabungwe a akatswiri oyang'anira sitima, machitidwe a malonda, ndi mpikisano wosalungama. Mabungwe ameneŵa adalinganizidwa kuti adzilamulire okha pa zitsenderezo zandale ndi kugwira ntchito ndi luso la zopanga zinthu. Food ndi Drug Act (1966) inachititsa kupangidwa kwa Food ndi Drug Ad Administration (FD), imene inakhala chitsanzo cha kuyang'anira zinthu za sayansi yokhudza malonda. Kusinthanso kunachitika ku Britain, Germany, ndi mayiko ena opanga zinthu, monga momwe maboma anaonera udindo wa zaumoyo, ndi kusungika kwa chuma.

Ntchito Yatsopano ndi Kufutukuka kwa Uyang’aniro Wausilikali

Kugwa kwa Chuma Kwakukulu kwa ma 1930 kunayambitsa kuwonjezereka kwa uyang'aniro wa boma mu United States pansi pa Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Development . Mabungwe atsopano onga Securities ndi Exchange Commission (SEC) adalengedwa kuti ayang'anire malonda a zachuma ndi kubwezeretsa chidaliro. National Labor Relationtion Board (NLB) inayang'anira maunansi a ntchito. Nthaŵi imeneyi inasonyeza kuti dongosolo la Social Security likhazikitsa dongosolo la ndalama za penshoni ndi inshuwalansi ya ntchito, zofunikira uyang'anira waukulu wa boma. Malamulo ndi malamulo anakulitsanso mphamvu za boma, komanso njira zatsopano zodziwirira mlandu, monga ngati General Accounting Office Accounting Office (tsopano Ofesi Yaumboni ya Boma) imene ikuyang'anira ntchito za boma. Nthaŵi imeneyi inasonyeza kuti iyenera kuletsa mphamvu ya ulamuliro yamakono kuyendetsanso zinthu zachuma.

Ufulu wa Chidziŵitso ndi Chitetezo cha Oimba

Chiphunzitso chachikulu cha kuonekera chinabwera ndi kudutsa kwa ufulu wa malamulo a chidziŵitso. United States adakhazikitsa Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) mu 1966, kupatsa nzika kuyenera kwa kulowa m'makalata a boma, kulephera. Malamulo ofananawo anatsatiridwa m'mademokrase ena, monga ngati kukhazikitsa kwa Canada's Acces to Information Act (19983) ndi UK's Freedom of Information Act (2000). Malamulo ameneŵa amalamulira a atolankhani, ofufuza, ndi anthu wamba kufunsira ntchito za boma ndi kuchititsa akuluakulu a boma kuŵerengera mlandu. Kudzera, Kutetezera kwa magetsi, Kuwonjezedwa kwa U., Kutetezera kwa bungwe la United States, 1989 Otlervet Act of coulter. Opperversberg (Magence), ndi kutsutsana kwa Edwa kwa Edwa (1971) ndi kutsutsana chakulimbana chakumbuyo kwa Edwa kwa bungwe la Oston.[FF: 0]

Mitembo Yoyang’anira Yamitundu Yonse

M’zaka za zana la 20 munakhalanso ndi kubuka kwa mabungwe a mitundu yonse okhala ndi ntchito zauyang'aniro. Chigwirizano cha Mitundu Yonse, chomwe chinakhazikitsidwa pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko I, chinayesa kukhazikitsa mikangano ndi kuyang'anira malamulo. Woloŵa mmalo wake, United Nations (ya mu 1993), adakhazikitsa mabungwe monga International Court of Justice, Human Rights Council, ndi makomiti osiyanasiyana oyang'anira. World Bank ndi International Monetary Fund imakhazikitsa mikhalidwe ndi kuyang'anira ndi kuvomereza ndi kubwereka ndi maiko. Mabungwe a United States onga ngati Transferabion International International (wakhazikitsidwa 1993) anayamba kupanga zisonyezero zodziŵikitsa ndi kuchirikiza kuŵerengera kwa padziko lonse. Pamene njira zimenezi zapadziko lonse sizikusungidwa mphamvu, zimapanga malamulo ndi chisonkhezero cha a ausinkhuni chimene chimakhudza makhalidwe a dziko. Khoti la International Crimi la Crimian Coust (2002) limaimira njira yokhudza anthu kaamba kachitidwe kachitidwe ka nkhanza, kothandizira boma.

Mavuto a M’nthaŵi Yake

Zaka za zana la 21 zayambitsa mavuto aakulu kwambiri a uyang'aniro wa boma. Zipangizo zamakono zimathandiza kuti pakhale zolemba zambiri, kukonza njira zatsopano zogawira malamulo, komanso kuyang’anira. Komanso anthu akukhala ndi zida zothandizira kuyang'anira ndi kuvumbula zochita za boma. Kulimbana pakati pa chitetezo, zachinsinsi, ndi kuonekera kwa zinthu kumakhala maziko a mikangano ya masiku ano.

Kusunga Zinthu Zachinsinsi Ndiponso GDPR

Komiti ya Union's General Data Protection Reggation (GDPR), yogwira ntchito May 2018, imaimira chizindikiro cha makompyuta. Imapereka ufulu waukulu kwa anthu pa mfundo zawo, kuphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kulowa, kukonza, ndi kuchotsa chidziŵitso chosungidwa ndi mabungwe. Imaikanso maudindo aakulu pa makompyuta ndi faindi yolemera ya ma CCPAPAC. Imasonyeza kuti GDPR iyenera kukhazikitsa mphamvu ya kuteteza maulamuliro a makampani ndi maboma m’dziko lililonse, kumene lamulo limeneli lakhala chizindikiro cha dziko lonse, kusonkhezera malamulo ena (m.g., a Brazil's LGD, CPA). Ikusonyeza kuti kuyang'anira kuyang'anira ku maulamuliro a makampani ndi maboma, kumene kuli kopediactive ndi kuyang'anira malamulo. [FGRANT]

Kutetezeka ndi Chisungiko cha Dziko

Cybererault Security Agency (CISA) ndi kuukira kwa boma kwa makampani otetezera zinthu zapamtunda [1] adakakamiza maboma kuwonjezera uyang'aniro wawo wa zipangizo zamakono. Makampani onga Cybersecurity ndi Inslacture Security Agency (CISA) ndi UK's National Cyber Security Center (NCC) kulinganiza chitetezo ndi kugawana nzeru zowopsya. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, maprogramu a kuyang'anira kwapanyumba (m., awo amene amapanga malamulo a USA TT) amakweza nkhaŵa za anthu. Kulinganiza kwake n’kokomeza: mapepala aang'ono oyang'anizana ndi osavuta kuthawa, pamene kuli kuloŵerera kwambiri pa zachinsinsi ndi zochita zauyang'anira. Makomiti a bungwe a bungwe la akulu, apolisi, ndi a mabungwe ofufuza zinthu achinsinsi a m'machenjera a kumbuyo kwa bungwe la ofufuza, ndi kuŵerengera kwa malamulo ofufuza mlandu kokomeza.

Kulamulira Koipa ndi Kwachinyengo

Kufalikira kwa makompyuta ndi kufalitsa nkhani zabodza kwachititsa kuti pakhale kuyang'anira kwakukulu kwa makampani a tekinoloji. Maboma akulimbana ndi mmene angayendetsere zokhumbidwa popanda kusokoneza ufulu wa kulankhula. European Union’s Digital Services Act (DSA) imakhazikitsa zikalata pa mapulatifomu aakulu kuti aonetse madongosolo ndi kupereka kuonekera kwa zinthu zofunikira pa ndandanda. M'makampani a U.S., mkangano wokhudza Chigawo 230 cha Kulankhulana ndi Kulankhulana kukupitiriza, ndi zifunsinsi zopangitsa mapulatifomu kuŵerengera kwambiri chifukwa cha zinthu zovulaza. M'malo apamwamba a boma amaphatikizapo osati kokha malamulo a boma komanso kufufuza kwaumwini, mfundo zoyendera, ndi zolemba za olemba nkhani. Chitokosoko kukhazikitsa njira za kutetezera mapulogalamu a democratic Audiokratiki.

Malangizo Amtsogolo: Zipangizo Zamakono, Kudalirana kwa Mayiko ndi Kuthandiza M’dziko

Kuyang’ana kutsogolo, uyang’aniro wa boma udzasonkhezeredwa ndi luso la zopangapanga, kukulitsa kugwirizana kwa dziko lonse, ndi mitundu yatsopano ya nzika. Mtsogolo mufuna kuti ukakhale woyang’anira, wodziŵa zinthu, ndi wophatikizapo.

Kuyang’anira Kosavuta

Luntha lopanga lili ndi mphamvu zosintha uyang'aniro mwa kupenda masamu aakulu otulukira chinyengo, kutayidwa, ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwa. Mwachitsanzo, zida za AI zingapendeke kupyolera mwa kuwonongera boma kutsata njira zokayikira. Komabe, I imaperekanso maupandu: kukondera, kusoŵa kuonekera, ndi kuthekera kwa kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa. Kuyang'anira mtsogolo kudzafunikira kuphatikizapo kupenda madongosolo a ITAI enieniwo, poona kuti ndi oyenera, oyenera, ndi oyenera kupenda. Mabungwe a "agothrithricism a ziyambukiro" ndi maboti a makhalidwe abwino akulandira gawo loti. Maboma akufufuzanso kugwiritsa ntchito AUFO kuwongolera ntchito ntchito yothandiza ntchito za anthu posamalira madongosolo amenewo.

Chotsekereza Kuwonana

Luso la zopangapanga la Blockchain limapereka makompyuta oyenera, oteteza zinthu zimene zingawonjezere chidaliro cha anthu m'zolembedwa ndi boma. Makonzedwe a Pilot ali pafupi kulembetsa malo (m' lekuatiso, ku Georgia ndi Sweden), madongosolo ovotera, ndi kutumiza mapulogalamu amodzi. Mwa kupanga mabizinesi ooneka bwino ndi oteteza, zitsulo zingachepetse ziphuphu ndi kupangitsa anthu kukhala odalirika. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, ndi kuyendetsa makompyuta otsekereza zinthu zamagetsi kumakhala ndi mavuto. Mabungwe ofufuza zinthu afunikira kuzindikira ndi kuyendetsa zinthu popanda kukonza zinthu.

Kulamulira kwa Padziko Lonse ndi Kusintha kwa Nyengo

Kusintha kwa nyengo ndi vuto la dziko lonse, lofuna kuyang'anira mogwirizana ku malire. Mapangano apadziko lonse monga la Pangano la Paris amadalira njira zoperekera lipoti ndi kupenda za dziko (otchedwa "pentege ndi kupenda"). United Nations Frame Working Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCCC) imachititsa kupenda kwapanthaŵi ndi nthaŵi kwa maiko ndi malamulo. Opanga makampani osagwirizana, kuphatikizapo mizinda ndi makampani, nawonso amavomereza kuwonekera bwino. Kuyang'anira mtsogolo kudzaphatikizapo kupenda kwa masetilaiti, zigawo za sayansi, ndi kuŵerengera kwalamulo kaamba ka zitsimikizo za nyengo. Chilolezo ndicho [FLT:] [FLT:CCC]

Oyang’anira Othandiza

Chipangano cha nzika chikusintha kupyola pa masankho kuti chiphatikizepo bajeti yapadera, misonkhano ya nzika, ndi kuyang'anira kwa anthu. Maplatifomu a managalamu atheketsa nzika kupereka mavuto, ntchito za boma zoyendera, ndi kupereka chitsimikizo panthaŵi yeniyeni. Mwachitsanzo, "My Gov" ndi U.S. maboma a "Challenge .gov" amaitana mfundo zapoyera. Kuyang'anira kungachititse kuyenerera ndi kuwongolera zinthu mwa kuphatikizapo malingaliro osiyanasiyana. Komabe, kumafunanso kuphunzira ndi kuteteza kuti anthu asatengeredwe. Mtsogolo kungawone ndi madongosolo amphamvu auyang'anira nzika, monga anthu okhala ndi mphamvu zauchigaŵenga.

Kumaliza

Uyang'aniro wa boma unachokera ku malamulo achifumu akale ku madongosolo ovuta a mademokrase amakono, opanga zinthu zambiri. Nyengo iliyonse inabweretsa malingaliro atsopano . kuchokera ku malamulo ndi kugaŵikana kwa mphamvu ndi kuteteza zinthu. Ulusi wolumikiza zimenezi ndi kufunika kwa anthu kokhala ndi mlandu: kuzindikira kuti mphamvu, kusatetezeka, kumawononga. Tikamayendetsa nyengo, mavuto a zanyengo, ndi kusintha kwa dziko lapansi, mfundo zoyang'anira zidakali zofunika kwambiri kuposa kale. Mtsogolomu simudzafunikira kungosintha luso latsopano la sayansi komanso kudzipereka kwatsopano kwa makhalidwe a kumasuka, kutenga mbali, ndi chilungamo. Mwa kuphunzira zinthu zakale, tingapange njira zoyang'anira zimene zimatha kuthana ndi mavuto a mamaŵa.