Chiyambi

Mbiri ya maulamuliro a boma si nkhani ya olamulira ndi malamulo chabe . Ndi nkhani ya mmene anthu amalinganizira ulamuliro wa onse kuti alinganize dongosolo, chilungamo, ndi ufulu. Kuyambira kumadera oyambirira amakono mpaka kukangana kwamakono kwa machenjera, ukulu ndi malire a boma zakhala zikuyesedwa nthaŵi zonse, kufotokozedwanso, ndi kutsutsidwa. Kumvetsa chisinthikochi kumathandiza nzika ndi atsogoleri amakono omwe akuyenda motsatira zipambano ndi kulephera. Nkhaniyi ikusonyeza kuwonjezereka ndi kuikidwa kwa ulamuliro wa boma m’mbiri yonse, kupereka zitsanzo zazikulu zimene zimawunikira kulimba kwa mphamvu ndi ufulu wosatha pakati pa anthu.

Maboma Akale

Maboma oyambirira anatulukira njira yothetsera mavutowa. Pamene magulu a ampeereshi anakula n’kukhala m’madera a alimi, panafunika zida zatsopano zothandizira kuti anthu azithirira, kuteteza dera lawo, ndiponso kuti azikhala ndi mikangano.

Mesopotamiya: Maboma Oyamba Olamulidwa ndi Maboma a Anthu

Chifupifupi 3000 BCE, Asumer anapanga mzinda woyamba wodziŵika, wonga Uri ndi Uruk. Maulamuliro apakati ameneŵa anayang'anira chuma cha kachisi, malamulo ogwirizana (otchuka kwambiri [[FLT: 0]] Code ya Hammurabi [1], c. 1754 BCE , ndi kusungitsa magulu ankhondo oima. Malamulo a Hammurabi anatsimikizira kuti mfumu inali woweruza wamkulu ndi Sigi, komabe inakhazikitsanso malire a Hammormh, mwa chilango chimene chimagwirizana ndi upandu. Kuphatikizana kwa ulamuliro ndi malamulo apakati kutsogolera kudzakhala chitsogonjezo cha pambuyo pake.

Igupto Wakale: Ufumu wa Mulungu

Ku Igupto, Farao anali ponse paŵiri mtsogoleri wandale ndi wachipembedzo, akumakhala mulungu Horus pa Dziko Lapansi. Kuphatikiza mphamvu kumeneku kunatheketsa boma kusonkhanitsa magulu a antchito aakulu ogwirira ntchito pomanga mapiramidi ndi ntchito zothirira zochuluka. Kukhazikitsa ulamuliro pansi pa Farao kunakhazikitsa bata kwa zaka pafupifupi zitatu, komanso kunatanthauzanso kuti wolamulira wofooka kapena wosakondedwa angayambe kuchepa mofulumira, monga momwe zaonekera pa nyengo ya [[FLT: 0] Pertermediate mediate Admite mediadeade metal (c. 2181-55) BCE pamene ulamuliro wapakati unagwa ndi kulanda mphamvu kwa anthu a m'deralo.

Greece Wakale: Demokrase Yachindunji ndi Malire Ake

Atene wakale anayambitsa chiphunzitso cha kusintha kwa isomia [1] Kulingana pamaso pa lamulo [1] ndi mtundu wa demokrase yachindunji kumene amuna anasankha pa malamulo ndi zosankha za maulamuliro. Msonkhano wa Chiyutana unakumana pa phiri la Pnyx, ndipo akuluakulu a boma kaŵirikaŵiri anasankhidwa mwa njira yoletsa katangale. Komabe dongosololi linachotsa akazi, akapolo, ndi alendo, ndipo linalephera kuletsa kukwera kwa maufumu ndi Sician Exption (151515137 BCE). Atene anasonyeza zonse ziŵirizo ndi kuchuluka kwa ulamuliro wotchuka.

Rome Republic: Kulinganiza ndi Kulinganiza

Roma adapanga njira yocholoŵana ya Republic ndi maulamuliro opatukana: ma conpulas (akupha), Nyumba ya Malamulo (yapadera), ndi misonkhano yotchuka (legislative),. Tables [ [matamenti [ma] (c. 450 BCE]) anagwirizana ndi ufulu walamulo ndi chitetezo, pamene [FLT:] [FLT:]] mphamvu ya titubeness lola patrician kuletsa kuposeza. Komabe, monga momwe Roma inafutukutsira, njira yosaunjikana pansi pa kulimbana ndi nkhondo, olamulira ankhondo anasonkhanitsa mphamvu, ndi dziko la Republicspansi pa [FFF:] mu Ulamuliro 27: FUstism [FF] mu ulamuliro wa Augustine, ndi BGeneast BCritis, ndipo pambuyo pake, inabwereza kubwereza kwa lamulo lakale, kulongosola kwa lamulo la pambuyo pake.

Kukula kwa Ulamuliro wa Mafumu

Pambuyo pa kugwa kwa Ufumu Wakumadzulo wa Roma, Ulaya anagaŵanika kukhala maufumu a aldal pernal. Zaka mazana ambiri, mafumu anayamba kulanda ulamuliro wa ambuye a kumaloko pang’onopang’ono, umene unathera m’maufumu a monarchy angwiro.

Kuphana ndi Kumenyera Mphamvu Zapakati

Pansi pa liveralism, mafumu anapatsa zinduna (mafumu) malo posinthana ndi utumiki wankhondo. Dongosolo loyenerera limeneli linatanthauza kuti mphamvu yachifumu kaŵirikaŵiri inali yofooka kunja kwa ufumu wa mfumu. Magna Carta [1] (1215]) inali njira yochititsa chidwi yoyesera ndi ma Englandbaron kuchepetsa mphamvu za Mfumu John, kukhazikitsa kuti mfumuyo sinali yoposa lamulo. Ngakhale kuti poyamba inali pepala lankhondo, malamulo ake, kuyesedwa ndi komiti yalamulo, ndipo popanda kupereka msonkho woimira. [FLT:] Kuphunzira zambiri ponena za Magna kuchokera ku British Library [FLT]

Maufumu a Olamulira Onse: Louis XIV ndi Kupyola

Pofika zaka za zana la 17, olamulira ambiri a ku Ulaya anakhazikitsa mphamvu mwa kuchepetsa chisonkhezero cha zinduna, nyumba za malamulo, ndi tchalitchi. Louis XIV a France anayerekezera absolutism , boma lokhazikitsa pa Vernégion ndi kugwiritsira ntchito maulamuliro kuumiriza chifuniro chake m’zigawo. Analengeza mosté, c’istroi” (ndine boma). Mofananamo, Peter Wamkulu wa Russia wopanga ufumu wake wamakono mwa luso lamakono la zopangapanga za ku Westernern ndi masinthidwe, kaŵirikaŵiri kupyolera ankhanza. Amenewa anakulitsa mkhalidwe wokongola wa kuukira kwa mbewu ndi kuukira kwa anthu wamba.

Kukhazikika kwa Malamulo: Chipanduko Chaulemerero cha England

Si maufumu onse a monarchy anakhala otsimikizirika. Ku England, Chipanduko Chachikulu [[FLT: 1] (1688) ndi Brill ya Ufulu [[FLT:] [1689] [689]) chinakhazikitsa lamulo la malamulo kumene Palamente inasunga zingwe zachikwama ndi maulamuliro achifumu ochepa. Malowa, anasonkhezeredwa ndi wafilosofi John Locke , anawonjezera lingaliro lakuti mphamvu ya boma imachokera ku chivomerezo cha olamulidwa [1] lamulo limene likamveketsa mokweza m'magawo a ku America zaka zana zotsatira.

Kuunikiridwa ndi Kuyambika kwa Demokrase

Asayansi a ku Suvenirs anatsutsa kwambiri ufulu wa Mulungu wa mafumu kuti boma lovomerezeka liyenera kukhala pa pangano la chikhalidwe, kuteteza ufulu wa anthu, ndi kuŵerengera kwa anthu.

Locke, Montesquieu, ndi Rousseau

[[FLT: 0] John Locke ndi mapangano aŵiri a Boma [[FLT:] (1689) adasunga kuti anthu ali ndi ufulu wachibadwa ku moyo, ufulu, ndi chuma. Boma, adatsutsa, ndi chidaliro chimene chingathetsedwa ngati chiswa ufulu umenewu. [FLT: 4.] Makedzana [[FLT:] ndi] ndi [Mzimu wa Malamulo] [[FLT:] [FLT:] [FLT] [FF:] [FF:] [FLT] [F:] [5] [F.F.1] [10] [ziful. izi zimalimbikitsa mphamvu zotchuka]

Kusintha kwa America

U.S. chilengezo cha Kudziimira paokha [[FLT: 1] (177] chotembenuzidwa Chiphunzitso cha Lockean kukhala chowonekera cha ndale zadziko: “Malamulo amakhazikitsidwa pakati pa Amuna, akutenga mphamvu zawo zolungama kuchokera ku chivomerezo cha olamulidwa. . Constitution yotsatira (1787) inalenga lipabuliki la boma ndi macheke ndi malire, lamulo lolembedwa la ufulu, ndi mpambo wa maulamuliro pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma. Kuŵerenga malemba onse a Chilengezo cha Chikalata cha Chikalata cha Chipulumuko ku National Archivest . Kusintha kumeneku kouziridwa ku France, Haiti, ndi ku Latin America.

Kusintha kwa Anthu a ku France ndi Choloŵa Chake Chosadziŵika

Falansa’s Croinsotion ya 1789[FLT :1] inaposa America, kuchotsako liveralism, kulengeza mwamuna wapadziko lonse, ndi kukhazikitsa dziko lopatuka. Kugawira Ufulu wa Munthu ndi wa nzika [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] Kugamula kwa Malo a Munthu [[FLT: 3]] [kulengeza ufulu, kulingana, ndi kugwirizana. Chisinthiko chinaloŵa m'kalowa m'chike chachike [[FLT:] [[FLT:] [175]] , kumene Komiti ya Chisungiko cha Anthu onse inaphedwa zikwi zambiri, kusonyeza kuti zolinga za democracycism zikhoza kupotoletsedwa kwa ufumu wankhanza. Kulamulira kwa ufumu wapakati pa ulamuliro wapakati pa dziko, komansonkhomalamulo (Focle:]) (F.5494]) chikalata chosinthasintha cha lamulo chokhudzana chaku

Kufutukuka kwa Mphamvu za Boma m’Zaka za Zana la 19

M’zaka za zana la 19 munali kusintha kwa maindasitale, kukhazikika kwa matauni, ndi kuyambika kwa ndale zadziko zachisawawa. Maboma anafutukula mbali zawo kuti ayendetse zinthu zatsopano zachuma, kuyendetsa zipwirikiti za anthu, ndi mphamvu za ntchito za kudziko lakunja.

Boma Lolamulira ndi Kusintha kwa Ntchito

Kusintha kwa mafakitale kunayambitsa mikhalidwe yowopsa ya ntchito, kugwiritsa ntchito ana, ndi mizinda yauve. Ku Britain, Machitidwe a , (kuyambira mu 1802) pang'onopang’ono ndi kuwongolera chitetezo. Mu Germany pansi pa Otto von Bismark [1] anachita upainiya wa inshuwalansi ya zachuma, ngozi, ndi ndalama za penshoni yakale [1] [mu 1880], kuchepetsa kuchonderera kwa socialism . Miyezo imeneyi inasintha kuchokera ku lassis dez gradire kupita ku dziko limene linaloŵerera kwambiri m'zachuma ndi ubwino wa anthu.

Ulamuliro wa Mfumu ndi Ulamuliro wa Atsamunda

Maulamuliro a ku Ulaya, limodzinso ndi United States ndi Japan, anafutukula ulamuliro wawo kuzungulira Afirika, Asia, ndi Pacific. Maboma a koloni anakhazikitsa madongosolo atsopano a malamulo, misonkho, ndi nyumba zapamwamba mobwerezabwereza. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kuchepetsa Ufulu ndi Kuwonjezera Kachipangizo Kodzitetezera

M’zaka za zana la 19, magulu a akazi opatulira ukapolo, ufulu wa antchito, ndi kuchotsedwa kwa ukapolo kumene kunakakamiza maboma kuwonjezera kutengamo mbali m'zandale. U.S. Nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni (1861:65) inatulukapo kuchotsedwa kwa ukapolo ndi Demence [FLD] [1868], imene inatsimikizira chitetezo chofanana pansi pa lamulo. [[FLT:] Reformation ofctive of fact [Fom]ctstion of State of projectstionstions [1940] ya 1832, 1862, ndi 1884] kusanthula kwa osankhidwa, pamene [FFFD] [6] [197] Kupereka chigamu cha anthu ovomerezedwa ndi kuwonjezera chigamu cha lamulo la lamulo lokhudza ufulu wa anthu.[19]

Zaka za Zana la 20: Ulamuliro Wopondereza ndi Demokalase

Maboma a Opondereza anakhazikitsa ulamuliro wokhwima kwambiri pandale, zachuma, chikhalidwe, ndiponso ngakhale maganizo. Pamene maboma a demokalase anakhazikitsa njira zambiri zothandizira anthu kukhala ndi moyo wabwino ndipo anamenyera nkhondo kuteteza makhalidwe abwino otsutsana ndi chifascism ndi chikomyunizimu.

Kupondereza Kolamulira Kokulirapo

[[NTL: 0] .Nazi Germany . ndi [FLT ] Soviet Union [FL:] pansi pa Stalin :3] mu ulamuliro wa ulamuliro wankhanza. Maboma onse aŵiri anachotsa mabungwe a kudziimira, anagwiritsira ntchito upandu ndi kufalitsa kukakamiza kukhulupirika, ndipo anasonkhanitsa anthu onse a m'zigawo za nkhondo ndi zolinga za malingaliro. [[FLT:] [FLT] [FFF:6] ndi [FFF:] AKULU [FFF:] [FFF:] [FFF:] [FFF:] [FFF:] [51:] [5] [IFFF] [ix]) ndi owonjezereka. Zikhozedwa zowonjezereka za . [INFFF:]

Boma la Democratic Welfare

Poyankha za Kutsika kwa Zachuma ndi Nkhondo Yadziko II, maulamuliro a maufumu a boma a Kumadzulo anafutukula kuti apereke chisungiko cha mayanjano, zosamalira zaumoyo, ndi nyumba za anthu. Pulezidenti wa United States Franklin D. Roosevelt ya [[FLT:] New Deal[2] [1933] [1933])) adapanga mabungwe onga Social Security Administration ndi Security ndi Secturation . Ku Britain, Bever Report [[FLT:] (192]) inayala maziko a National Health Services (119848]. Makonzedwe ameneŵa anachepetsa kwambiri umphaŵi ndi kusalingana ndi kusalingana, komanso anadzutsanso mapangano oyenera a boma lerolino.

Kunyenga ndi Kubuka kwa United States

Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko II, maiko akale ambiri anapeza ufulu, kaŵirikaŵiri pambuyo pa kulimbana kwanthaŵi yaitali. India (1947), Ghana (57), ndi ena ambiri anatengera malamulo amene anagwirizanitsa malamulo a demokrase, komabe maboma ambiri atsopano anakhala aulamuliro wankhanza mofulumira monga atsogoleri oumirira kugonjetsa kutukuka ndi magaŵano a mafuko. [[FLT: 0] Chikomyunizimu cha Chikomyunizimu (1949) chinakhazikitsa boma limodzi la pa 769) limene lasintha kuchokera ku Maoisttolikistism ku ulamuliro wa a democracyism wowonjezereka wa a techism, kusonyeza kuti maulamuliro a boma angasinthe popanda kutembenuza.

Nkhondo ya Mawu ndi Kugundana kwa Madongosolo a Zinthu

Nkhondo ya Mawu (1947-91) inali mpikisano wapadziko lonse pakati pa U.S. inasonyeza mmene mantha angatsogolere ku United States ndi kommunistism . Mabanja onse aŵiri anamanga zida zankhondo ndi zachitetezo zambiri. [[FLT:]] M'nyengo ya M'maŵa [1] mu U.S. anasonyeza mmene mantha angatsogolerere boma kugonjetsa ufulu wa anthu, pamene [FTLT:2] kulowa kwa dziko la Soviet Union, pamene [FT:] kuyambitsa gulu lankhondo la ku Eastern Europe, losonyezedwa ndi [FLT:] kulimba mtima [FL:] mu Poland, kusonyeza kuti dziko lingagonjetse ngakhale maboma amphamvu kwambiri.

Mphamvu za Boma Lamakono ndi Mavuto

Masiku ano, maboma akulimbana ndi mavuto ambiri chifukwa cha luso la zopangapanga, kugwirizana kwa mayiko, ndiponso kudalirana kwa anthu.

Kuphunzira ndi Kukhala Wekha M’nyengo ya Chiŵerengero cha Masamu

Kukwera kwa programu ya pa Intaneti ndi njira zolankhulirana zapatsa maboma zida zatsopano zoyang'anira nzika. PARITOTT AK (2001] ndi PRINSM programi yolankhulana ndi mafoni a m’manja yasonyeza kuti Edward Snowden mu 2013 ndi kuchuluka kwa kuyang'anira. Kufufuza zinthu, kuzindikira nkhope, ndi kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso kumatetezera dziko pachinsinsi cha munthu aliyense. [[FLT: 4.] Eupan Union [FLT:]] [FLT:]] yovumbula ndi Edward Snow'''. Kuteteza kwachitetezo (GDP]) [FLDR:] [20]

Kudalirana kwa Mayiko ndi Kusiyana kwa Ulamuliro

Kugulitsa kwa padziko lonse, kusintha kwa nyengo, ndi miliri imafunikira kugwirizana kupitirira dziko. Mabungwe a mitundu yonse onga United Nations , World Trade Organization [, ndi [[FLT] Internationalpartic Criminal Court yapeza ulamuliro wopereŵera koma weniweni. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, gulu la makampani ndi magulu autundu akubwezera kumbuyonso ulamuliro wa dziko lonse lapansi, kutsutsa kuti limagwedeza uchifumu wa dziko. Mlikiti wa . [FLT] .[FLT] .[FLT:]

Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Magulu Othandiza Anthu

Magulu amakono a chilungamo chaufuko, ulingana ndi ukazi, LGBTQ, ndi ufulu wopunduka amapitirizabe kukakamiza maboma kuwonjezera chitetezo. [[FLT: 0] Mafuko Okhala M’malo Okhalamo Anthu Chonse (2013-pansi) adafuna kuti apolisi asinthe ndi kubwezera mlandu. # Mchitidwe wa Too wachititsa kusintha malamulo a ntchito. Panthaŵiyi, maboma a a a a auokhate m'mayiko onga Hungary, Turkey, ndi Russia abwezanso zitsimikizo za democraticism, kupereka umboni mphamvu m'maudindo apamwamba ndi opondereza mabwalo a milandu odziimira. Kulimbana pakati pa ufulu womakula ndi wopondereza ndi wopondereza milandu.

Tsogolo: Ulamuliro wa Malamulo ndi Alamu

Luntha lopanga ndi chidziŵitso chachikulu zikupanga mitundu yatsopano ya mphamvu za boma. Polishi yachiweruzo, madongosolo olinganiza za kakhalidwe, ndi AÍdriven games amadzutsa mafunso onena za chilungamo, kuonekera, ndi kuŵerengera. Chigwirizano cha European Union ASTI [1] ASC (kuchitidwa 2021] kuyesayesa kulamulira maprogramu apamwamba a metrolik, koma popanda kuyang'anira kwa nzika, zida zimenezi zikhoza kuchititsa kutsata kuyerekezera ndi kuyang'anira. Chisinthiko cha maulamuliro a boma m'zaka za zana la 21 chidzadalira pa mmene maluso a za kayendetsedwe ka zinthu ndi kusintha kwa sayansi.

Kumaliza

Chigawo cha maulamuliro a boma chimasonyeza kuti ulamuliro sumakhala wokhazikika. Umafutukukira m'nthaŵi za mavuto ndi mapangano pamene nzika zimafuna ufulu. Zitsanzo za mbiri yakale zosonyezedwa pamwambapa . Zitsanzo za Hammurabi ndi GDR . Zikusonyeza kuti chitokoso chachikulu cha ulamuliro chidzakhala chimodzimodzi: mmene ungaperekere mphamvu boma kupereka chisungiko ndi zinthu za onse popanda kutheketsa udani. Mwa kuphunzira zimenezi, tingamvetse bwinopo kukwera kwa mabungwe a democracy ndi kufunika kwa kukhala nzika yokangalika poyang'anira kulanda mphamvu za mphamvu. Chigawo chotsatira cha chisinthiko chidzalembedwa ndi zosankha zathu za masiku ano, kulingana, ndi ulamuliro wa lamulo. [FLD: 0] Kuchotsa ufulu wa anthu kuchokera ku United Nations Office. [FLD]