Maziko a Nkhondo Yokumbukira Nkhondo ku Japan

Nkhondo yachiŵiri yapadziko lonse idakali imodzi ya magulu amphamvu kwambiri a ndale za Japani. Kuyambira pa kuwonjezeka kwa nkhondo kwa ma 1930 mpaka kuphulitsa mabomba a atomu ku Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki, chikumbukiro cha dzikolo nchosokonezeka kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi mitundu imene yakhala ndi mbiri yapadera, yogwirizana pamodzi, monga ngati kuvomereza kwa Germany kwa chipulumutso cha Nazi . Japan kwakhala kutsutsana ndi mfundo za m'malamulo, mizere ya mbadwo, ndi ya chivomezi. Kugawa kumeneku kumasintha mapulati a magulu aakulu a ndale zadziko, kusonkhezera zonse kuchokera ku malamulo a sumansi ya dziko ku China ndi South Korea.

Pambuyo pa nkhondo, dziko la Germany linakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa nkhondo ndipo linayesa kuthetsa boma lankhondo. Mayeso a Tokyo (146-1948) anayesa kukhazikitsa mbiri ya malamulo a upandu wankhondo wa ku Japan, koma kulandira alendo kunali kosiyanasiyana. Anthu ambiri a ku Japan anayamba kudziyesa monga mikhole ya mabomba a atomu (atomu, ophulitsa, ndi osoŵa mtendere wa nkhondo . Kumeneku kumakhalabe mzati wa nkhani zina zandale.

Zotsatira zake ndi zandale zimene sizikutsimikizira kuti nkhondo ndi zoona, koma kuti ndi malo a nkhondo ongopitirizabe. Mapalishoni amasankha, kukulitsa, kapena kupondereza mbali zosiyanasiyana za m'mbuyo kuti alungamitse malamulo awo. Kumvetsa zimenezi n’kofunika kwambiri kuti timvetse ndale zapanyumba za Japan ndi malo ake m’dziko.

Magulu Aakulu a Zandale ndi Kukumbukira Kwawo Nkhondo

Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)

LDP walamulira Japan kwa nthaŵi zambiri pambuyo pa nkhondo, ndipo kaimidwe kake pa kukumbukira nkhondo sikali kogwirizana ndi nkhondo. Chipanichi chimaika dziko la Japan kukhala dziko lokonda mtendere lomwe latetezera dziko lake lakale ndipo tsopano likuthandizira kukhazikika kwa dziko lonse kupyolera mwa njira zachuma ndi zautsogoleri. Komabe, mapiko apakati a madera akunja aphwasulidwa mowopsya. Mapiko a mwambo, ogwirizanitsidwa ndi atumiki akale ankhondo onga Shinzo Abe, amaimitsa kaamba ka “ankhondo wamba” . [yeneyoyoyoyoyoyoyoyo yosaletsedwa ndi U.S.-kalamulo loikidwa ndi kunyalanyaza nkhanza za nthaŵi ya nkhondo. Magulu ameneŵa amanena kuti mapesewera a Japan akhala okwanira ndipo kuti dziko liyenera kuima“ kuchititsa mbiri yakale.

Pa nthawi imodzi, LDP ili ndi mamembala oyenera ndi a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana amene amagogomezera kufunika kwa kuyanjana ndi Korea ndi China. Iwo amachirikiza kuwonjezereka kwa chitetezo mosamala m'dziko la U.S.-Japan. Mapulatifomu apadera a gululi amalinganiza bwino kwambiri zikhoterero zimenezi: iwo amatsimikiziranso mtendere, komanso amaitananso kuti pakhale mphamvu yaikulu kwambiri yodzitetezera okha (SDF) ndi kukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito gulu la kudzitetezera. Mkangano wa Yasukini Slavine umaimira kugaŵikana kumeneku [1] Pamene andale ena a ku LDP amachezera kachisi nthaŵi zonse (kulemekeza nkhondo, kuphatikizapo zigawenga zankhondo), ena amapeŵa kuletsa kulephera kwa mayanjano.

Motero, nkhani za m’nkhondo za LDP zimatumikira mbali ziŵiri: zimapatsa chizindikiro cha kuyang’anira patsogolo, chamtendere kwa anthu apanyumba ndi a m’maiko osiyanasiyana, pamene kuli kwakuti zimavomereza anthu autundu amene amaona dongosolo la pambuyo pa nkhondo kukhala lochititsa manyazi.

Chipani cha Democratic Party cha Japan (CDP)

CDP, yomwe inapangidwa mu 2017 monga kuphatikiza magulu angapo apakati a kumzera kumanzere, imakhala ndi malo monga woyang'anira wamkulu wa malamulo oletsa nkhondo a Japan . Nkhani yake ya nkhondo imayambika chifukwa cha chisoni ndi kuvomereza nkhondo ya ku Japan. Gululo limanena mosabisa kuti Japan anawononga “kuopsa ndi kuvutika . Kumaiko a ku Asia, ndipo imachirikiza zoyesayesa zopitirizabe kufalitsa mbiri imeneyi kwa mibadwo yamtsogolo. CDP imatsutsa kukonzedwa kulikonse kwa “Chilamulo cha mtendere” chimene chimakana nkhondo ndi kuletsa“ kuthekera kwa nkhondo.

CDP, maphunziro a Nkhondo Yadziko II ngomvekera bwino: zankhondo zimatsogolera ku tsoka, ndipo chisungiko cha Japan chiyenera kuzikidwa pa kugwirizana kwa mayiko, kugwirizana kwa mitundu yonse, ndi kuletsa SDF kusumika pa chithandizo cha tsoka ndi kukhazikitsa mtendere. Gululo limatsutsa zoyesayesa za LDP za kuwonjezera ndalama zankhondo ndi kumasuliranso malamulo, kutsutsa kuti zimenezi zimaika pachiswe kukhazikika kwa maderawo ndi kuchepetsa chidaliro cha anthu. CDP imachirikizanso kuwonekera kokulira m'mbiri ya maphunziro, imachirikiza mabuku amene amalongosola mwatsatanetsatane za nkhondo ndi kutsutsana ndi mamembala a dziko omwe amakonda kutchuka.

Komabe, CDP imayang'anizana ndi mavuto m'kutembenuza nkhani imeneyi kukhala chipambano cha voti. M'malo achisungiko ofotokozedwa ndi mabomba a North Korea ndi kulimba mtima kwa Chitchaina, kuchonderera kwa nkhondo kungaoneke ngati kopanda nzeru kwa osankha ena. Gululo layesa kuwonjezera kukopa kwake mwa kugogomezera “kulimbikitsa mtendere” kumene kumayendera pamodzi pamene kukuchirikiza mphamvu zodzitetezera . Koma chikumbukiro chake chachikulu cha nkhondo chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kulapa ndi malamulo a malamulo.

Komeito

Komeito, mnzake wa LDP wachiŵiri kuyambira 1999, anachokera ku gulu la Chibuda la Soka Gakkai. Kukumbukira kwake nkhondo kumakokedwa ndi diso la mtendere lozikidwa pa malamulo a Chibuda a kusamenyana ndi kulemekeza moyo. Komeito adatsutsa kukonzanso ndi kukulitsa ntchito ya usilikali. M'chigwirizano, imagwira ntchito monga mabuleki a mphamvu ya dziko la LDP. Mwachitsanzo, mkati mwa kutsutsana kwa malamulo a chitetezo mu 2015, Komeito anagogomezera kuti kuteteza kwa lamulo la gulu la asilikali aumwini, ndipo kunathandiza kuchepetsa ntchito za SDF.

Komeito akupeŵa kuukira anthu. M’malo mwake, imagogomezera udindo wa Japan kupititsa patsogolo mtendere mwa kuthandiza anthu, kupititsa patsogolo zitukuko, ndi kuchotsa zida zankhondo. Chichirikizo cha chipanichi chimaphatikizapo anthu ambiri oyenera a m’tauni ndi otsatira achipembedzo amene amaona kukumbukira nkhondo kukhala nthano yochenjeza, osati magwero a kunyada. Pamene chisonkhezero cha Komeito chatsika m’zaka zaposachedwapa, chikupitirizabe kuwongolera njira ya kugwirizana pa nkhani za mbiri yakale, makamaka mwa kuletsa maulendo aakulu autumiki ku Yasukuni kuyambira 2009 mpaka 2009.

Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu cha ku Japan (JCP)

JCP imasunga mfundo yapadera ya nkhondo: imaonetsa dziko la Japan kukhala woyambitsa nkhondo zachiwawa ndi kupondereza, komanso imagogomezera ntchito ya anthu a ku Japan (kuphatikizapo a chikomyunizimu) monga mikhole ndi otsutsa. Gululo limafuna kuti livomereze mokwanira upandu wa nkhondo, kugamula kuti litonthoze akazi ndi antchito okakamiza, ndi kumamatira zolimba ku lamulo loletsa magulu ankhondo. JCP imatsutsa kuti mgwirizano wa U.S.-Japan upititsa patsogolo nkhondo imene inatsogolera ku nkhondo, ndipo umachirikiza kuletsa kwa osaloŵerera m’nkhondo, Japan.

Komiti ya JCP imagwiritsira ntchito chikumbukiro cha nkhondo kulungamitsa kaimidwe kake kotsutsa milita ndi kutsutsa. Imafalitsa nkhani zatsatanetsatane za mbiri ya nkhanza za Japani ndi ndawala zotsutsa kutsuka kochitidwa m'mabuku. Pamene kuli kwakuti JCP idakali mphamvu yaing'ono yokhala ndi mipando 10-12 m’nyumba yaing'ono, kaimidwe kake kalamulo pa chikumbukiro chankhondo kailola kukhala ndi ulamuliro wa makhalidwe abwino pakati pa anzeru a kumanzere ndi ochirikiza mtendere.

Nippon Ishin (Chipani cha Japan Chosintha Zinthu)

Nippon Ishin, chipani cha populist chonyamula lamanja chozikidwa ku Osaka, chili ndi njira yofanana kwambiri ya kukumbukira nkhondo. Pulogalamu yake imayang'ana pa kukonzedwanso kwa malamulo, kuchotsedwa kwa chuma, ndi kusinthika kwa chigawo. Nkhani za mbiri yakale, Ishin imagwirizana ndi LDP, Ishin : imachirikiza “zankhondo zachibadwa, kuvomereza lingaliro lakuti Japan iyenera kunyadira mbiri yake, ndi kupeputsa. Komabe, maziko a Ishin ndi osiyana kwambiri, ndipo chipanicho sichinapange nkhani yaikulu yokumbukira nkhondo. Chimawona mbiri yakale kukhala chinthu chakumanja chabwino koposa ku malingaliro aumwini mmalo mwa lamulo. Kusintha kumeneku kumalola onse aŵiri kujambula ndi olamulira mbiri yakale.

Chiyambukiro pa Lamulo ndi Unansi wa Padziko Lonse

Kupenda ndi Mfundo ya Malamulo 9

Kusintha kooneka kochokera ku kuloŵetsedwa m'kumbukiro kwa nkhondo kochokera pa Mfundo 9. Otsutsa Otchedwa LDP, pansi pa Abe, akuwonjezera kutchula koyera kwa SDF ku malamulo . Kusintha kumene kungaipatse ilo kukhala yoyenerera ndi yokhoza kuchotsa zoletsa zankhondo. Kukonzanso kumeneku kumaikidwa kukhala kofunika kutetezera Japan m’dziko lowopsa, koma otsutsa amakuona kukhala sitepe la nkhondo lofanana ndi nyengo ya nkhondo isanakhale. CDP ndi JCP kuwinda kuletsa kukonzanso, kutchula maphunziro a mbiri yakale. Komeito akugawidwa: utsogoleri wake amavomereza masinthidwe aang'ono koma amatsutsa Chigawo 9 cha mzimu wake. Iphin ikuchirikiza, koma monga nkhani ya ulamuliro ya m'mbiri.

Kutsutsanako kumamveka kwambiri chifukwa chakuti kumaloŵa m’nkhani zosimba za maziko: ndiko chizindikiro cha mtendere wa pambuyo pa nkhondo ndicho chipambano chonyaditsa chosungidwa, kapena tcheyamani chobadwa nacho kuchokera kwa anthu akunja?

Maulendo a Unai Wautali wa Yasukuni

Kuchezera kwa nduna zazikulu ndi mamembala a kabungwe ku Yasukuni Shrine . kumene apandu a gulu lankhondo amaikidwa pamodzi ndi asilikali wamba . Ndilo malo owonekera kwambiri okumbukira nkhondo muunansi wachilendo. Omangira dziko amagwiritsira ntchito maulendo akuti Japan ayenera kulemekeza onse akufa a nkhondo, kuphatikizapo awo amene anaimbidwa mlandu m'Mayeso a Tokyo. CDP, JCP, ndi Komeito amatsutsa maulendo a akuluakulu, kutsutsa kuti iwo amakwiyitsa a Aaziya ndi kutsutsa kwa Japan. China ndi South Korea mosalekeza amagwiritsira ntchito maulendo otero kutsutsa Japan kukhala osalapa, kusonkhezera mgwirizano wautatu.

Mkulu wa Atsogoleri Shinzo Abe anapita kukachisiyo mu 2013 ndipo izi zinayambitsa mavuto aakulu. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, nduna zina za LDP (Siga, Kisida) zapeŵa kuyendera anthu, ngakhale kuti zatumiza nsembe za mwambo.

Kulimbikitsa Akazi Ndiponso Kukakamiza Akazi Kugwira Ntchito

“ Azimayi otonthoza . "ankhondo yaukapolo wa kugonana pankhondo . Ndi nkhani yachilendo. Ofufuza mbiri yakale sachirikiza boma. CDP ndi JCP anavomereza chivomerezo cha mbiri yakale chakuti nkhondoyo inali yokhudzana kwambiri ndi dala” yokhayikitsidwa ndi pangano lachibadwa la 1965 ndi South Korea kapena, pambuyo pake, pangano la 2015. Iwo amanena kuti kufufuza mbiri sikumachirikiza kukakamiza. CDP ndi JCP amavomereza chivomerezo cha mbiri yakale chakuti nkhondoyo inali yokhudzana kwambiri, ndipo amaitana kaamba ka kupempho ndi chiwongo. Ochirikiza mwachindunji kuti Japan apereke lamulo lokhudza mikhole yonse.

Kulephera kubwereranso ku Korea kumachititsa kuti anthu a ku Korea azikhala ndi mtima wosafuna kuuzidwa zochita, pamene malo a CDP amathandizanso ngati apeza mphamvu. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, anthu a ku Japan amene amasankha kukhazikitsa chitetezo cha boma ku United States ndi South Korea, angayambe kugwirizana ndi magulu amene amalonjeza kuti adzathetsa zilonda zakale.

Mabuku a Mbiri

Kufufuza mabuku a boma ndi mbali ina imene kukumbukira kwa nkhondo kumatembenuzira ku malamulo. LDP mobwerezabwereza yakakamiza mabuku olimbikitsa kukonda dziko la anthu ndi kupeŵa “malingaliro a mbiri yakale". M'chaka cha 2010, akuluakulu a Aba analimbikitsa ofalitsa kuti aphatikizepo za malo a boma pa Diayu/Senkaku Islands. CDP ndi JCP amatsutsa zimenezi kukhala zopotoza mbiri ndi zochirikiza mabuku amene amatchula mofala za ulamuliro wa Japan, Nanjing Massacre, Uning Masting 731, ndi maupandu ena a nkhondo. Bukulo limasintha mmene mibadwo ikuonera nkhondo yamtsogolo, kupangitsa nkhondo yaitali pa .

Bungwe la zachitetezo ndi Alliance-US Japan

Kukumbukira za nkhondo kumayambukira mmene magulu amafutukukira nkhondo ku Japan. LDP yosimba za kugonjetsa “boma la nkhondo” imathandizira kuswa 1% GDP powononga zida zodzitetezera, kupanga mabomba ouluka anthaŵi yaitali, ndi kupanga lamulo la mphepo ndi zida zotetezera. Malamulo ameneŵa amalungamitsidwa monga mayankhidwe a North Korea ndi China, koma amagwirizanitsidwanso ndi chikhumbo cha kubwezeretsa ufulu wa Japan . JCP ndi CDP amatsutsa kuti kuthamanga koteretsa ndi koloŵera m'nkhondo ku Japan, pogwiritsa ntchito chikumbukiro cha 1941 kuchenjeza oletsa kumenyera nkhondo.

Komeito amachita mbali yosintha, kuchirikiza kuwonjezera kuwonjezereka kwa kuchirikiza kulungamitsa kowonekera ndi maulamuliro a mgwirizano. Ishin amachirikiza ndi LDP koma salankhula. Chotulukapo chake ndicho kugwirizana kwa lamulo la chisungiko la Japan kumene kuli kolimba kwambiri zaka 30 zapitazo, koma kukanizidwabe ndi chitsutso champhamvu kuchokera ku magulu oyambira kutsutsa nkhondo.

Ubwenzi ndi China ndi South Korea

Palibe mbali ya unansi wa mitundu yonse imene imaipitsidwa ndi chikumbukiro cha nkhondo kuposa kugwirizana kwa Japan ndi anansi ake a Kummaŵa kwa Asia. LDP pansi pa Abe ndi atsogoleri otsatira ayesa njira ziŵiri: kusungitsa kudalirana ndi kusungika kwa chuma ndi kukambitsirana kwa chisungiko pamene akubwerera kumbuyo pa mbiri yosuliza. CDP ndi JCP imachirikiza kuyanjanitsidwa kwakuya kozikidwa pa kupepesa kosatsutsika ndi kubwezera. Kupambana kwa kugwirizana kwa Japani kumadalira pa gulu limene likulamulira CDP (kodwali kochepa) kwa mbiri ya kuukirana ndi mamvekedwe a mbiri yakale, pamene kuli kwakuti LDP Geodosillaste imachita zogwirizana ndi kupeputsana kwa Pragmatist ndi kachitidwe ka dziko.

Kumvetsa zimene zinkachitika m’mabungwe a zamalonda ndiponso a zamalonda kumathandiza kuti atsogoleri a boma a ku Japan azisankha kutsutsana pa nkhani za mbiri yakale.

Kusintha kwa Mbadwo ndi Kusintha kwa Mawu

Chikumbukiro cha nkhondo cha Japan sichikusintha. Pamene mbadwo wankhondo ukuchoka, ovota achichepere sagwirizana mwachindunji ndi zochitikazo. Komabe, iwo amasonkhezeredwabe ndi maphunziro, zoulutsira nkhani zandale. Kufufuza kwa agogo achichepere kumasonyeza kuti achichepere a ku Japan samakonda kwambiri nkhani za kupepesa za m'mbiri, komanso achilikiza kwambiri za SDF ndi kukonzedwanso kwa lamulo la malamulo [1] chifukwa chakuti amaona malamulo kukhala malo achilendo. CDP ndi JCP akulimbana ndi kusungitsa chilakolako cha kukhazikitsa mtendere pakati pa achichepere. Panthaŵiyi, LDP ndi Ishin adafuna kunyada kwa mtunduwo popanda liwongo la mbiri yakale.

Kusintha kwa mbadwo kumeneku kungachepetse pang'onopang’ono kukumbukira kwa nkhondo m'magawo a zipani. Komabe, mbiri yakale imakhalabe m'malamulo [1] Bukhu la malamulo, mabuku, maulendo a kachisi . . . Malivati adzafunikira kusintha nkhani zawo ndi kumbuyo kwa Japan kumene nkhondoyo siidzakhalakonso koma imaphunzitsa. Pakali pano, akatswiri ena a LDP Geantsches amatsutsa chifukwa cha kuwopseza zamtsogolo mmalo mwa zidandaulo zakale. CDP imayesa kubwezeretsanso kukhazikitsa mtendere monga chizindikiro chabwino cha dziko lonse. Mmene nkhani zimenezi zidzasinthira ku Japan kwa zaka makumi ambiri.

Kumaliza

Chikumbukiro cha nkhondo cha ku Japan si kalelo, koma chamoyo, chimene chimatsutsa mfundo zimene zimalongosola makhonde a dongosolo lake. LDP imafufuza pakati pa kuphana ndi utundu, CDP imatsutsa kukana nkhondo, Komeito imatsutsa malamulo a mtendere a Chibuda, JCP imagwirizanitsa mbiri ya anthu, ndipo Ishin imasamalira chikumbukiro cha nkhondo kukhala chogonjera ku mphamvu ya dziko. Nkhani zimenezi zimakhudza mwachindunji kukonzanso, malamulo a zachitetezo, maphunziro a mbiri yakale, ndi kukambirana ndi China ndi South Korea. Nkhondo yopitirizabe pa mmene dziko la Japan limakumbukirira nkhondo yake, kulimbana ndi zimene mtundu wake ukufuna: Anansi, osamala, oyandikana, oyendetsa zinthu, kapena mphamvu.

Pamene nyengo yapambuyo pa nkhondo ichepa, kulemera kwa ndale zadziko kwa chikumbukiro cha nkhondo kungasinthe, koma sikudzazimiririka. Aliyense wofuna kumvetsetsa ndale zapanyumba za Japan kapena mbali yake m'kukhazikika kwa Kummaŵa kwa Asia ayenera kulimbana ndi nkhani zimenezi za maziko. Mbadwo wotsatira wa atsogoleri a Japan udzapitirizabe kusankha zimene amalemekeza, zimene angazitsendereze, ndi zimene angapangenso mwatsopano .