Chisonkhezero cha Magawano a Zandale pa Kupanga Zosankha Zauyang’aniro wa Boma

Zipani za ndale zadziko zimatumikira monga galimoto zazikulu zimene oyembekezera kulowa m'malo audindo waudindo ndipo pambuyo pake zimalamulira. Pamlingo wa boma, chisonkhezero cha zipani pa kazembe wa ̱ zigamulo zimaposa malonjezo wamba; zimaumba machitidwe a tsiku ndi tsiku a kampando, bajeti, zoikizira malamulo, ndi ziyambukiro za mavuto. Kumvetsetsa chisonkhezero chimenechi nkofunika kwa ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi aliyense wofuna kumvetsetsa mmene maboma amagwirira ntchito mpikisano.

Akuluakulu a boma salamulira popanda kanthu. Iwo amadalira mabungwe a gulu kuti apeze chithandizo cha osankhidwa, mgwirizano wa malamulo, ndi ukatswiri wa za malamulo. Unansi pakati pa kazembe ndi gulu lake ngwovuta, kuphatikizapo madongosolo a kazembe a kazembe a ̬ monga ngati mabungwe ndi mabungwe a utsogoleri a ̬ ndipo zitsenderezo zamwamwayi, kuphatikizapo kukhazikitsa madongosolo a madongosolo a udzu ndi kusonkhezera. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza njira zazikulu zimene magulu andale amalamulira a boma kupanga zosankha, imapereka zitsanzo za mbiri yakale ndi zamakono, kuzungulira maiko osiyanasiyana, ndi kulingalira matanthauzo a kulamulira kwa democrasethi.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Chipani pa Akuluakulu a Boma

Njira zimenezi zimayambira pa kuyendetsa malamulo mwachindunji mpaka kukakamiza anthu mwa njira zosadziwika bwino zoyendera maganizo a anthu ndiponso mwa kulimbikitsa anthu ofuna kumvetsera.

Zinthu Zofunika Kwambiri pa Mfundo za M’chikhalidwe ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zinthu Zofunika

Chipani chachikulu chilichonse cha ndale zadziko chimasunga papulatifomu ya chigawo ̬ mpambo wa malamulo otengedwa pa misonkhano ya chipani kapena kupyolera mwa ntchito zapakati. Pamene kuli kwakuti mapulatifomu ameneŵa samakakamiza kazembe, iwo amapereka chizindikiro chomveka cha gulu la ’ ziyembekezo. Maboma amene amalunjika kutali kwambiri ndi papulatfomu kutsendereza gulu lochirikiza maprikiti kapena kuyang'anizana ndi kusuliridwa kwa atsogoleri a gulu lotchuka. Mwachitsanzo, kazembe wa gulu limene linachirikiza msonkho wa m'mbiri yakale watsatsa misonkho adzayang'anira kuchepetsa ndalama za boma kapena misonkho, ngakhale ngati mkhalidwe wa boma upereke chenjezo.

Chisonkhezero pa malamulo ofunika kwambiri nchamphamvu makamaka mkati mwa kazembe’ mawu oyamba, pamene adakali kukonza mbiri yawo ndi kufunafuna chisankho. Chipani cha ’ komiti ya boma kaŵirikaŵiri imagwira ntchito pafupi ndi kazembe & #817; ofesi yodziŵira nkhani zingapo zimene zidzalongosola kuyang'anira. Izi zitsogozo zotsogolera, malamulo a bajeti, ndi kutsatsa malamulo a boma.

Chichirikizo cha Malamulo ndi Chigwirizano

Bwanamkubwa ’ luso la kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi lodalira kwambiri pa kulamulira kwa oimira boma. Pamene kazembe agwirizana ndi anthu ambiri m’zipinda zonse ziŵiri, utsogoleri wa gululo umagwira ntchito monga njira ya kutsogolera akuluakulu. Kazembe amagwira ntchito ndi mtsogoleri wochuluka ndi mipando ya komiti kulinganiza mayeso, mavoti a mkwapulo, ndi kukambirana. M'mabungwe a boma ogwirizana ameneŵa, kaŵirikaŵiri chilango cha gulu nchapamwamba, ndipo kupanduka n’kosoŵa.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, pamene nyumba ya malamulo yalamulidwa ndi gulu lotsutsalo, kazembeyo ayenera kudalira pa magulu a bipartisan kapena kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu za boma mwadongosolo. Ngakhale m'boma logawikana, bwanamkubwa̱ kampasi wa chipani m'nyumba ya malamulo angawonjezere kapena kulepheretsa maganizi a akuluakulu a boma. Atsogoleri a gululo angasiye kuchirikiza bwanamkubwa ̱ kuyesayesa ngati akhulupirira kuti zimenezi zimafooketsa ziyembekezo za gulu la ̱ osankhidwa onse.

Mapangano ndi Zosankha za Antchito

Akuluakulu a boma amaika akuluakulu akuluakulu, kuphatikizapo akuluakulu a bungwe, mamembala, ndi oweruza. Mapangano ameneŵa amapereka njira yachindunji yothandizira zipani. Maboma nthaŵi zonse amasankha anthu okhala ndi zigwirizano zolimba, monga mipando ya zipani, opereka zionetsero, kapena okhulupirika amene atumikira m’magulu a zipani. Oikidwa ameneŵa amayembekezeredwa kugwiritsa ntchito bwanamkubwa ̱ mapangano ogwirizana ndi malamulo a gulu.

Mabungwe a magulu asungitsanso mpambo wa oyenerera kuikidwa paudindo. Ofesi ya bwanamkubwa’ isanapange maoda a boma, kutsimikizira kuti oikidwawo ngovomerezeka ku gulu. M'mayiko ena, kutsimikizira kuti mapangano ena amafunika chilolezo cha boma, kumene oukira ankhondo angaletse kapena kuchedwetsa oyembekezera kutsata amene amaonedwa kukhala okhulupirika osakwanira kwa anthu ambiri.

Zimene Anthu Ambiri Amaganiza Ndiponso Kupanikizika

Zipani za ndale zadziko ziri zaluso kusonkhezera malingaliro a anthu kupyolera m'manyuzipepala, makampani olinganiza udzu, ndi kutumiza mauthenga a manyuzi. Kazembe amene akufuna kulondola njira yosatchuka angadalire pa chipanicho kumanga chilikizo la anthu. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, chipani chimene chimatsutsa bwanamkubwa ̱ chosankha chingasonkhezere ovota kukakamiza mkulu wa ntchitoyo kugwiritsa ntchito ma email, mafoni, ndi zitsutso pa kapitigoli wa boma.

Chiwopsezo cha chitokoso chachikulu ndicho chimodzi cha ziŵiya zamphamvu kwambiri zimene chipani chili nazo pa bwanamkubwa. Ngati kazembe achotsa papulatifomu ya pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa kulephera ntchito yawo. Mphamvu imeneyi imatchulidwa makamaka m’zigawo ndi magulu a zipani ndi masankho aakulu. Olamulira ayenera kusamala kwambiri kuvomereza kwa osankhidwa onse ndi kukhulupirika kwa gulu lawo.

Ndalama Zoyendetsera Ntchito ndi Kudalira Ndalama

Mabungwe a boma amakweza ndi kugaŵira ndalama zambiri za masankho, kuphatikizapo zopereka ku ndawala za kampani. Pamene kuli kwakuti olamulira kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi madongosolo awo osonkhetsa ndalama, iwo amadalirabe pa gulu kaamba ka kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zoyendetsera, kutulukira ndi kugawana ku ndandanda ya opereka. Kudalirana kumeneku kwa zachuma kumayambitsa chisonkhezero chamachenjera koma chosalekeza: bwanamkubwa amene amachotsa atsogoleri a gulu la zipani angakupeze kukhala kovuta kusungitsa chuma cha gulu kaamba ka kulinganiza kapena kuchirikiza ofunsira a gulu limodzi ndi zikalata zawo.

Akuluakulu amene amakhala ndi ubwenzi wolimba ndi boma amapindula ndi zinthu zimenezi, pamene anthu amene amaonedwa kuti ndi osayenerera angadzipatule.

Zitsanzo za Chipani cha Anthu Zokhudza Mbiri ndi Zomwe Zikuchitika M’tsogolo

Kuti timvetse mmene njira zimenezi zimagwirira ntchito, n’kothandiza kupenda zitsanzo zakutizakuti za mbiri ya United States ndi ulamuliro wa boma waposachedwapa.

Chipani Chatsopano ndi Kulowa Pansi kwa Chipani Cholamulira

Chitsanzo chachikulu koposa cha chisonkhezero cha gulu la akuluakulu a boma chinachitika mu nyengo ya New Deal . Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt, Democratic National Committee ndi mabungwe a boma kugwira ntchito yolinganiza maprogramu a zachikhalidwe, ntchito za anthu, ndi malamulo a zachuma. Pamene kuli kwakuti Roosevelt ndi munthu wa dziko lonse, malamulo ake anali ndi ziyambukiro zazikulu kwa akuluakulu a boma. Maboma m’dziko lonselo ankayembekezeredwa kugwirizana ndi mabungwe a boma monga Works Progresment Administration ndi Chigwirizano cha Chisungiko cha Chisungiko cha Democracy chimene chinatsutsa malamulo Atsopano otayikiridwa ndi kuchirikiza boma ndi chigwirizano. Nthaŵi imeneyi inasonyeza mmene gulu lamphamvu la dzikolo lingakhazikitsira mapulogalamu a boma, ngakhale pamene atsogoleri ena a boma a boma a boma logwirizana ndi mabungwe a bungwe linalo.

Nkhondo ya Partisan pa Kachitidwe ka Zaumoyo ndi Boma

Mu 2010, mkangano wa Affordble Care Act & #817; Medicaid anagawana mozama pakati pa akazembe a boma. Olamulira a democratic, akutsatira gulu lawo̱ mapulatifomu a dziko, pafupifupi dziko lonse, kuchirikiza, pamene olamulira a Republican anatsutsa kapena kufunafuna mafanizo ena. M'mayiko onga Ohio ndi Michigan, akazembe a Republican anagwira ntchito pamodzi ndi gulu lawo la ̱ malamulo oletsa kufutukuka, ngakhale kuti athandiza makampani awo. Pamene akazembembe a Republican, monga John Kasich wa Ohio, anapititsa patsogolo, anayang'anizana ndi otsutsa kwambiri ndi otsutsa kwambiri. Kaich adagwiritsira ntchito dongosolo la oyendetsa ntchito ndi oyendetsa zinthu ndi ofalitsa a bungwe la boma, koma kufalitsa nkhani yaikulu yapadera.

Bwanamkubwa Gavin Newsom ndi California ’ Democratic Foistic Energy

Ku California, Kazembe Gavin Newsom akugwira ntchito m'gulu la Democratic Party pa zonse ziŵiri . Zigamulo zake za lamulo ̬ kuchokera ku kusintha kwa nyengo kupatsidwa malamulo a kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma a Democratic Party ’ ikugwirizana ndi boma la Democratic Party ̱ ikuchita papulat yopita patsogolo. Pamene Newsom analinganiza kuti msonkho wa gasi uwonjezeredwe mwamsanga m’nyengo yake, atsogoleri a gulu anathandiza kuchirikiza. Pamene anayang'ana ndi chisankho chakumbukiro mu 2021, gulu la boma linasonkhanitsa zinthu zambiri, kuphatikizapo kugwirizanitsa makalata ndi ndalama zoperekera makalata, kumsunga iye mu ofesi. Gulu la aŵirili limasonyeza mmene kazembe ndi gulu linalo lingathandizire &817; zolinga zake.

Maboma a ku Republic ndi Lamulo la Msonkho ku Red States

M’maboma kumene a Republicans amalamulira mogwirizana, akazembe apitirizabe kulondola malamulo a msonkho, kuletsa, ndi malamulo amakhalidwe abwino monga zoyamba za chipani chachikulu. Mwachitsanzo, Kazembe Greg Abbott wa Texas anakakamiza kuti abwezere msonkho wa katundu ndi ziletso pa ndalama za boma lakumaloko, kuyendetsa zinthu zimene zinachirikizidwa mwamphamvu ndi Texas Republican Party . Mofananamo, Bwana Ron Desantis wa Florida anagwiritsira ntchito malamulo a akuluakulu a boma ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo otsata maphunziro otsatirika ndi njira zoyankhira zogwirizana ndi malamulo a dziko lonse. M’nkhani ziŵiri ziŵirizo, akazembe, akazembewo anayang'anizana ndi chitsutso chochepa chifukwa chakuti zochita zawo zinasonyeza malingaliro a gulu la anthu.

Kusiyana kwa Zinthu M’mayiko Ena: Zinthu Zimene Zimachititsa Chipani Chachikulu Kusintha

Zinthu zosiyanasiyana zokhudza magawo ndi ndale zingawonjezere kapena kuchepetsa mphamvu ya maphwando pa akazembe a boma a ̱ zosankha.

Boma Logawanika

Boma logwirizana (pamene kazembe’ chipani chiyang'anira zipinda zonse ziŵiri za malamulo) chimapangitsa chiyambukiro cha chipani kuwonjezereka chifukwa bwanamkubwayo amadalira pa unyinji wa oimira boma kupereka malamulo. M’boma logaŵikana, kazembe kaŵirikaŵiri ayenera kulolerana ndi gulu lotsutsanalo, limene lingachepetse chisonkhezero cha chipani chawo. Komabe, ngakhale m'boma logaŵidwa, bwanamkubwa ’ gulu lake lingapereke chisonkhezero champhamvu mwa kugwirizana ndi caucus, kuwopseza, ndi kulamulira njira yotsimikizira kaamba ka kuikidwa.

Mphamvu ya Magulu a Boma

Magulu a boma amasiyana kwambiri m'maudindo awo a gulu. M'maboma okhala ndi nyumba zamphamvu, zomangidwa bwino, monga New York, California, kapena Texas ̬ gululo lingagwiritse ntchito zida zambiri kwa akazembe. Mosiyana ndi, ndi zigawo zofooka kapena zogawikana, monga Nebraska (imene ili ndi nyumba ya malamulo ya boma yopanda partadane) kapena Vermont, imaona kuti imakhudza kwambiri anthu. M'maboma ameneŵa, akazembe, angagwire ntchito yodziimira paokha, kupanga zigwirizano zimene zimagwirizana za gulu la anthu.

Mphamvu za Maginito ndi Maluŵa

Olamulira ena a boma ali ndi mphamvu zazikulu, kuphatikizapo ulamuliro wa ndandanda ya mzera, mphamvu zoika, ndi kulamulira pa bajeti ya boma. Olamulira okhala ndi mphamvu zofooka angadzipeze kukhala odalira kwambiri pa kugwirizana kwa chipani kuti akwaniritse zolinga zawo. Mwachitsanzo, kazembe amene alibe mphamvu yolinganizanso mabungwe popanda kugawana angafunikire chichirikizo cha chipani kuti apange mapulani olinganiza zinthu, mwakutero akupatsa chipani chipani chiwiya chowonjezereka.

Malire a Nthaŵi ndi Kusintha kwa Zinthu

Olamulira amene ali ndi malire ndipo sangathe kuthamanga kuti asankhenso angamve chitsenderezo chochepera cha kugwirizana ndi zipani, makamaka m'liwu lawo lomaliza. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, akazembe oyambirira a liwu lawo loyamba amalabadira kwambiri zizindikiro za chipani, popeza kuti amafuna kuchirikizidwa kwa maphwando a zipambano zonse ziŵiri za lamulo ndi kusankhidwanso. Kuyandikira kwa chaka cha chisankho kumakulitsanso chisonkhezero cha chipani, pamene akazembeezetsa amasumika maganizo awo pa kukwaniritsa mpambo wa chipambano chachikulu.

Zovuta za Demokrase ndi Ulamuliro

Chisonkhezero cha zipani za ndale zadziko pa kupanga zosankha za boma chiri ponse paŵiri ndi mapindu ndi maupandu kaamba ka kulamulira kwa demokrase.

Mapindu a Chisonkhezero cha Chipani

Magulu andale amapereka mgwirizano ndi kuŵerengera mlandu kwa gulu. Ofufuza angayembekezere kuti kazembe wa chipani china adzapititsa patsogolo chipani chimenecho, pofotokoza mfundo. Kumasulira kumeneku kumathandiza ovota kupanga zosankha zodziwidwa m’bokosi la olati. Mapalikiti amathandizanso kukhala njira zothandizira anthu osiyana, kupanga mgwirizano, ndi kupereka mayeso pa ulamuliro wa akuluakulu. Pamene bwanamkubwa achita zosiyana ndi papulatifomu, kusuliza chipani cha mkati kukhoza kukhala chitetezo pa zigamu za anthu osagwirizana.

Ndiponso, magulu angakulitse mawu a magulu ocheperapo mwa kuyambitsa nkhani za mkulu wa boma’ mapu a. Mwachitsanzo, gulu limene limagogomezera ufulu wa anthu kapena chiweruzo cha malo okhala lingasonkhezere bwanamkubwa kutenga malamulo amene anganyalanyazidwe. Chilango cha magulu chingachepetsenso chisonkhezero cha zikondwerero zapadera zapadera, chifukwa chakuti akazembe amaŵerengeredwa kwa gulu lapaderalo̱ limakhala ndi mamembala ambiri mmalo mwa opereka.

Kuopsa kwa Kutsegula Malo Otentha ndi Madzi Otsekemera

Kuipa kwa zipani n’kofunikanso. Kukhulupirika kopambanitsa kungapangitse anthu kugawana, makamaka pamene kazembe ndi boma la anthu ambiri ali m’zipani zosiyanasiyana. M'malo oterowo, ntchito zofunika zolamulira monga kudutsa kapena kukhazikitsa mapangano achiweruzo ̬. Kusintha kwa lamulo kungasonkhezerenso olamulira ku malo opambanitsa amene anthu amasankha anthu ndi kuchepetsa kudalira boma.

Upandu wina ndiwo kuyambitsidwa kwa chipani pa ubwino wa anthu. Akuluakulu angatsutse malamulo ozikidwa pa umboni chifukwa chabe chakuti amatsutsana ndi ziphunzitso za chipani. Mwachitsanzo, bwanamkubwa wa gulu limene limatsutsa kuwonjezereka kwa misonkho angasiye kuchirikiza zitukuko zofunikira ngakhale pamene kufunsira kukusonyeza chichirikizo champhamvu cha anthu. Zimenezi zingawononge mautumiki a boma ndi kutsogolera ku mavuto a nthaŵi yaitali.

Pomaliza, makampani a boma akasankha ochirikiza chipani kuti azitsogolera madipatimenti, akatswiri angachepetsedwe chifukwa cha kulinganiza kwa malingaliro. Zimenezi zingasokoneze malamulo oyendetsera malamulo, makamaka m’madera monga ngati chitetezo cha malo okhala kapena thanzi la anthu.

Kulinganiza Chisonkhezero cha Gulu ndi Nzeru Yachikulu

Kulamulira kothandiza kumafuna kulinganiza pakati pa gulu ndi kuyang'anira. Akuluakulu ayenera kukhala okhoza kugwiritsa ntchito chiweruzo chaumwini, makamaka pamene zinthu zasintha mofulumira. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, amafunikira chipani cha ’ machirikizo kuti alamulire bwino. Madongosolo andale a boma aumoyo woposa ndiwo amene amachititsa kuti anthu azichirikizidwa ndi kuŵerengeredwa mlandu, osati kuletsa kulinganiza zinthu molingalira bwino.

Akuluakulu a boma amene amayendetsa bwino zipani za zipani zawo amatero mwa kumanga maunansi awo amphamvu ndi atsogoleri a zipani, kupitiriza kulankhulana momasuka, ndi kusonyeza kudzipereka kwenikweni kwa pa chipani cha ̱ mfundo za makhalidwe abwino pamene akuzolowera mikhalidwe ya kumaloko. Nthaŵi zina, akazembe agwiritsa ntchito kutchuka kwawo kubwezeretsa zinthu zofunika kwambiri m’kati mwawo, kutsogolera bwino gulu lawo mmalo mongotsatira zimenezo.

Kumaliza

Zipani za ndale zadziko zidakalibe mphamvu yaikulu m'kuumba kupanga zigamulo za boma. Mwa njira zonga ngati kusungitsa malamulo, kukhazikitsa malamulo, kukhazikitsa, kusonkhanitsa malingaliro a anthu, ndi ndalama za chigawo, zisonkhezero zazikulu pa akazembe ndi akuluakulu ena a boma. Zitsanzo za mbiri ndi zapanthaŵi ino ̬ kuchokera ku New Deal mpaka nkhondo zamakono za zaumoyo ndi nkhondo zamakono za malamulo a boma, ndi kumenyana ndi misonkhongole ya msonkho ̬ kusiyanitsa mmene kulinganiza kwa gulu kungasonkhetsere kapena kutsekera ntchito ya kayendetsedwe ka ka ka kazembe. Komabe, mphamvu ya mphamvu imeneyi imasintha kwambiri chifukwa cha kugwirizana kwa mabungwe, mphamvu ya gulu, ndi mphamvu ya bungwe la bungwe.

Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi a sayansi ya ndale zadziko ndi a boma, kuzindikira unansi wosiyana pakati pa magawo ndi akuluakulu a boma nkovuta. Kumasonyeza osati kokha mmene mphamvu imagwiritsidwira ntchito komanso mmene kuŵerengera kwa demokrase kumasungidwira pa ̵ ndipo nthaŵi zina kuyesedwa. Pamene kugaŵidwa kwa maiko kukupitirizabe kuumba ndale zadziko za Amereka, mbali ya zipani za ndale zadziko m'kupanga zosankha zaudindo idzakhala nkhani yaikulu ya kuphunzira ndi kutsutsana.

kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, onani Brookings Institution ’ kusanthula kwa . . . . . . . . ndi kufufuza kwa za sayansi kuchokera ku American Political Science Association pa kukhazikitsa ndale ndi chisonkhezero cha chipani.