Chiyambi: Njira Yaitali Yochokera ku Chikomyunizimu Inka ku Demokrase

Kugwa kwa maulamuliro a chikomyunizimu Kummaŵa kwa Yuropu ndi yemwe kale anali Soviet Union mu 1989-19991 kunayambitsa chimodzi cha masinthidwe aakulu kwambiri andale zadziko kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri. M'zaka makumi atatu zapitazo, maiko ameneŵa a pambuyo pa bungwe la ofufuza achita ulendo wovuta ndi wovuta kwambiri wotembenukira ku ulamuliro wa democracy. Pamene kuli kwakuti maiko ena akhazikitsa mabungwe a demokrase omasuka, ena aloŵa m'maulamuliro a zigaŵenga kapena ulamuliro wa a authorist. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza chisinthiko cha maufumu a a a a a a a a a a a a a apolomereka m'ndale zadziko, kupenda zinthu zimene zasintha ndi mavuto awo a democracy ndi kupitirizabe kusonkhezera matokokera awo a ndalensi.

Kuzindikira kusintha kumeneku kumafuna kuyang'ana kupyola pa mademokrase wamba ndi upo. Malo a pambuyo pa aunistralic amapereka laboratori yachilengedwe yophunzirira mmene kulinganiza, kusintha kwa zachuma, zikhalidwe, ndi kutsendereza kwa kunja kutulutsa zotulukapo zosiyanasiyana za ndale. Kuchokera ku Baltic republic mpaka ku Central Asia, njira zotengedwa zasinthidwa ndi zokumana nazo za m'mbiri, mphamvu ya anthu, ndi zosankha zoyenerera za nduna za anthu apanyumba.

Mbiri Yakale ya Kulamulira kwa Ogwirizana ndi Ntchito Yapambuyo Pake

Choloŵa cha Ulamuliro wa Soviet Union

Madongosolo a komyunizimu amene analamulira Kummaŵa kwa Yuropu kwa zaka makumi anayi anasiya zisindikizo zozama ndi zamaganizo. Ulamuliro wa mbali imodzi, kulamulira kwa boma kwa chuma, kutsendereza chitaganya cha anthu, ndi chiŵiya chachitetezo chofalikira chinapanga chikhalidwe chandale zadziko chimene sichinali chosavuta kusinthira ku malamulo a demokrase. M'mariphabliki a Soviet Union enieniwo, chochitikacho chinali chokhalitsa ndi chotsendereza kwambiri. Maulamuliro ameneŵa anatanthauza kuti ntchito yomanga mabungwe atsopano andale zadziko sinali nkhani ya kungotsanzira chabe zitsanzo za kumadzulo; chinafunikira kugonjetsa zizoloŵezi zozindikiridwa ndi kusakhulupirira kwa boma, ndi kulephera kudalirana kwa miyambo ya ndale zadziko.

Zaka Zoyambirira za Kusintha (1999-19995)

Chigawo choyamba cha kusintha chinasonyezedwa ndi chisangalalo ndi kusintha kwa mabungwe. Kukambitsirana kwa kaundula ku Poland, Hungary, ndi Czechoslovakia kunatsogolera ku kusamutsidwa kwa mtendere kwa mphamvu. Malamulo atsopano anaikidwa, madongosolo a magawo ambiri anakhazikitsidwa, ndipo masankho oyamba adachitidwa. Komabe, kugwa kwa chuma komwe kunachitika pambuyo pa kuchotsedwa kwa dongosolo lapakati kunayambitsa mavuto aakulu. Kusoŵa kwa ntchito, kukwera mtengo, ndi kutha kwa mayanjano kunasonkhezera kugwiritsidwa mwadala ndi kusintha kwa demokrase. M'maiko onga Bulgaria ndi Romania, kusinthako kunachedwetsa ndi kupikisananso, ndi kale mabukhomanikitsa omwe anadzisintha monga kutembenuza madesikitsa ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu cha kakhalidwe.

Mkati mwa nyengo imeneyi, akanema a mitundu yonse [1] makamaka European Union ndi United States . adapereka chithandizo cha zopangapanga, chithandizo chachuma, ndi chichirikizo cha ndale zadziko kaamba ka kuikidwa kwa demokrase. Chiyembekezo cha kukhala ziŵalo za EU chinakhala chisonkhezero champhamvu cha kunja cha kusintha zinthu, popeza kuti chinakhazikitsa kulowa pa miyezo ya Copenhagen: mabungwe okhazikika otsimikizira demokrase, malamulo, ufulu wa anthu, ndi ulemu kwa anthu ochepa.

Kulimbitsa ndi Divergence (1996-2010)

Pofika pakati pa ma 1999, kusemphana kwakukulu kunabuka. Mayiko apakati a Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, ndi Slovenia anapitirizabe kupita patsogolo kukhazikitsa demokrase. Anagwirizana ndi NATO mu 1999 ndi EU mu 2004. Mosiyana ndi, mayiko a ku Balkan ndi Soviet Union adakumana ndi kusakhazikika kwakukulu. Nkhondo ku Yugoslavia ndi nkhondo zachipale ku Moldova, Georgia, ndi Azerbaijan zinalepheretsa kuyambika kwa democracy. Ku Russia, ma 1990 anasokoneza ulamuliro wa Clavidima ndi kuchepetsako mademocracy ndi malingana. Nthaŵi imeneyi inasonyeza kuti kukhalapo kwa mabungwe a democracy Union sikunatsimikizira kuti kuchitika kwawo kwa democracy.

Zitsanzo Zazikulu za Maulamuliro m’Maiko Otsatira Ausilikali

Kulamulira kwa pambuyo pa makompyuta lerolino kungaphatikizidwe m’mizere itatu yotakata, ngakhale kuti maiko ambiri ali ndi malo osadziŵika bwino pakati pawo. Kumvetsetsa mafanizo ameneŵa kumathandiza kulongosola zotulukapo zosiyanasiyana m’chigawo chonsecho.

Chitsanzo cha Chitetezo

Mayiko amene akuona kuti ndi a kumadzulo kwenikweni ndi demokalase yaufulu, amagawana mbali zingapo: chitetezo champhamvu cha malamulo, oweruza apamwamba, zipani za anthu, oulutsa nkhani zaulere, ndi masankho otsatizana nthaŵi zonse. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Czech Republic, Slovenia, ndi Slovakia kaŵirikaŵiri amatchulidwa kuti ndi nkhani zachipambano. Mwachitsanzo, Estonia, anachita upainiya wotchuka ndi demokrase ya pulogalamu, kukwaniritsa mlingo wapamwamba wa kuonekera ndi kugawana kwa nzika. Czech Republic inasunga dongosolo lokhazikika ndi kuyendera bwino ndi kulemera kwamphamvu ngakhale m'nthaŵi za kutsendereza kwa oimba a populalist.

Demokrase yololera yakhala ndi mavuto. Maupandu achinyengo, kugawanika kwa ndale, ndi kuukira kwa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi kwa ufulu wachiweruzo zachitika. Komabe, kuchirikiza kwawo kukhazikika . Kuchirikizidwa ndi ziŵalo za EU ndi chitaganya cha anthu okangalika kwawalola kuchira ku mavuto. Chitsanzo cha demokalase yaufulu m'maiko ameneŵa tsopano yakhala yosachiritsika, ndi chichirikizo chachikulu cha anthu kaamba ka malamulo a demokrase.

Kusintha kwa Mazira: Kuletsa Kutsatira Ndalama ndi Kulambira Chimbulimbuli

Chikhoterero chodziŵika kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwapa chakhala kubuka kwa maulamuliro a progassion , madongosolo amene amasunga mbali zina za demokrase pamene akusumika mphamvu m’manja mwa mabungwe olamulira kapena akuluakulu. Hungary ndi Poland ali zitsanzo zotchuka kwambiri mu EU. Pansi pa Nduna Yaikulu Viktor Orbán, Hungary walembanso malamulo ake, walanda judiary ndi oulutsa nkhani, ndi mawu otsutsa. Lamulo ndi chipani chachilungamo cha Poland (Pisi) mofananamo chinapeputsa ufulu wa chiweruzo ndi kulamulira oulutsa a anthu. Maiko aŵiriwa adakali ndi masankho koma aimbidwabe mlandu wa kuswa malamulo a EU ndipo adayang'anizana ndi malamulo 7 a Chikalata cha Chikalata cha Malamulo pa Ulaya Union.

Kunja kwa EU, maboma a ziphadzuwa ngofala kwambiri. Serbia, Bosnia ndi Herzegovina, Moldova (kufikira kusintha kwaposachedwapa), ndi Ukraine (asanasinthe ndi pambuyo pa Euromadan) akhala ndi nyengo za kulamulira kwa olamuliridwa ndi olamuliridwa, kumene zikondwerero zamphamvu za malonda zimapanga ndale zadziko ndi zigwirizano za demokrase. M'madongosolo ameneŵa, magulu otsutsa angapikisane koma angayang'ne ndi maseŵero osagwirizana, chidani, ndi chuma cha boma chogwiritsiridwa ntchito kuthandizira kuwonjezera. Chotulukapo ndicho mtundu wa ulamuliro wa osankhidwa kumene atsogoleri a boma angapambane masankhoma mwa kuyendetsa masankhonyawo mmalo mwa kupondereza kotheratu.

Zitsanzo za Olemba Mabuku ndi Zochita za Anthu Odzilamulira

Gulu lachitatu la maiko ogwirizana pambuyo pa bungwe la ofufuza atha kusungidwa kapena kubwezeredwa ku ulamuliro wa authoritarian. Belarus pansi pa Alexander Lukashenko ndi chitsanzo chowonekera bwino: Chiyambire 1994, Lukashenko wasunga ulamuliro ku kupyola m'malamulo adongosolo, masankho a sham, ndi kuchotsedwa kwa manyuzipepala odziimira paokha ndi chitsutso cha ndale zadziko. Chiwawa chachiwawa cha kutsutsa pambuyo pa mkangano wa 2020 wa kufunitsitsa kwa boma kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu. Mofananamo, Russia pansi pa Putin wakhala ulamuliro wa boma kuyang'anira zofalitsa zonse zazikulu, kutsendereza chitsutso, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito chigwirizano chake chachitetezo cha ndale zadziko. Nkhondo ya Ukraine ndi dziko la Russia yalekanso ku Russia ndi malamulo a democracy.

Mafano a akonzi akupitirizabenso ku Central Asia, kumene maiko onga Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, ndi Turkmenistan amalamulidwa ndi maulamuliro aumwini omwe alibe mpikisano wa ndale zadziko. Maboma ameneŵa atengera zikhoterero za democracy . Zigamulo za demokrase, makhoma, ndi masankho a nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi, koma amagwira ntchito monga ngati kuti ndi ofera pa ulamuliro umodzi kapena wa banja limodzi. Tsoka la chuma (mafuta ndi chuma cha gasi) lathandiza kuchirikiza maauto, kulola atsogoleri kugula kukhulupirika ndi kupeŵa kutsegula dongosolo la ndale zadziko.

Zochititsa Kusintha Kodalira pa Democratic

Kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu kwa kuyang’anira kwa pambuyo pa apolisi kungalondoledwe ndi zinthu zingapo zazikulu. Kumvetsetsa nsonga zimenezi nkofunika kupenda ziyembekezo za kukhazikitsa kokhala ndi demokrase m’chigawocho.

Kulinganiza ndi Kulamulira kwa Chilamulo

Mphamvu ndi kudziimira kwa mabungwe aakulu . Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a Hungary, mabungwe oletsa ziphuphu, ndi mabungwe opanga masankho, ndi ovuta. Mayiko amene anatengera mayeso ndi maaunti amphamvu a malamulo, monga Czech Republic ndi Estonia, apeza bwino kuposa aja amene mabwana a boma anasonkhanitsa mphamvu kuyambira nthawi yoyamba. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a boma a Hungary a 2011 anaikidwa mwachisawawa ndi gulu lolamulira ndi ulamuliro wapamwamba wa nduna yaikulu mu ofesi ya nduna, kusokoneza pambuyo pake. Independent Judiciary ndi malo otsendecricracy a democracy; pamene achotsedwa, monga ku Poland pambuyo pa 2015, zitetezero zina za democracy.

Kupita Patsogolo kwa Chuma ndi Kukhazikika

Zinthu zachuma zinathandiza kwambiri. Kusintha kuchoka pa kulinganiza kwapakati kupita ku makampani kunachititsa opambana ndi olephera. Mayiko amene anatsatira mofulumira, kuchuluka kwa makampani ndi kumanga makampani a malonda . Nthaŵi zambiri ndi malangizo a EU adafuna kuyambitsa magulu apakati amene anachirikiza kukhazikika kwa demokalase. Mosiyana ndi mayiko amene, makampani anali otchuka kapena kugwidwa ndi opanga chuma, monga Russia ndi Ukraine, anaona kuti kuchuluka kwa chuma ndi mphamvu zandale kukufooketsa ulamuliro wa democracy. Mabanja a zachuma kapena kulephera kwa chuma kapena kuwonjezereka kwa chuma, monga ku Bulgaria ndi Romania mu 1990, kuchepa kwa chikhulupiriro cha anthu m'boma ndi kuyambitsa malo otsegulira otchuka ndi otchuka a bungwe la otchuka la oimba ndi oimba za dziko.

Zotsatira Zakunja: Kusintha Malamulo a EU ndi Azauchigaŵenga a Padziko Lonse

Palibe chifukwa china chimene chakhala chochititsa kugwirizanitsa kwa demokrase kuposa chiyembekezo cha kukhala m'bungwe la European Union. Kudalirana kumene kwaikidwa ndi EU . Kufuna maiko oloŵa kuloŵa kutengera comquitunaire ndi kukwaniritsa malamulo a Copenhagen . Kusintha kwa mabungwe ku Central ndi Eastern Europe. Mayiko akagwirizana, ngakhale kuli tero, kuchepetsa mphamvu ya EU, kulola EU kubwerera ku Hungary ndi Poland. Njira zatsopano za kugwirizanitsa ndalama, kugwirizanitsa ndalama za ndalama kuti zigwiritsiridwe ntchito yolamulira lamulo, zimaimira kuyesa kupezanso chisonkhezero koma kupitirizabe mpikisano wandale.

Akanema ena apadziko lonse apanganso zotsatirapo. United States anachirikiza kuperekedwa kwa democracy kupyolera m'zithandizo ndi maprogramu a anthu a m'dziko mu 1990. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, Russia wachirikiza mokangalika zisonyezero zauchigaŵenga, kugwiritsira ntchito kudalira mphamvu, kuchotsa, ndi kuchirikiza zipani zosayenerera kuchepetsa kusintha kwa demokrase m'dera lake. Bungwe la EU la Eastern Parnetshiap and Council of Europe lapereka maziko a miyezo yalamulo ndi ya democracy, koma mphamvu zawo zimasinthasintha.

Chikhalidwe cha Zandale ndi Malamulo a Mbiri

Makhalidwe a anthu ndi zokumana nazo za m'mbiri zimayambukira kwambiri kulandiridwa kwa mabungwe a demokrase . M'maiko okhala ndi miyambo yamphamvu ya anthu ndi mtundu, monga Czech Republic ndi Estonia, demokrase inazika mizu mosavuta. M'maiko kumene kudziŵika kwa mtundu kunkagwirizana ndi authoritarianism kapena kumene zigawo za mafuko zinapitirizabe, monga ngati m'madera a Balkan ndi Central Asia, mabungwe a democracy anakhala osalimba. Kudalira m'mabungwe, kulolera kusemphana ndi kuvomereza kwa ndale zadziko kuli mikhalidwe yachikhalidwe imene siiyamba usiku umodzi. Zitsanzo za kaŵiri za ukatanga ndi kulanda boma kaŵirikaŵiri zimabadwa kuchokera ku nyengo ya chikomyunizimu ndipo zimavuta kusintha popanda chitsenderezo cha boma.

Chitaganya cha Anthu ndi Ufulu wa Ofalitsa Nkhani

Chipani cha anthu ndi manyuzipepala odziimira paokha ndi ofunika kwambiri kuti asakhale ndi authoritarian . M'maiko a pambuyo pa anyumunizi, mabungwe a anthu anatulukira mofulumira mu 1990, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi kuwonjezera ndalama. Komabe, m'maboma ambiri a zigaŵenga ndi authoritarian, mabungwe ameneŵa aikidwa m’magulu apamwamba, ogwirizana, kapena otsenderezedwa. Mwachitsanzo, ku Russia, malamulo ofuna “antchito za boma za boma , alepheretsa NGOs. Ku Hungary, kutsegulidwa kwa Central Europe University kunaonedwa monga kuukira ufulu wa maphunziro. Ufulu wa Media ndi chizindikiro chochititsa chidwi kwambiri: maiko okhala ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana, odziimira, akhala ndi kuyankha kwa democracy, pamene kuli aja olamulidwa ndi boma kapena otchuka (monga mu Bulgaria kapena Bulgaria) akuvutika ndi nkhani zopotoza za anthu.

Mavuto ndi Ziyembekezo Zamtsogolo

Kugawa ndi Kupopera Magazi Kotsatira Democratic Erosation

Chitokoso chokulira kwambiri mu Europe pambuyo pa bungwe la ofufuza za chitaganya ndicho kukwera kwa kufalikira kwa propulism ndi kunyonyotsoka kwa demokrase. M'maiko ambiri, nzika zagwiritsidwa mwala ndi demokrase chifukwa cha kusokonezeka kwa chuma, ziphuphu, ndi kusalingana. Magulu a Populist amalonjeza njira zosavuta ndi kuukira malamulo a demokrase. Kugwirizana kwa utsogoleri wamphamvu wa anthu kwakula, ngakhale m'mademokrase okhazikitsidwa. Hungary ndi Poland amasonyeza mmene maboma a a popublic angazindikire mayeso ndi kuchepetsako ndi kusungitsa chichirikizo chofala. Upanduwo uli wakuti mitundu ina m’chigawochi ingathe kutsatira njira yofanana ngati mphamvu ya demokrase ikalephera kuyankha m’madandaulo.

Ziphuphu ndi Kugwidwa ndi Boma

Ziphuphu zikupitirizabe kukhala vuto lalikulu m'mayiko ambiri pambuyo pa kugwiritsa ntchito apolisi. Ngakhale kuti pali kupita patsogolo, makamaka ku Central Europe, kufalikira kwa boma kukupitirizabe m’mayiko monga Romania, Bulgaria, ndi Ukraine. Ziphuphu zimawononga chikhulupiriro cha boma, zimalepheretsa kutsatsa malonda a mayiko ena, ndi kulimbikitsa kusadalirana pa ndale. Mabungwe oletsa ziphuphu ndi oimira boma ayamba kulowerera m'ndale. Kulimbana ndi ziphuphu sikumafuna malamulo okha koma chikhalidwe cha anthu amene angatengere zaka zambiri kuti ayambe kudalirana ndi mayiko ena.

Kusokonezeka ndi Kusatsimikizirika kwa Ndale

Chipwirikiti cha Geotistiki, makamaka chidani cha Russia ndi Ukraine kuyambira 2014 ndi kuukira kokwanira mu 2022, zasinthanso malingaliro a chisungiko ndi kulinganiza ndale m'chigawocho. Maiko a malire a Russia ndi Belarus, chiwopsezo cha kugwedezeka kwa ndale zadziko, nthaŵi zina pakuwonongedwa kwa ufulu wa democracy. Maulamuliro oukira boma, ziletso pa oulutsira nkhani, ndi kutsutsa kusemphana ndi malamulo zandale zakhala zolungamitsidwa m'dzina la dzikolo. Pakali pano, yankho la EU , kuthandizira kwa ndalama kukonzanso, ndi kukambirana kwa Ukraine ndi Moldova . Ziyezo zakhala njira yopita patsogolo ku mgwirizano kwa demokrase , koma kupita patsogolo ndi kupita patsogolo kwa ndale zadziko.

Kusintha kwa Ufulu Wanu ndi Mavuto a Anthu

Maiko ambiri amene amasintha pambuyo pa makompyuta amayang'anizana ndi kutsika kwakukulu kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu, ndi ziŵerengero zotsika za kubala ndi kukwera kwa antchito achichepere ndi aluso. Kuchepa kwa ubongo kumeneku kumafooketsa maziko a zachuma ndi a chitaganya a democracy. Kuvutitsa kwa anthu ndi kulepheretsa mavuto autundu. Maboma azindikira za njira zimenezi zoyambitsira malamulo a banja, koma kuletsa kukwera kwa ntchito kumafuna mwaŵi wa zachuma ndi bata la ndale zadziko zimene maiko ambiri akusoŵabe.

Kumaliza: Ulendo Wosasangalatsa

Chisinthiko cha mafanizo olamulira m'maiko a pambuyo pa bungwe la oimba chibadwidwe nchosatha. Pamene kuli kwakuti maiko ena apanga mademokrase omasuka kwambiri, ena amakhalabe m'madongosolo ogwirizana ndi zigaŵenga kapena audemokrase. Zinthu zimene zimasankha chipambano . Mabungwe odziimira paokha, makomiti a zalamulo, mwaŵi wa zachuma, kuchirikiza kunja, ndi chitaganya cha anthu okangalika , koma kugwiritsa ntchito iwo kumafuna kuti apitirizebe kugamula kwa ndale. Mtsogolo kwa democracy m'chigawo cha Post-communistism kudalira pa zophophophonya zakale, kutsutsa chisonkhezero za kudyerera, ndi kusonkhezera nzika m’ntchito zolimba za boma. Monga momwe dziko likuyang'anira nkhondo yosatha ku Ukraine, choikidwiratulira cha demokrase cha democracy kuzungulira dziko lonse.

Kuti muŵerengenso, onani malipoti a chaka ndi chaka a Nyumba Yaufulu pa Mitundu mu Transit , , [[FLT:] Bank ya World Demotional Democrative Zisonyezero za Dziko [, ndi [[FLT:] mapendedwe a Nyumba ya Malamulo a Malamulo [[FULT] [[FLT:]] [D] ndi mapangano a pa za democracy .]