Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu ndi Kusintha kwa Chidziŵitso cha Kumpoto kwa Irish

Chipangano Chabwino cha Lachisanu, chosainidwa pa 10 April 1998, chimakhala chimodzi cha mapangano a ndale zadziko otchuka kwambiri a kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20. Ku Northern Ireland, chigawo chimene chinapirira zaka makumi atatu za nkhondo zachiwawa za mampatuko zodziŵika monga Mavuto , panganolo linali loposa kulekeka kapena mphamvu yochitira zinthu. Linali kuyesa kukonza maziko enieni a ndale zadziko m'chitaganya chogaŵanika kwambiri. Mwa kukhazikitsa maziko a kulamulira kozikidwa pa chivomerezo, kufanana, ndi kuzindikirana, pangano linapangidwa m'kusintha pang'onopang'onopang'ono koma kwakukulu kwa [FLD:] chizindikiritso cha ku Northern Ireland. [FFFON] — likusunthaundani ndi kumbali ya ufulu waunziko, kutanthauza unziringulo, kuyenera kukwaniritsa ufulu waunziko.

Pasanakwane 1998, ku Northern Ireland kunadziŵika mokulira ndi miyambo iŵiri yotchuka: Ogwirizana ndi Okhulupirika, omwe anadziwona okha kukhala a Briteni, ndi Nationalism ndi Republicans, amene anadziona iwo eni kukhala a ku Irish. Kudziŵika kumeneku sikunali kokha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu; iwo anali omamatira ku mbali iriyonse ya moyo — kumene anthu anakhalako, sukulu zimene analoŵamo, maseŵera amene anaseŵera, ndi mmene anadzikondera. Chiwawa cha Nkhondo chinakulitsa mizera imeneyi, kulenga chitaganya kumene chigawo cha boma chinali chogaŵana. Chipangano Chabwino cha Lachisanu sichinathetse magaŵano ameneŵa usiku umodzi, koma chinayambitsa mikhalidwe ya kakhalidwe kakhalidwe katsopano ndi zizindikiro kaamba ka mtundu wa anthu — yosagwirizana m’mitundu yosiyanasiyana kapena chipembedzo, koma ufulu wogawana, ndi kugawana nawo m’maudindo audindo audoko.

Chiyambi cha Chipanganocho: Kusiya Kukangana Kusinthana

Kuti amvetse mmene panganoli linakhudzira anthu, n’kofunika kwambiri kuzindikira kuchuluka kwa magaŵano amene analipo kuyambira mu 1968 mpaka 1998. Nkhondo ya ku Northern Ireland inali yaikulu ponena za ulamuliro walamulo ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Bungwe la Union linkafuna kusungitsa malo a Northern Ireland pakati pa United Kingdom, pamene kuli kwakuti a Nationalist ankafuna dziko la Ireland logwirizana. Kusemphana kumeneku kunachirikizidwa ndi mapulotesitanti ambiri omwe anapezeka m’masukulu osiyanasiyana, ndipo ankagwira ntchito m'makampani a Chipulotesitanti, pamene Akatolika ankachita chimodzimodzi. Kugania kunali kosapezeka. — Mapaki aunyinja, masitolo, ngakhale mabasi — kaŵirikaŵiri ananenedwa ndi chitaganya chimodzi kapena masukulu ena.

Chiwawa cha Mavutowo chinapha anthu oposa 3,600 ndi kuvulaza ena zikwi zambiri. Pofika m'ma 1990, nkhondo, kutopa, kubuka kwa utsogoleri wapamwamba kumbali zonse ziŵiri, ndi kuloŵerera kwa maboma a Britain ndi Ireland , limodzi ndi United States pansi pa Pulezidenti Bill Clinton, anapanga windo la kukambirana kwakukulu. Mapangano a Good Wear Agreement — omwenso ankadziŵika kuti Belfast Agreement — anavomerezedwa ndi mamenti a ku Northern Ireland ndi Republic of Ireland mu May 1998. Ku Northern Ireland, 71 peresenti ya mavoti a Reputa adaichirikiza; ku Republic, 94 peresenti inavomereza zimenezi. Mawu ogwirizanawo analidi mawu amphamvu kwambiri a anthu onse.

Chigwirizanocho chinazikidwa pa malamulo atatu: chivomerezo (kuti mkhalidwe wa lamulo la Northern Ireland ungasinthe kokha ndi chivomerezo cha anthu ake), mphamvu zolamulira [ (bomalo liyenera kuphatikizapo zipani ziŵiri za Unionism ndi Nationalism), ndi kupatulika kwa ulemu [ [kuti zonse ziŵiri British ndi Irish Indiwe ayenera kuchitiridwa mofanana). Maprinsive ameneŵa sanali chabe oyenera; anali oyenerera, osintha makhalidwe amene sangakhale odziŵika pakati pa anthu a ku Northern Ireland.

Makonzedwe Apadera ndi Chiyambukiro Chawo pa Chizindikiritso Chawo

Mgwirizano Woyamba: Msonkhano wa Kumpoto kwa Ireland ndi Ukulu

Kupangidwa kwa Msonkhano wa ku Northern Ireland wochotsedwa ndi mphamvu zofunikira kukhazikitsa kunali chitokoso chachindunji ku ndale zakale. Pansi pa .D'Hondt system , wotumikira wagaŵidwa molingana, kutsimikizira kuti onse aŵiri a Unionism ndi Nationalism ayenera kulamulira pamodzi. Kwa nzika, zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti boma likuonekera kuti likuwombana ndi bungwe. Mtundu wa National logamuniza unyinji wa bungwe la United States akuona mtumiki wa bungwe la Union kupanga zosankha za thanzi, maphunziro, kapena zigwirizano — ndipo kuti mtumiki wa mlandu wa , wa bungweli wakhudza maganizo a anthu onse. Mgwirizano wa boma wa anthu onsewo, sugwirizana ndi mwambo umodzi. Chikhalidwe chimenechi n’chidziŵitso cha anthu onse: Chidziŵitso cha ufulu wa dziko lonselo, ngakhale kuti chikhale chigamuke.

Strand Wachiŵiri: Msonkhano Wautumiki Wakumpoto ndi Kummwera

Chipanganocho chinakhazikitsanso bungwe la North- South South Minister Council, limene limasonkhanitsa atumiki ochokera ku Northern Ireland ndi Republic of Ireland kugwirizanitsa malamulo a madera monga ulimi, zoyendera, zoyendera, ndi malo ozungulira. Bungwe limeneli limakhazikitsa chizindikiritso cha Ireland cha Northern Ireland, kuvomereza kuti nzika zambiri zimadziwika kuti ndi za ku Ireland ndipo zimagwirizana mogwirizana kudutsa malire. Panthaŵi yomweyo, limagwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi maziko a chivomerezo — Kumpoto kwa Ireland sikunaloŵetsedwa koma kukambirana. Makonzedwewa amalola anthu kukhala nzika ya ku Northern Ireland: munthu angakhale nzika ya Northern Ireland, chiŵalo cha Ufumu, ndi mbali ya dziko lonse la United, ndipo mbali ya dziko lonse la dziko lapansi, popanda kutsutsana.

Msanganizo Wachitatu: Msonkhano wa Britain ndi Britain ndi Mgwirizano wa Oloŵera ku Boma

Bungwe la Britain logwirizanitsa British - Irish Council limagwirizanitsa maboma a United Kingdom , Ireland, maulamuliro odetsedwa a Scotland ndi Wales, ndi Corn Decencies . Bungwe limeneli limagogomezera kugwirizana kwa umboni kuzungulira zisumbu zimenezi. Limachirikiza lingaliro lakuti Northern Ireland siili yokha koma yokha koma yozikidwa m'mayanjano amene amalemekeza ponse paŵiri British ndi Irish. Kuzindikiritsa kwake kwa anthu, kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti sikumafotokozedwa ndi malo kapena fuko koma kuli kogwirizana ndi kukambitsirana.

Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Makonzedwe Olingana

Chimodzi cha mbali zosinthira kwambiri za panganolo chinali kuchirikiza kwake ufulu wa anthu ndi kulinganiza kwawo ku maluso alamulo. Northern Ireland Rights Commission ya University ndi [FLT:] Superfeal Commission ya Northern Ireland] yosalingana ndi Mabungwe a anthu] adakhazikitsidwa kuyang'anira ndi kuchirikiza ufulu wawo. Pambuyo pake munthu anakhazikitsanso boma kuti ayambitse ufulu wa ufulu wa anthu wa ku Northern Ireland (Uchibe kuti zimenezi sizinagwiritsidwe). Malamulo ameneŵa a ufulu wambiri akupereka mawu amodzi kuti anthu afotokoze mawu awo ndi zidandaulo zawo, mosasamala kanthu za chikhalidwe. Pamene munthu akutsimikiza kuti apeze ufulu wawo wa kumanga nyumba, kapena wosamalira thanzi, kapena kugaŵana kwa anthu ena, iwo akuimira gulu la anthu logaŵana chigawa.

Zizindikiro ndi Zomwe Zimagwiritsidwa Ntchito: Kumanga Chikhalidwe Chofala

Zizindikiro zisanasiyanitse kwambiri m'zitaganya. Pasadakhale panganolo, zizindikiro za anthu nthaŵi zambiri zinali malo a nkhondo: Union Jack imauluka pa nyumba za boma, tricolor imaoneka pa zochitika za Nationalism, madeti a Orange Order ku madera a Akatolika. Pangano silinalamulire kuchotsedwa kwa chizindikiro chilichonse, koma linachititsa kuti pakhale maziko a kulemekeza [[FLT: 1]] — mfundo yakuti zizindikiro za Britain ndi Ireland ndi miyambo ziyenera kulemekezedwa mofanana. Mkupita kwanthaŵi, zimenezi zachititsa kuimira poyera. Nyumba za boma tsopano zimasonyeza mibendera zonse ziŵiri masiku otchulidwa. Makampani amathandiza zonse ziŵirizo kuchirikiza ntchito za chikhalidwe ndi za Orangeted Orders ndi Gael Aclet Association. Misitere ndi miyambo ya kutchuka ya kulongosola kwa zinthu zambiri za Mkhalidwe la anthu.

Maphunziro akhala ofunika kwambiri pa kusintha kumeneku. Panganoli linaphatikizapo mapangano olimbikitsa kuyanjanitsa mwa maphunziro. Pamene kuli kwakuti masukulu ambiri ku Northern Ireland akupitirizabe kugawana zipembedzo, pakhala kuwonjezeka kwakukulu mu maphunziro otchuka — masukulu amene mwadala amaphunzitsa Aprotesitanti ndi Akatolika. Pafupifupi 2023, 8 peresenti ya ana asukulu amaloŵa masukulu osiyanasiyana, ndipo chiŵerengero chawo chikukula. Sukulu zimenezi zimaphunzitsa bwino lomwe limalimbikitsa kuzindikirana, kulemekezana, ndi kuganiza kolakwika m'mbiri yakale. Iwo salimbikitsa ophunzira kuti adzifufuze okha pamene akulemekeza ena. Kuphunzitsa ana ameneŵa kuti asakhale ndi ufulu wa anthu amene saphunzira zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Nkhani ina yamphamvu yosimba nkhani ndi yonena za mtendere yeniyeniyo. Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu chimaphunzitsidwa mowonjezereka m'sukulu monga kukwaniritsa ntchito za demokrase yokambirana ndi kulolera. Mitu yonga John Hume [1] ndi ndi David Trible] , amene anapatana Nobel Peace Prize pa ntchito zawo za democracy, amaonedwa ngati olimba mtima pa zandale. Chikalatachi — kuti mtendere unapezedwa mwa kukambitsirana, osati — chimapereka chizindikiritso chabwino, chodziŵika cha ku Northern Ireland. Chikutchuka chakuti anthu onse aŵiri angadzitamandirire, ngakhale ngati akumasulira.

Mavuto Ofuna Kudziwa Mwamuna: Kulimbikira kwa Magaŵano

Ngakhale kuti zaka 20 ndi zisanu zapitazi, anthu a ku Northern Ireland akusiyana kwambiri ndipo anthu a ku Northern Ireland amasintha kwambiri khalidwe lawo, koma sagwirizana, ndipo amakumana ndi mavuto ambiri.

Kusankhana Zogona ndi Maphunziro

Pa 2021 C.I. . . . ku Belfast kokha, kulibe zipupa zambiri za mtendere [[FLT: 0] — zopinga zakuthupi zolekanitsa Aprotesitanti ndi Akatolika a m'madera ena — ambiri a iwo amamangidwa pambuyo pa Chipangano Chabwino Chachisanu. Pamene kuli kwakuti chiŵerengero chawo chatsika pang'ono, iwo adakali chikumbutso chachikulu chakuti malire a anthu sanathe. Momwemo, mosasamala kanthu za kukula kwa maphunziro ogwirizana, ana ambiri amapita kusukulu omwe ali Akatolika kapena makamaka Aprotesitanti. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti achinyamata ambiri amakula ndi kugwirizana kwachindunji ndi anthu ena, kukulitsa chitukuko champhamvu kuti agwirizane ndi anthu ena.

Chisonkhezero cha Nkhondo ndi Upandu

Magulu a asilikali kumbali zonse ziŵiri, pamene akusunga kwambiri kulekeka kwa moto, sanagwedezeke. Magulu onga Ulster Defence Association ndi [FLT]] Kuleka Kumenya IRA [FLT]] Akugwirabe ntchito m'madera ena, ophatikizidwa m'maupandu, kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi chiwawa chapanthaŵi ndi nthaŵi. Kukhalapo kwawo kumapeputsa lamulo ndi kuyenera kwa madera ena andale. Kwa nzika zambiri zogwira ntchito yogwirizana, ma dipatimenti ankhondo amagwirabe ntchito mwamwayi, kuyang'anira madera awo ndi kugawatsa malire. Zimenezi zimapangitsa chizindikiritso chotsutsana ndi ufulu wa anthu olamulidwa ndi ufulu wa boma — chikukumbutsabe kukhulupirika kwa gulu la anthu.

Kulephera Kusintha Ndale ndi Kutha kwa Msonkhanowo

Mabungwe osamalira mphamvu za mphamvu za dziko alephela kambirimbiri, kuyambira 2017 mpaka 2020 pa mkangano wa Chilamulo [[FLT: 0] ndi nkhani zina. Nthaŵi zimenezi za kupunduka zimapangitsa anthu kutaya chidaliro chawo m'mabungwe amene amalingaliridwa kukhala amtundu umodzi. Ngati msonkhano sugwira ntchito, palibe boma looneka, logwira ntchito limene limaimira zinenero zonse. Zimenezi zingakulitse kukayikira ndi kulimbikitsa lingaliro lakuti ndale zikukhudzabe mphamvu za fuko, osati kulamulira limodzi.

Zimene Zinachitika pa Mavutowo Ndiponso Nkhani Zakale

Mmene angachitire ndi zotsatira za mavuto zidakali imodzi ya nkhani zotsutsana kwambiri. Chipangano Chabwino pa Lachisanu chinali ndi makonzedwe a kutulutsidwa koyamba kwa akaidi a asilikali, omwe anali ovuta kwambiri komanso ofunika kwambiri kuti asungire mtendere. Komabe, nkhani ya mmene angachitire ndi kupha kwa masauzande ambiri, ntchito ya gulu lankhondo la Britain, ndi udindo wa asilikali ankhondo akupitirizabe kugawana malingaliro. Nyumba ya Acrect Act [20:] ndi kuvomereza kuti Chilango cha kupha anthu onse ogwidwa popanda kugwidwa. Chilangochi cha 202] chakhala choyesabe kupanga njira zochitira zinthu ndi anthu akale, koma chidakalibe. Anthu odziwirira kuti agwirizane ndi anthu onse, afunikira kuvomereza kuti angovutika popanda kugwidwa.

Tsogolo la Chidziŵitso cha Kumpoto kwa Ireland

Poyang’ana kutsogolo, mikhalidwe ingapo idzasonkhezera chisinthiko cha nzika za Northern Ireland.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo ndi Kuthekera kwa Kusintha kwa Malamulo

Chiŵerengero cha 2021 chinasonyeza kuti chiŵerengero cha Akatolika chawonjezeka kufika pa 45.7 peresenti, pamene chiŵerengero cha Aprotesitanti chatsika pa 43.5 peresenti, ndipo china chikudziŵika kukhala chipembedzo china. Kusintha kwa anthu kumeneku kuli ndi tanthauzo lalikulu. Ofufuza ambiri akuyembekezera kuti kugwirizanitsa dziko la Ireland — monga momwe kwaperekedwera pansi pa Chikalata Chabwino cha Lachisanu — chingatchedwe m’zaka khumi zotsatira kapena ziŵiri. Kugwirizana kwa lamulo kumayambitsa kusatsimikizirika kwakukulu ponena za ufulu wa anthu. Ku Ireland, kodi chikatanthauzanji kukhala nzika ya ku Northern Ireland? Chidziŵitso cha dziko chimene chakhala chisungidwe kuyambira 1998, kapena chikakhala chizindikiritso chachi chachikulu cha ku Ireland? Chivomereka chachi chingakhale chogwirizana kwambiri. Chikalatacho chingakhale chogwirizana kuti chikhale ndi chikhalidwe chachikulu? Chikalata cha kuvomereza mfundo yakuti anthu ambiri asinthe m’dziko la Ireland chikafuna kusintha kwa anthu onse mu Ireland ndi kukhazikitsa ufulu wa kulongosola ufulu wa kulongosola za malamulo adziko lakunja. Chikhalidwe china chikhalidwe china chitukukire. Chikhalidwe chiku

Brexit ndi Lamulo la Kumpoto kwa Ireland

United Kingdom achoka ku European Union yakhala yodabwitsa kwambiri pa makonzedwe a Good Friver Agreement , makamaka unansi pakati pa Northern Ireland ndi Republic of Ireland. Paratition ya Northern Ireland, yokakambitsirana monga mbali ya pangano la Brtiffin, ikupanga malire ndi kubwereranso kudziko la Ireland, kupangitsa Norve Northern Ireland kugwirizana ndi malamulo a EU. Zimenezi zakhala zotsutsana kwambiri pakati pa a Union, amene akuona kukhala kululuza chizindikiritso chawo ndi kufooketsa malo a ku Northern Ireland ku UK. Malamulowo achititsanso kusakhazikika kwa ndale zadziko, ndi Ddemocratic Union kukana kubwerera ku mphamvu ya ulamuliro wa EU. Pambuyo pake, chigwirizano chandale cha dziko la United Union chakhala chikanetsendeka chigwirizano chimenechi. Pa nthaŵi imodzimodziyo chigamulo, chigamutso cha kubwerera ku chigawa cha chigawa cha nkhondo cha chigawa chaungwe chandale chija, chikutsimikizira kuti chigamu chigawa cha chile chauzire chika chika chika chika chika

Ntchito ya Chigwirizano cha Chiŵeniŵeni ndi Malungo Oyamba

Chigawo cha nzika chidakali champhamvu kwambiri pokulitsa chizindikiritso cha anthu. Magulu onga [[FLT: 0] Community Relations Council [1], Anthu a Mtendere [, ndipo magulu ambiri a anthu akumeneko akupitirizabe kugwira ntchito yogaŵanika, kupereka malo a kukambitsirana, kugawana, ndi kumanga malo. [[FLT:] Makampani a maphunziro [[FLT:] ndi kuchuluka kwa maofesi a] ndi zigamu za dziko lapansi za Ireland: [A.] Zifunso zamphamvu za . [Akufazikulu za .] Amalimbikitsa pamodzi [FFFF:] kuti tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku athandize kugwirizanitsa. [FFF:] Maiko [F.FU.NU.

Maphunziro Monga Kusunga Ndalama Kwanthaŵi Yaitali

Maphunziro operekedwa bwino angapitirize kukula, kusonkhezeredwa ndi zofuna za makolo ndi mbadwo watsopano amene mavuto ali akuiwala. Maphunziro asinthidwa kuti aphatikizepo malo a dziko ndi chigawo chapadziko lonse monga nkhani yaikulu, imene imaphunzitsa bwino ophunzira za ufulu, udindo, kusiyana, ndi kuloŵerera kwa demokrase. Maprogramu ameneŵa akonzeketsa achinyamata ndi maluso ndi maganizo ofunika kuyendetsa chitaganya chocholoŵana, cha anthu ambiri. Pamene kuli kwakuti masukulu ogwirizana adakalipo ochepa, omaliza maphunziro awo kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga mgwirizano wa nzika zimene zimadzipereka ku kuunyinyinyinyinyinyinyi ndi kuyanjana. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, zimenezi zikhoza kuchotsa pakati pa kufalikira kwa kusadziŵika kwa anthu a ku Northern Ireland ndi ufulu, ndi kuyenererana.

Mapeto: Pangano Labwino Lachisanu Lidzakhala Loti Anthu Azisangalala Nalo

Chikalata cha Malamulo cha Good Lachisanu chisanathandize kuti anthu azikhala mogwirizana ku Northern Ireland usiku umodzi. Chigawochi chidakali chogaŵanika, ndipo mavuto a kugaŵana mitundu, kusakhazikika kwa ndale, ndi mbiri yakale adakali enieni. Koma chikalatacho chidakalipo. Chikalatacho nchakuti chinayambitsa bungwe, malamulo, ndi mikhalidwe yophiphiritsira ya malo a boma ogaŵana malo a anthu [ kuti atuluke ndi kukula. Mwa kuvomereza, mphamvu, ulemu, ndi ufulu wa anthu monga malamulo a maziko, chinapereka njira ina yochitirapo kanthu keni pa mfundo za ulamuliro wa fuko ndi nkhondo.

Chizindikiritso cha Civic ku Northern Ireland lerolino sichikutsutsana ndi chimodzi. Chimatsutsidwa, kuikidwa, ndi kugaŵikana. Nzika zina zimadziŵikabe kukhala za Britain kapena Irish, ndipo zimenezo zili zoyenerera m'pangano. Koma kuposa ndi kale lonse, palinso lingaliro lomakulakula la kukhala [FLT: 0] malo a ku Northern Ireland — okhala ndi phande m’chitaganya cha ndale zadziko chimodzi chimene sichiri chokha cha Britain kapena Irland , koma chimene chili ndi mkhalidwe wake wosiyana ndi zigwirizano. Chidziŵitso chimenechi sichili cha nyengo zachilendo; chikupeza njira zokhalira ndi kusagwirizana ndi mtendere ndi phindu.

Chikalata cha Good Lachisanu Chipangano si chikalata chosasintha. Chikalatachi nchimene chimapitiriza kupangidwa ndi anthu a ku Northern Ireland. Mtsogolo mwa anthu a ku Northern Ireland chidzadalira pa kufuna kwa atsogoleri andale, anthu, ndi anthu wamba kupitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito mapangano ndi maunansi amene panganolo linatheketsa. Njira yamtendere sinathetse mbiri yakale; inatsegulirabe mutu watsopano. Kwa anthu ambiri ku Northern Ireland, ntchito yolemba ilo pamodzi — kumbali zonse za chitaganya ndi miyambo — ndizo mawu amphamvu kwambiri a chizindikiritso cha boma amene akumanga.