Maziko a Mafuko a Mafuko

United States dongosolo la boma lapangidwa pa lamulo la boma, kakonzedwe kamene kamagaŵa mphamvu pakati pa ulamuliro wapakati wa dziko ndi maboma a boma. Kugaŵana kumeneku sikuli kugaŵikana kwaudongo kapena kungokhala kwapamwamba; mmalo mwake, kumapanga kupikisana kwamphamvu ndi kopikisana. Malamulo oyambirira, olembedwa mu 1787, anayesetsa kulinganiza kufunika kwa boma lamphamvu la dziko ndi mantha aakulu a ulamuliro wankhanza umene unasonkhezera Chipanduko. Kuzindikira kumene boma ndi mphamvu za boma za boma zikugwirira ntchito yakedi nkofunika pomvetsa mmene ulamuliro wa Amereka amagwirira ntchito.

Malamulo a malamulo a unansi umenewu akhazikitsidwa m'makonzedwe ambiri ofunika. Mfundo ndikutchula mphamvu zenizeni zoperekedwa kwa Nyumba ya Malamulo, monga mphamvu yokhoma ndalama, kulamulira malonda a mayiko, ndi kulengeza nkhondo. Zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimatchedwa kupatsidwa kapena kutchulidwa mphamvu. Mwapadera, Crucife , Maulamuliro a Chigawo 8, Classiale 18) amapereka ulamuliro wa kupanga malamulo onse "ofunika ndi oyenera" kunyamula mphamvu zake zotchulidwa, kukhazikitsa maziko a mphamvu zomveka. Kumbali ina, Demendment imalongosola momveka bwino: "Maulamuliro osaperekedwa ku United States ndi Lamulo la Malamulo, kapena kuletsedwa ndi dziko, amasungidwa ku maiko onse, kapena anthu, mogwirizana ndi lamulo lalamulo lalamulo la dziko lonse, ndi ulamuliro wa boma lililonse.

M'mbiri, kugaŵana kumeneku kunali koonekera bwino m'dziko loyamba. Mayiko anachita nkhani za kumalo monga lamulo la katundu, lamulo la banja, maphunziro, ndi malonda a dziko. Boma linasumika maganizo pa nkhani za maiko akunja, chitetezo cha dziko, ndi malamulo a zachuma. Komabe, pamene dziko linakula ndi chuma chinayamba kuyenderana, malamulo anayamba kuvuta. Nkhondo ya Civil ndi Reconfrectives (kuphatikizapo Kusintha kwa 1450 Development) zinakulitsa kwambiri ulamuliro wa boma, kupangitsa Bill of Rights kugwirira ntchito maboma ndi kupatsa bungwe la malamulo a zachikhalidwe. Lerolino, ulamuliro wololerana unayamba kukhala wosiyana ndi malamulo ambiri otsutsa.

Kuyang'anitsitsa kwambiri maziko a lamulo la chigwirizano, Service yofufuza ya Constitution Constitution Anoned imapereka kusanthula kodalirika kwa Demendment ya khumi ndi mbiri yake.

Kulephera Kwamphamvu kwa Maulamuliro Amakono

Utsogoleri wa Amereka wamakono umadziŵika ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana za chisonkhezero. M'mbali zambiri za malamulo, maboma a boma ndi maboma omwe ali ndi mbali zazikulu . Nthaŵi zina, m'kutsutsana. Kuloŵa kwa gululi ndi chotulukapo cha mbiri, kulolerana kwa ndale zadziko, ndi kufunika kothandiza. Pansipa pali maulamuliro aakulu amene ulamuliro wogawanawu ukuwonekera kwambiri.

Kukhometsa Msonkho ndi Kukhazikitsa Lamulo la Kukhoma Msonkho

Mwinamwake mbali yaikulu ya ulamuliro wowonedwa ndiyo msonkho. Boma limakhazikitsa msonkho wa ndalama zowonjezereka kwa anthu ndi makampani, limakhoma misonkho yolembedwa pa social Security and Medicare, ndi misonkho yosiyanasiyana. Mayiko, , kulipira msonkho wawoyawo (mu 41 maboma), misonkho, misonkho ya katundu, misonkho ya kampani, ndi ndalama zina zambiri. Madongosolo awiriwa amapanga malo ovuta kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, malonda amodzi, kugula pa Intaneti , kugulitsa msonkho wa boma ndi kuyendetsa malamulo a boma, koma ayenera kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma ndi kugulitsa msonkho kapena kukhazikitsa. Panthaŵiyi, boma limagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zake zachitukuko za boma popereka ndalama mwa kuthandizira ndalama zopereka ndalama, kuthandizira ndalama za maphunziro, ndi zaumoyo wa za za zaumoyo.

Kukakamiza Lamulo ndi Chilungamo cha Chipanduko

Kusungidwa kwa malamulo kulinso mbali ina yogwirizana kwambiri. Mayiko ndi maboma amasunga unyinji wa apolisi, makhoti, ndi ndende, kusamalira zonse kuyambira pa kuswa malamulo a pamsewu kufikira pa milandu yowopsa monga mbanda ndi kulanda. Boma la boma, kupyolera mwa mabungwe onga Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Drug Infossition Administration (DEA), ndi Bureaution of Alcohol, Tobacco, Diviko, Dracto, Diviko, Malovass , Oferactive ndi Exlovices (A), ndi Ofest Divicessssssssssssss, (AFod), kutsutsana ndi malamulo a boma a boma, kaŵirikaŵiri amagwirizana ndi malamulo aumboni ogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma. Komabe, pamene malamulo alamulo alamulo a boma alamulo alamulo a boma akuvomereza chigwirizano cha lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo.

Lamulo la Maphunziro ndi Kupereka Ndalama

Maphunziro ndi a m'zaka zapakati pa 20 ndi 20 ndi maulamuliro a boma ndi dziko, limodzi ndi kukhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro, aphunzitsi, ndi masukulu a boma m’madera akuno. Komabe, boma lachita mbali yaikulu kuyambira pakati pa zaka za zana la 20, makamaka mwa kupereka ndalama ndi kusungitsa ufulu wa anthu. Pentary ndi Secondary Early Education Act (EA), yoyamba kuperekedwa mu 1965 ndipo pambuyo pake inaperekedwanso monga Wophunzira aliyense wovomerezedwa monga Wopambana Act (ESA), makampani a boma akugwira ntchito zasukulu zothandizira ophunzira otsika. Boma limaperekanso malamulo onga a pa Aveltures a Earth Act (IA) ndi Thit , amene amaletsa tsankho la maphunziro. Chifukwa chakuti ndalama za boma zimadalirana, malamulo a boma ayenera kugwirizana ndi zofunika kulandira ndalama, koma amasunga njira zawo zambiri zoyendetsera ntchito imeneyi.

Zoyendera

Chigwirizano cha dziko ndi choyendera ndi chitsanzo chachikulu cha mgwirizano wa boma. Dziko ndilo lakhala ndi kusungitsa misewu yambiri, mabulogo, ndi misewu yakwawo, koma boma limapereka ndalama zambiri kudzera ku Highway Trust Fund, yochirikizidwa ndi misonkho ya boma ya petulo. Malamulo a boma amakhazikitsa miyezo ya chitetezo ya galimoto, magalimoto, magalimoto a oyendetsa galimoto, ndi maluwa a msewu. Maseŵero a msewu, imodzi mwa ntchito zazikulu zapoyera m'mbiri m'mbiri, inamangidwa mwa kugwirizana kumene boma la boma linaphatikiza 90% ya ndalama ndi kukonza ndi kukonzanso. Mofananamo, mabwalo a ndege, madokowelo, ndi madoko amafunika kuthandizira ndi kuyang'anira limodzi. Pamene nyumba zapamwamba zimafunikira kuchotsedwa, kaŵirikaŵiri nchifukwa chakuti ntchito zapando zowonongeka ndi zamalonda zonse ziŵirizo.

Thanzi la Onse ndi Chisamaliro cha Zaumoyo

Umoyo wa anthu waonekera monga imodzi ya mabwalo owonekera kwambiri a boma ndi boma, makamaka mkati mwa mliri wa CHOVAD . Maboma amasunga thayo lalikulu la madipatimenti a zaumoyo akumaloko, kuyang'anira matenda, ndi mphamvu zopatula. Boma la boma limagwira ntchito mwa mabungwe onga Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Food and Drug Ad Administration (FUnity), ndi National Institutes of Health (NIH), ndi National Institutes of Health (NIH), kukhazikitsa malangizo a boma, kuli kuli kuli kulipirira, ndi kuthandizira ziwopsyezo zambiri za boma. Nthaŵi zambiri bungwe la Afford Carect (AC) la 2010 likupanga makonzedwe a za umoyo ogaŵana a inshuwalansive, ndi maboma ambiri operekedwa ndi maboma ambiri, pamene kuli kopeka m'boma, pamene boma lopereka chithandizo cha boma, lowonjezera mphamvu zambiri, pamene likuyesanso mphamvu za boma, pamene likuyesa mphamvu za boma, pamene likulamulira, likuwonjezera, likuwonjezera, likuwonjezera, pamene kuli

Kusintha kwa Malo Okhala

Chitetezo cha malo okhala ndicho malo ena kumene maboma a boma ndi boma amaloŵana kwambiri. Boma la boma, kudzera mwa Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), limakhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko kaamba ka mpweya ndi madzi pansi pa malamulo onga Clean Air Act ndi Clean Water Act. Maboma ali ndi thayo la kugwiritsa ntchito miyezo imeneyo, kaŵirikaŵiri mwa kupanga mapangano a Boma la Iption Agement (SIPS) kaamba ka mkhalidwe wa mphepo. Maboma ambiri achita zambiri kuposa zofunika za boma, kuika malire awo enieni odzitetezera kapena mphamvu zobwezeretsera. California, mwachitsanzo, ali ndi chilo cha nthaŵi yaitali kuchokera ku EPA kuti akhazikitse miyezo yake yotulutsa galimoto, imene maboma ena angatengere. Makonzedwe ameneŵa amasonyezanso kugwiriza ntchito yogwirizana ndi kutsutsa malamulo adziko.

Kupititsidwa M’dziko Lina

Kusudzulidwa kuli dera la maparadigmatic la opalanal . ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri kumatsutsana . Boma la boma liri ndi ulamuliro wa kulinganiza chilengedwe, chisungiko cha pamalire, ndi kuloledwa kwa osakhala a zenize, kwakukulukulu kozikidwa pa malamulo a Chilamulo a Chilengedwe ndi Supreme Court. Komabe, iwo amalamulira kuti ali ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu. Amagwiritsira ntchito malaisensinsi opindulitsa a oyendetsa galimoto, kugamula kuyenerera kaamba ka mapindu a anthu onse, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amayambukira alendo, monga malamulo a kuwona ntchito. Ena amatsata "ancquary" malamulo akugawa ndi lamulo la boma loletsa kutumiza anthu kusamuka; ena amapatula malamulo ogwirizana ndi kulephera kukhalako. Malamulo a kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma. Nthaŵi zonse, amavomereza kuti kulephera kwawo kukhazikitsa malamulo oloŵerera kuti kusamuka kwa boma, koma kutsutsana ndi malo ambiri. Koma kufalikira kwa boma kwa boma kwa Agringo (10) ndi chigamu chachikulu cha chigamu: "5]

Kuipidwa ndi Kuzenga Milandu ya Khoti Lalikulu

Chifukwa chakuti malamulo sasintha malire alionse, mikangano pakati pa boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma imabuka mosapeŵeka. Khoti Lapamwamba limagwira ntchito monga wopereka chilango wamkulu, kugwiritsira ntchito Commerce Claus, Demendment ya khumi ndi chitatu, Demetriement, ndi makonzedwe ena ogamula milandu. Pazaka mazana aŵiri, Khoti lasintha pakati pa mafotokozedwe a mphamvu ya boma ndi chitetezo chachikulu cha ulamuliro wa boma. Kumvetsetsa zosankha zimenezi nkofunika kwambiri kuti muone mmene ulamuliro umasinthira.

Malamulo Ofunika Amene Anasintha Mafuko

Milandu ingapo ya khoti lalikulu imakhala yosaiŵalika pofotokoza kuti kugawanako ndi kwina:

  • McCulloch v Maryland (1819): Khotilo linachirikiza mphamvu ya Congress yopanga banki ya dziko pansi pa Kuyenera ndi kugonjetsa kuyesayesa kwa Maryland kukhoma banki, kukhazikitsa malamulo a ulamuliro wolingaliridwa ndi ulamuliro wa boma pa kachitidwe kamene kamatsutsana ndi ntchito za boma zovomerezedwa.
  • Gibbons v Ogden (1824): Kulamulira kumeneku kwamphamvu yochuluka ya Congress kukhazikitsa malonda a maiko, kuphatikizapo ulendo wapanyanja, ndipo adakhulupirira kuti maboma sangasokoneze mphamvu imeneyo. Kumeneku kunachititsa kuti ulamuliro wa boma ufutukuke kwambiri m’zaka za zana la 20.
  • United States v. Lopez (1995): Kwa nthaŵi yoyamba m'zaka makumi ambiri, Bwalo lamilandu linaika mphamvu ya boma pansi pa Commerce Claus, kugwetsa lamulo la boma loletsa mfuti pafupi ndi sukulu pamaziko akuti ntchitoyo sinayambukire kwenikweni malonda a mayiko. Chigamulochi chinasonyeza ulemu watsopano wa ulamuliro wa boma m’madera onga maphunziro ndi kutsata lamulo.
  • Printz v. United States (1997): Khotilo linavomereza kuti boma la boma silingalamulire akuluakulu a boma kukhazikitsa maprogramu a boma, makamaka kutsutsa makonzedwe a Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act yomwe inafuna kuti lamulo la kumaloko liziyang’anira malo a kumbuyo.
  • NFIB v. Sebelius (202): Pachigamulo chovuta, Khoti linachirikiza lamulo la munthu aliyense la Chilamulo cha Afford Care Act monga kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yokhoma ya Congress koma kuchepetsa mphamvu ya boma ya kulinganiza ndalama zonse za Medicaid pa kufutukuka kwa pulogalamu, kusungitsa kusankha kwa maboma kusafutukuka.
  • Arizona v. United States (202): Khotilo linaswa malamulo ofunika a kusamuka kwa Arizona, kuchititsa lamulo la boma loletsa kusamukira m'dziko, ngakhale kuti linasiya malo a lamulo la kugwirizanitsa m'madera ena.

Milandu imeneyi imasonyeza kuti Khoti Lalikulu silimangopereka mphamvu zonse pamlingo umodzi; limaloŵa m’kachitidwe kolinganiza nkhani kamodzikamodzi kamene kamasonyeza mafotokozedwe a malamulo ndi nkhani za ndale zadziko.

Chisinthiko cha Federalism: Kuchokera ku Kugwirizana Kufikira ku Kugwirira Ntchito

Chitsanzo cha ulamuliro wogaŵikana sichinakhale chapadera. Asayansi andale kaŵirikaŵiri amalongosola zitsanzo ziŵiri zazikulu: mgwirizano wa boma ndi mgwirizano wa boma (wotchedwanso marble-cake coningism). Dual unistism, yolamulira kwa zaka zambiri za zana la 19, inalingalira boma ndi boma kukhala miyalo yosiyana yokhala ndi maudindo osiyanasiyana. Boma la boma linali ndi mphamvu zochepa, ndipo maboma anali ogwirizana kwambiri m'mabungwe awo. Khoti Lapamwamba linateteza kwambiri kakonzedwe kameneka, kugonjetsa zoyesayesa zoyambirira za boma za kukonza zinthu, ulimi, ndi ntchito ya ana monga keke yoposa Claus Creas.

Great Depression and the New Develop (Kulefuka kwa Chuma ndi New Demond) zinasintha njira imeneyi. Poyankha vuto la zachuma, boma la boma linathandiza kwambiri pa zachuma, ufulu wa antchito, ndi malamulo a zachuma. Khoti Lapamwamba linatsutsa koyamba koma pomalizira pake linavomereza masinthidwe ameneŵa monga NLB v. Jones & Laughel Corp. [197] [197]). Kuyambira pamenepo, mgwirizano wa boma wakhala chitsanzo chachikulu: madongosolo onse aŵiri a boma akugwira ntchito pamodzi pa zolinga, kaŵirikaŵiri kudzera m’zisonkhetso, ndi mapulo a mgwirizano. Maprogramu monga Medica, ndalama za m’khwalala, ndi malamulo a dziko lapansi ndi malamulo a zachilengedwe ndi zitsanzo zabwino za njira imeneyi. Maboma a boma akupereka malamulo osiyanasiyana, ndi kuyendera limodzi ndi maudindo aŵiri.

M’zaka makumi aposachedwapa, pakhala chikhoterero cha kutembenuza kokhala ndi masinthidwe owonjezereka nthaŵi zina otchedwa "Coerce consismunist ," kumene boma limasonkhezera ndi ndalama zapakhomo ndi kulandidwa, kuchepetsa kuchenjera kwa boma. Mwachitsanzo, boma la boma linamangirira ndalama zapamsewu kuti lipereke ndalama zowonjezera zaka za kumwa kufika pa 21, ndipo lagwiritsira ntchito chiwopsezo cha kuchotsa ndalama zaumoyo kuti lifutukule maiko otse Médiid. Zimenezi zachititsa kuti pakhalenso mapempho a "za ufulu wa boma" ndi kutsutsana ndi Suluveni, makamaka pa nkhani ngati kukhazikitsa malamulo, maphunziro, ndi kusamukira m'dziko.

Kumaliza: Kusamala Tsogolo

Maulamuliro a boma ndi a boma si vuto m'dongosolo la America koma mbali yake yolongosola. Malamulo ameneŵa amalola kuyesa, kusintha kwa madera, ndi mfundo zambiri zoloŵera kwa nzika. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, imayambitsa kusagwirizana kosapeŵeka . Kumene kumayambitsa mavuto a zimene, malamulo ake amapambana, ndi mmene angathetsere kusamvana. Malamulo amathandiza kukhazikitsa, koma machitidwe a tsiku ndi tsiku a boma amaumbidwa ndi ndale zadziko, zosankha za khoti, ndi mapulogalamu a boma.

Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira ofuna kumvetsetsa dongosololi, nkofunika kwambiri kupyola pa lingaliro losavuta la "states vs. boma la boma" ndi kuzindikira maunansi ocholoŵana, odalirana amene amalongosola ulamuliro wamakono. Kaya nkhaniyo ndi yaumoyo, chitetezo cha malo okhala, maphunziro, kapena kusungitsa lamulo, yankho ku "kuti mphamvu zawo zimagwirizana? kuli pafupifupi nthaŵi zonse "kuposa mmene mungaganizire. Chitokosocho . Chiyeso cha chigamunizo cha American chikugonana mopitirizabe panjira imene imakhudza umodzi wa dziko lonse ndi chitaganya chako.

Kufufuza kutsutsana kwa boma kwatsopano, Msonkhano wa National Conference of State Legislatures umapereka chiŵiya chabwino kwambiri pa malingaliro a boma, pamene U.S. Dipatimenti ya Ofesi ya Malamulo ya Malamulo imapereka chidziŵitso cha boma. Kukambitsirana kopitirizabe pakati pa milingo iŵiri kumatsimikizira kuti boma likhalabe lamoyo, dongosolo logwirizana.