Chisonkhezero cha Nduna Yoyang’anira Ufulu Waukulu ndi Kulimbana

Madongosolo a Electoral ndi a kulimba kwa ulamuliro wa democracy, kugamula mmene mavoti amatembenuzira ku mphamvu yandale. Pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya madongosolo a masankho, madongosolo apamwamba , nthaŵi zambiri amalongosoledwa monga "matako-onse" ali ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu ndi chotsutsana ndi kuchuluka kwa ufulu wa anthu ochepa ndi kuloŵetsedwamo. Madongosolowa, omwe amaphatikizapo chizindikiro choyamba (FPTP) ndi kutulutsa kuvota, amapangidwa kutulutsa maufumu otsimikizirika ndi okhazikika, komanso akhozanso kuchepetsa mawu ang'onoang'onong'ono. Kumvetsa maluso, zotsatira zake, ndi kusintha kwa madongosolo aakulu nkofunika kwambiri kuti atengeredwe ndi demokrase ochitidwa kuimira koyenera.

Nkhani ino ikupenda mmene madongosolo a osanthula apamwamba amauzira mbali za ndale zadziko kaamba ka magulu ang'ono, kugwiritsa ntchito kufufuza kwa milandu, kufufuza kwa ofufuza, ndi malingaliro okonzanso. Tidzapenda malonda pakati pa kukhazikika kwa boma ndi ulamuliro wodzifunira, mavuto apadera ochepera oyang’anizana ndi madongosolo ameneŵa, ndi zimene zingachitidwe kulinganiza miyezo ya democracy yopikisana.

Kufotokoza Njira Zoyendera M’gulu la Oyendetsa Magalimoto

Madongosolo a osankhidwa apamwamba amadziŵika ndi lamulo limodzi lamakhalidwe abwino: wosankha kapena chipani chimene chalandira mavoti ochuluka chipambana chisankho, mosasamala kanthu kuti chingakhale ndi unyinji wa osankhidwa. Zochita zake, zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti chipani chingapange boma ndi mavoti ochepa kwambiri pa 35-40 peresenti ya otchuka, kusiya osankha ambiri popanda kuimira mwachindunji. Izi nzosiyana kwenikweni ndi kuimira (PR), kumene mipando ya m'kampando imaikidwa mopambanitsa kugaŵana ndi mbali ya chivoti chilichonse.

Madongosolo apamwamba a kachitidwe ka zinthu amapezeka mosiyanasiyana:

  • Yoyamba-Past-the Post (FTP): Ogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'maiko onga United Kingdom, United States, Canada, ndi India. Voters amasankha wofunsira mmodzi m'chigawo chimodzi, ndipo wotenga ndi voti wochuluka apambana. FPPP ndiyo njira yapamwamba yogwiritsira ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse.
  • Mabungwe aŵiri (TRS): [FLT ] Ogwiritsiridwa ntchito mu France ndi masankho ambiri a pulezidenti. Ngati palibe wobatizidwa amene alandira unyinji wonse m'mbali yoyamba, mzera wachiŵiri umachitidwa pakati pa aŵiri omaliza. Zimenezi zimayanja mapwando aakulu, okhazikitsidwa.
  • Alternative Vote (AV) kapena Ranked-Choice Voting: Osankha osankhidwa ndi ncholinga cha. Ngati wosankhidwa safika pa voti yoyamba, wosankha wotsikirapo amachotsedwa, ndipo mavoti awo amachotsedwa. Pamene kuli kwakuti a Pinitantibitation akupangabe zotulukapo zambiri kuposa FPTP.

Kulingalira kwabwino kwa madongosolo aakulu ndiko kutulutsa chotulukapo chimodzi, chotsimikizirika cha − ndi boma limene lingalamulire popanda kukambitsirana kwa mgwirizano. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku kuyendetsa bwino kwa malamulo ndi kuŵerengera kowonekera bwino, koma kumatanthauzanso kuti mbali zazikulu za osankhidwa, makamaka magulu ang’onoang’ono, zinganyalanyaze zimene amakonda.

Wachipambano Amatenga Mphamvu Zonse

Mbali yolongosola madongosolo aakulu ndiyo "winner-takes" lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino, limene limapanga maluso angapo amene amayambukira kuimira kwa anthu ochepa. Choyamba, madongosolo ameneŵa amapanga magawo aŵiri kapena aŵiri a bloccoc, pamene magulu aang'ono amayang'anizana ndi zopinga zolimba kuti apangitse mipando. Chachiŵiri, amalimbikitsa kuvota kwapadera, kumene nzika sizisankha munthu wokonda koma munthu amene safuna, kaŵirikaŵiri kuchepetsa mbali yachitatu kapena malingaliro ake ochepa. Chachitatu, iwo amasumika maganizo pandale m'zigawo zofotokozedwa, zimene zingathandize kapena kuvulaza anthu ochepa podalira pa mmene malire a chigawo amakopera.

Mwakulingalira kwa masamu, madongosolo a FP amaimira gulu lalikulu ndi laling'ono. Mwachitsanzo, m'chosankha chachisawawa cha 2019 UK, Conservative Party inapambana 43.6 peresenti ya chivoticho koma inasunga 56.2 peresenti ya mipando, pamene Liberal Democrates inapambana 11.6 peresenti ya voti koma 1.7 peresenti ya mipandoyo inachepetsa mphamvu zambiri ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu ya anthu ochepa, ndipo inachititsa chikhoterero cha kugawa chimene chimayambukira kwambiri zigawo zazing'ono zoimira fuko, chipembedzo, kapena chinenero cha anthu ochepa.

Makina Opanga Maselo a M’mizera Ing’onoing’ono

Madongosolo a osandutsa makampani aakulu amapanga njira zina zimene zingachepetse magulu a anthu ochepa, ngakhale kuti maguluwo ndi a anthu ambiri.

Kusokonezeka kwa Malo Ozungulira Dziko

Chimodzi cha zochititsa zazikulu kwambiri kaamba ka kuimira kwa anthu ochepa pansi pa madongosolo aakulu ndilo kugaŵikana kwa dziko. Mitundu, zinenero, kapena zipembedzo zaing’ono zimene zili ndi malire ake . Monga Quebecois ku Canada kapena Scotland kaŵirikaŵiri ku UK khoza kutetezera mwa kupata madera a madera akwawo. Komabe, anthu ochepa amene akufalikira m’madera ambiri amayang'anizana ndi mavuto aakulu. Mavoti awo amafalikira mochepa m'madera ambiri, kaŵirikaŵiri amafika pampata wofunikira kupata malo amodzi.

Chiyambukiro chimenechi chalembedwa m'nkhani zambiri. Ku United States, ovota a African America ndi Latino kaŵirikaŵiri amaikidwa m'madera a mizinda koma angakhalebe "cKB" kudutsa madera ambiri m'zoyesayesa zochepetsa mphamvu zawo zosankhira. M'dziko la UK, Asilamu ndi South Asia m’mizinda monga Birmingham ndi Leicester amayang'anizana ndi mavuto ofanana, popeza mavoti awo amagawidwa m’njira zimene zimachepetsa chiyambukiro chawo. Chotulukapo nchakuti ngakhale pamene magulu ochepa amapanga gawo lalikulu la anthu a dzikolo, kuimira kwawo m'lamendhe kumakhala kotsika kwambiri kuposa kulemera kwawo.

Kusintha Malo ndi Kusonkhezera Chigawo

Gerrymandering . Kusintha dala malire a chigawo kaamba ka phindu la ndale zadziko . ndi mbali yowopsa ya madongosolo aakulu, makamaka awo okhala ndi zigawo chimodzi. Pamene aphatikizidwa ndi kugaŵana kwa mafuko kapena mafuko, kupeputsa kwamphamvu ya kuvota kochepa. Njira zazikulu ziŵiri zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito:

  • Kusintha: [[FLT :0] Kugwirizanitsa ovota ang'onoang'ono ambiri monga momwe kungathekere m'zigawo zoŵerengeka, kulola gulu la anthu ambiri kupambana bwino madera ozungulira . Zimenezi zimachepetsa mipando yonse imene oyembekezera kuchepa angapambane.
  • Kukopa: [[FLT :] Kufalitsa osankha ochepa m'zigawo zambiri kuti asapange unyinji m’chigawo chimodzi. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti kasankha kamodzi kakang’ono kamaposedwa nthaŵi zonse.

United States amapereka zitsanzo zowopsa za maluso onse aŵiri. Kufufuza kwa 2018 kwa Brennan Center for Justice kunapeza kuti kulimbikitsa fuko m'maiko onga North Carolina, Texas, ndi Alabama kunachepetsa kwambiri chiŵerengero cha madera kumene osankha a ku Africa ndi Latino angasankhe oyembekezera. Ngakhale pamene makhoti anakantha mapu ngati osagwirizana ndi boma, opanga malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amawabwezeretsa m’njira zimene zikuchepetsabe mphamvu zochepa. Chiyambukiro chowonjezeracho ndicho dongosolo la ndale zadziko kumene osankhidwa ochepa amasankhidwa motsatira chiŵerengero chawo.

Ntchito Zothandiza Komanso Zowononga Zinthu

Madongosolo aakulu amapanga zisonkhezero zamphamvu za kuvota kwapadera, kumene nzika zimasiya wosankha wawo wokondeka kuti avote kuti apeze njira ina yodalirika. Chochitika chimenechi chiri chovulaza kwambiri kwa osankha ochepa, amene angayang'ane chosankha pakati pa kuchirikiza wosankhidwa wocheperapo amene ali ndi mwaŵi wochepa wa kupambana kapena kuvotera kaamba ka wofunsira wamkulu amene sangakhale wolinganiza zinthu zawo. Lingaliro la "ovoti osankhidwa" ndilo lofunika kwambiri: kuvota kulikonse kochitidwa kwa wosankhidwa amene sapereka chisonyezero cha kuimira, kuyambitsa chitsenderezo chachikulu cha kugwirizana ndi zipani zosankha za gulu lalikulu.

Anthu ofufuza zinthu angaone kuti zimene amakonda kwenikweni n’zosafunika chifukwa cha zimene amasankha, ndipo zimawalepheretsa kukwaniritsa zolinga zawo zandale ndiponso kulonjezana. Kufufuza kwa Electoral Reformation Society ku UK kwasonyeza kuti osankha ochepa kwambiri ndi ongonena kuti kuvota kwawoko n’kofunika, ndipo kulephera kumeneku kungasokoneze maganizo awo ndiponso kulowa m’ndale.

Kufufuza Nkhani Zoyerekezera za Magulu Oona ndi Ufulu Waukulu

Kuti timvetsetse mmene masankho osankhidwa a boma amakhudziradi ufulu wa anthu ochepa, nkofunika kupenda nkhani za mtundu. Nkhani imeneyi ikusonyeza ponse paŵiri mavuto ofala ndi kusintha kwapadera kopangidwa ndi mbiri, chiŵerengero cha anthu, ndi kapangidwe ka zinthu.

United Kingdom: Dongosolo la FPTP ndi Kuimira Ufuko

Dongosolo loyamba la United Kingdom lapambuyo pa lipenga lakhala likusulizidwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali chifukwa cha chiyambukiro chake pa kuimira kwake kwa anthu ochepa. Pamene kuli kwakuti chiŵerengero cha Mamembala a Nyumba ya Malamulo (MPs) chawonjezeka pa nthaŵi yake (kuyambira 4 mu 1987 mpaka 65 mu 2019) kukula kumeneku kwakhala kosiyana ndi kodalira pa chiŵerengero cha chigawo. Oyembekezera kupambana m'madera kumene chitaganya chawo chimapanga gawo lalikulu la anthu, limene limachepetsa kusiyana kwa nyumba za malamulo.

Umboni wa ku House of Commons Library ukusonyeza kuti m'chisankho cha 2019, 87 peresenti ya maMP ochepera anaimira mipando yokhala ndi chiŵerengero cha anthu ochepa a mafuko ochepera pamwamba. Chiyambukiro chimenechi chimatanthauza kuti a MP ochepa sangakhale oyenerera kwambiri kuimira madera oyera, kuchepetsa kuonekera kwa nkhani za anthu ochepa m'madera andale. Ndiponso, osankhidwa ochepa m’madera ambiri a madera a zungu alibe chisonkhezero chachikulu pa MP yawo, popeza kuti maMP amenewo ali ndi zisonkhezero zosankhidwa zochepa zochitira zinthu za anthu ochepa.

Nkhani ya UK imagogomezeranso mbali ya kusankhidwa kwa chipani. Chifukwa chakuti madongosolo a akulu amaika kufunika kwakukulu kwa oyembekezera m'zigawo chimodzi, njira zapakati zosankha oyembekezera angakhale osunga zipata kaamba ka kuimira kwa anthu ochepa. Chipani cha Labour, chimene chakhala chochirikiza kwambiri ufulu wa anthu ochepa, chakhala ndi oyembekezera ocheperapo kuposa Conservative Party, koma njira zosankhira za mkati zingakhalebe zotsimikizirika ndi zochotsera. Kusintha koteroko monga akazi onse achidule ali ndi kusiyana kwa kugonana kowonjezereka, koma njira zofanana ndi kuimira kwa anthu ochepa zakhala zofulumira kukula.

United States: Gerrymandering, Kupereka Ufulu Woyenera, ndi Chilungamo cha Utundu

Palibe dziko limene limasonyeza kutsutsana pakati pa makampani osankha apadera ndi ufulu waung'ono kwambiri kuposa United States. Dongosolo la ndale zadziko la America limaphatikiza kuvota ndi chigawo chimodzi, kutembenuza anthu, ndi kakonzedwe ka boma kocholoŵana kamene kamapereka ulamuliro waukulu pa masankho. Kuphatikiza kumeneku kwatulutsa zitsanzo zina za kuchepetsa kochepa kwa mavoti m'dziko la democracy.

Voting Rights Act ya 1965, makamaka Gawo 2, inakonzedwa kuletsa masinthidwe a kuvota amene amasankha pamaziko a fuko. Komabe, Khoti Lalikulu la 2013 likulamulira Shelby County v. Hoker . Harler .] adachotsa malamulo ofunika a Lamulo, kuchotsa masinthidwe a boma a kusankha m’magawo ndi m'magawo a kusankhana mafuko. M'zakazo kuyambira pamene, maboma ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo odzisankhira, mapu openyerera, ndi njira zina zimene zikuyambukira mocheperapo kusanthula. A21 ndi Bungwe la Reagester Conference pa Courage and Human Rights linapeza kuti pakati pa 2010 ndi 2020, chiŵerengero cha maiko amene asankha osankhidwa kwambiri m’mayiko ambiri m’mayiko akumwera.

Gerrymanindering yakhala kachitidwe ka kugaŵana kwakukulu ndi ufuko mu U.S. mu 2018 North Carolina colleganional mapu, mwachitsanzo, nyumba ya malamulo ya boma inalemba madera amene anasonkhanitsa ovota a ku Africa ndi kukhala ndi mipando yaing'ono pamene anali kufalitsa ena m’zigawo zambiri. Khoti la boma linagwetsa mapuwo monga gerrymander ya fuko losagwirizana, koma mapu 2020 anatsutsidwanso kaamba ka zifukwa zofanana. Kulimbikira kwa machitawa kumasonyeza mmene madongosolo aakulu a dziko la America angagwiritsidwire nkhondo kuchotsa mphamvu yandale zadziko ngakhale pamene makhoti akuloŵererapo.

Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, chigawo cha United States chaona chipambano cha kutchuka ndi kutchuka kwa anthu ochepa. Magawo olembedwa pansi pa Gawo 2 la Chikalata cha Zopereka Ufulu wa Anthu adapanga "kutchuka kwa ndalama" m'madera amene osankha a ku Africa ndi Latino angasankhe ofunsira awo osankhidwa. Pamene kuli kwakuti madera ameneŵa awonjezera kuimira kwawo, otsutsa amatsutsa kuti iwo angasungenso anthu ochepa ndi kuchepetsa chisonkhezero chawo m’madera ozungulira. Mkangano wa madera ambiri a malonda ang'onoang'onoang'ono umachitira fanizo ntchito yosanthula yopanga maluso opangira zinthu.

Canada: Kufufuza za Malo Ozungulira Komanso Kulankhula Bwino

Fambiselo la Canada la FPTP limapereka lingaliro losiyana, limene kuganiziridwa kwa malo kungathandize anthu ena aang'ono pamene akulephera ena. Magawo aakulu, okhala ndi anthu ochepa ndi magaŵano a zinenero odziŵika bwino amapanga malo osankhira ocholoŵana. Francone Quebecois, yosumikidwa m'chigawo cha Quebec, yakhala ndi kuimira kwamphamvu m'mabwalo a Nyumba ya Commons, kaŵirikaŵiri kupambana mipando yaikulu kudzera mu Bloc Québébécois, gulu limene limachirikiza ulamuliro wa Quebec. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti kuchuluka kwa dziko kukhoza kukhala njira yoimira pansi pa madongosolo aakulu.

Komabe, anthu ena aang'ono ku Canada amakumana ndi mavuto aakulu. Mwachitsanzo, anthu a m'maderawo, amabalalikira m'dziko lonselo ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amagawidwa ndi malire a chigawo. Ngakhale kuti amapanga 5 peresenti ya anthu a ku Canada, anthu a ku Ivansland sanakhalepo ndi mipando yoposa yochepa m'nyumba ya malamulo panthaŵi iliyonse. Lipoti la 2020 la Canadian House of Commons Special Committee on Elector Reformation linapeza kuti dongosolo la FPTPP irective Irevision Iverations Iverings, ndipo linalimbikitsa kuyang'anira mipatuko ina monga kuimira kugaŵana kwa anthu a m'magulu (MMP) kapena kuvota kwa makampani apamwamba.

Mofananamo, mafuko a anthu ochepa a ku Canada, makamaka a ku South Asia ndi East Asia, aona kuti si oyenera kuimira. Pamene kuli kwakuti madera ena okhala ndi anthu osamukira m’mayiko ena osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa ndi anthu ochepa, kusiyanasiyana kwa nyumba ya malamulo kumbuyo kwa anthu. Kupenda kochitidwa ndi bungwe la Institute for Canadian Citizenshiship kunapeza kuti anthu ochepa kwambiri okhala ndi mipando pafupifupi 15 peresenti m'Nyumba ya Commons, poyerekezera ndi 22,3 peresenti ya anthu. Kusintha kumeneku kukupitirizabe ngakhale kuti Canada ili ndi mbiri yabwino, ikutsimikizira kumangidwa kwa dongosolo la FPTPP.

India: Democracy ya Dziko Yokulira Koposa ndi Kugaŵidwa kwa Malo Ozindikiridwa

Kutenga kwa India dongosolo la FPTP kuchokera ku nyengo ya atsamunda a Briteni kumapereka kufufuza kwapadera m'madongosolo a osankhidwa apamwamba akugwirizana ndi magulu a anthu okhazikika kwambiri monga a gulu. Dongosolo la sankho la India lapatsidwa mlandu wa kutulutsa maboma amodzi okhazikika kwa mbiri yake, amene athandizira kupititsa patsogolo ndale zadziko ndi zachuma. Komabe, dongosololi lalimbikitsanso kuikidwa kwa madera a pansi pa madera a anthu, mosasamala kanthu za chitetezo cha malamulo kuphatikizapo mipando yosungidwa ya Septepped Castem (SC) ndi Sevegamed Livegation (ST) mogwirizana ndi anthu awo.

Dongosolo la kampaniyi limatsimikizira kuti SC ndi ST ili ndi mipando yambiri yotsimikiziridwa m'nyumba ya malamulo, imene yawonjezera kuimira kwawo kolongosola. Komabe, mipando yosaiŵalika imeneyi kaŵirikaŵiri imaikidwa m'madera kumene anthu ameneŵa ali ndi anthu ambiri, kuchepetsa mphamvu zawo m’madera ena. Ndiponso, pakati pa makampani otsala, opita ku magulu ang'ang'ono ang'ono a gulu la anthu otchuka, omwe angayang'anebe zosankha chifukwa cha magulu amphamvu ndi ovota. Komiti ya FPTPP imadalira pa mpikisano wa chigawo wapamwamba imatanthauza kuti nthaŵi zambiri amafunikira chichirikizo cha atsogoleri a gulu la otchuka kuti apambane, zimene zingasokoneze kudziimira kwawo ndi kupambana kwawo.

Kukula kwa bungwe la Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) pansi pa makonzedwe a Ahindu aunyinji kwachititsanso kuvuta kugwirizana pakati pa madongosolo a osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa ndi ufulu wa anthu ochepa. BJP yapambana zipani zazikulu zotsatizana m'palamende ndi 37 - 38 peresenti yokha ya mavoti a dzikolo, chifukwa cha kupatsidwa kwa bungwe la FPP. Zimenezi zalola gululo kupanga malamulo amene otsutsa zipembedzo zochepera, makamaka Asilamu, amene amapanga 14 peresenti ya anthu a ku India koma amasunga chigawo chaching'ono cha mipale. Msanganizo wa dongosolo lalikulu la ndale zadziko ndi ufulu wa zandale wapamwamba ungakhale wowopsa kwambiri chifukwa cha ufulu wa anthu ochepa, pamene akusumika mphamvu m’manja mwa gulu la anthu ambiri.

Kuyerekezera: Madongosolo a Maselo Oyendera

Kumvetsa bwino chiyambukiro cha madongosolo a osankhika pa ufulu waung'ono, kuli bwino kuwayerekezera ndi madongosolo oimira apadera. Madongosolo a PR, amene amaika mipando yozikidwa pa mbali ya chisankho ya gulu lililonse, amapanga ziyambukiro zambiri kwa timagulu tating'ono. M'maiko onga New Zealand (zimene zinasintha kuchoka ku FPTP kufika ku MMP mu 1996), kuimira Maori ndi timagulu tina tating'ono tiwonjezedwa kwambiri pambuyo pa kusintha. Mofananamo, mu South Africa's PR, African National Congress (ANC) ndi magulu ena akhala okhoza kutsimikizira kuimira koyenera kaamba ka FPTPP ndi mitundu ya anthu yaing’ono m'malamulo.

Kufufuza kochitidwa ndi International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Implificiation (International IDEA) kwasonyeza mosasintha kuti madongosolo a ndandanda akupanga nyumba zoimira malamulo zimene zimasonyeza mosamalitsa kuchuluka kwa masankho. Meta-analysis yofalitsidwa m'magazini ] Electoral Studies [ apeza kuti madongosolo a PR amagwirizanitsa ndi 20-30 peresenti ya kuimira kwa akazi ndi anthu a mafuko aang'ono poyerekezera ndi madongosolo aakulu, olamulira zinthu zina. Izi nchifukwa chakuti madongosolo a PR amachepetsa malire a zigawo zazing'ono kuti apatsikire, akulola magulu ang'ono kupeza malo a pansi m'malamulo.

Komabe, madongosolo a PR sangakhale opanda mavuto awo. Angatsogolere ku maboma ogwirizana, omwe angakhale osakhazikika ndi ochedwa kupanga zosankha kuposa maboma a boma limodzi lolamulira. M'madera ogaŵanika kwambiri, madongosolo a PR angalimbitsenso mafuko kapena magulu ampatuko mwa kuyambitsa magulu awo okha kuti ayese gulu lawo lokha mmalo mwa kupanga mgwirizano wa pakati pa mtanda. Mayiko onga Belgium, amene amagwiritsira ntchito dongosolo la PR, akumana ndi nyengo zokhala ndi ziwalo za ndale zadziko monga magulu osiyanasiyana omenyera nkhondo kukhazikitsa maboma.

Kusintha pakati pa kukhazikika ndi kuphatikizidwa ndi mbali n’kofunika kwambiri pa mkangano wokhudza mmene dongosolo losankhidwira. Madongosolo apamwamba amaika patsogolo kutsimikizira ndi kuŵerengera mlandu, pamene madongosolo a PR amaika patsogolo kuimira ndi kulinganiza. Kwa magulu ochepa, kusankha pakati pa madongosolo aŵiri kuli ndi zotsatira zazikulu za kukhoza kwawo kusonkhezera ndi kutetezera ufulu wawo. Palibe dongosolo langwiro, koma umboni umasonyeza kuti madongosolo a PR kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka zotulukapo zabwinopo kaamba ka kuimira anthu ochepa.

Kusintha Zinthu Kuti Kukhale Koyenera Poimira Udindo Waukulu wa Anthu Ambiri

Polingalira za kukondera kwa dongosolo losankhira masankho, malingaliro ambiri okonzanso apangidwa kuti awongolere anthu ochepa popanda kusiya mphamvu zazikulu za madongosolo ameneŵa.

Kusintha Zinthu kwa Chigawo

Mabungwe a Independent Rediformationing progativing journant asintha kwambiri zinthu. Mabungwe a chigawo, omwe amachotsa mphamvu yolemba malire kwa opanga malamulo ogwirizana ndi boma, angachepetse kwambiri kuyendetsa zinthu. Maboma monga California ndi Arizona atengera ntchito zaufulu, zomwe zachititsa kuti anthu a mpikisano achuluke komanso asonyeze bwino anthu a m'madera ochepa. Kufufuza ndi bungwe lopanda paudindo la Public Policy kwasonyeza kuti makampani a boma apanga mapu amene sagwirizana ndi gulu lina lililonse ndipo angalole osankhidwa ndi anthu ochepa osankhidwa kuti avote.

Kusintha kwina kozikidwa pa chigawo ndiko kupangidwa kwa "milliti-zigawo" ndi kuvota kwapamwamba. Mmalo mwa kusankha woimira mmodzi pa chigawo chimodzi, ovota m'zigawo zosiyanasiyana amasankha oimira angapo kupyolera m'dongosolo limene limatsimikizira zotulukapo zolinganiza. Njira imeneyi, yogwiritsiridwa ntchito m’mizinda monga Cambridge, Massachusetts, ndi m'maiko onga Ireland (kugwiritsira ntchito voti imodzi yosamutsidwa), imalola timagulu tating'onoting'ono kupata mipando ngakhale ngati tati tawabalalitsa. Mabungwe achigawo ambiri a chigawo apanga zotsatirapo zambiri zogwirizana pakati pa zigawo zazikulu, kuŵerengera mlandu ndi kuimirana kwa malo.

"Mipando yapansi" ndi njira yachindunji kwambiri, yogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'maiko onga India, Pakistan, ndi Tanzania. Pansi pa chitsanzo chimenechi, mipando ina m'nyumba ya malamulo imaikidwa pambali kwa ziŵalo za magulu a anthu ochepa, amene amasankhidwa kaya ndi sankhidwa kapena kupyolera ku pulogalamu yapadera. Mipando yotsalira imatsimikizira kuti anthu ocheperapo amamva mawu. Otsutsa amati mipando yopatulika ingathe kuyambitsa denga loimira anthu ochepa ndipo ikhoza kuchititsa kuti agwirizane ndi ndale zandale, koma ochirikiza akusonyeza kugwira ntchito kwawo potsimikizira kuti anthu ochepa amamvedwa m'mabungwe a malamulo.

Kusintha Zinthu

Kusintha njira yovota ndiyo njira ina yowonjezera anthu ochepa. Kuvota kwa RCANDED-choice, kodziŵikanso monga kuvota kwa kanthaŵi kochepa, kukutchuka ku United States m'mlingo wa malo ndi boma. RCV imalola ovota kuyang'anira osankhidwa mwa kufuna kwawo, ndipo ngati palibe wosankha amene angafike kwa osankha oyamba, wosankha wotsika kwambiri amachotsedwa ndipo mavoti awo amachotsedwa. Zimenezi zimachepetsa "kuvoti" vuto la anthu ochepa amene amavotawo ndipo zimalola kuti osankhidwawonedwe popanda kuopa kuthandiza munthu amene amasankha amene amatsutsa kwambiri.

Umboni wochokera ku mizinda imene yalandira RCV, monga San Francisco ndi Minneapolis, ukusonyeza kuti imalimbikitsa kumanga bwino kwa akuluakulu osankhidwa. Kufufuza kwa 2020 kwa Fairvote ku United States kunapeza kuti maulamuliro a RCV ku United States anasankha anthu ochepa oyembekezera pamlingo wa 20 peresenti kuposa malamulo a dziko la RCV. Njirayi ndi yakuti RCV imalimbikitsa kumanganso mgwirizano m’madera onse, monga oyembekezera kukopa kuti apatsidwe. Zimenezi zingayambitse zisonkhezo kwa okondwerera ambiri kuti ayankhidwe ndi malingaliro a anthu ochepa, kutsogolera ku zipambano zowonjezereka.

Njira ina yosandutsa mavoti ndiyo "aŵiri a madera ozungulira" mosintha: kufuna kuti ofuna kuthandizidwa ndi chigawo chachikulu cha ovota, osati kungochuluka . Mwachitsanzo, kusintha kwina kukufuna kuti ofunkhawo alandire mlingo wakutiwakuti wa mavoti kuchokera ku chigawo cha anthu ochepa kapena kuchokera ku madera ambiri a dzikolo m’chigawo chawo. Ngakhale kuti malingaliro ameneŵa amatsutsana ndi malamulo alamulo, iwo amasonyeza kuzindikira kowonjezereka kuti zotulukapo zazikulu zingagwirizane ndi chitetezo chaching'ono ngati malamulowo apangidwa molingalira bwino.

Kusintha kwa Gulu

Chifukwa chakuti madongosolo aakulu amaika mphamvu zambiri m'madongosolo a ndale osankha zipani, kusintha kumene kumawonjezera kuonekera ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa osankha kungakhale ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu pa kuimira kwa ochepa. "Malongosoledwe achidule onse," opereka kwa akazi onse, alingaliridwa m'maiko angapo. Pansi pa chitsanzo chimenechi, magulu angafunikire kuphatikizapo pafupifupi munthu mmodzi wongodzipereka pa kagulu kachidule ka mpando uliwonse wotetezereka, kupatsa ochepera mpata weniweni wa kupambana.

Mu UK, Chipani cha Anthu Okhala ndi Akazi onse agwiritsira ntchito akazi achidule kuyambira m'ma 1990, kuwonjezera kwambiri chiŵerengero cha akazi a MP. Njira yofananayo kwa oyembekezera kusankhidwa ndi anthu ochepa yanganene kuperekedwa kwa anthu aang'ono okhala pamipando yotetezereka. Komabe, malingaliro otero amayang'anizana ndi mavuto alamulo ndi andale, kuphatikizapo zinenezo zothekera za "kukondera kotsutsana" ndi nkhaŵa za kutsata ziphaso. Kutsutsana kwa kuvomereza kusankha kwa anthu ofunsira kupembedza kukupitirizabe, koma umboni umasonyeza kuti malamulo oterowo angakhale othandiza pamene agwiritsidwa bwino.

Kampeni ingathandizenso oyembekezera kusinthidwa kwa ndalama. Madongosolo a zamalonda kaŵirikaŵiri amafupa mpikisano wochitidwa bwino, ndipo oyembekezera kuchepa kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anizana ndi zopinga za kusungitsa masankho. Kuchirikiza kwa anthu onse, ndalama zoyendera zopereka zazing'ono, ndi ziletso pa zopereka zazikulu za makampani zingachepetse malo oseŵera. Mayiko onga Canada atenga malamulo a za ndawala ndi chithandizo cha anthu chimene chimapangitsa opita kukapikisana mogwira mtima kwambiri. Kusintha kumeneku sikumasintha kapangidwe kapadera ka makampani, koma kungachepetse ziyambukiro zake zazikulu.

Ntchito ya Zitetezero za Malamulo ndi Zachiweruzo

Kusintha dongosolo la zinthu sikuli kokha njira yotetezera ufulu wa anthu ochepa m’madongosolo a anthu.

Maiko okhala ndi malamulo okhazikika omwe amatetezera zoyenera za anthu ochepa .Monga ngati ufulu wa chinenero, ufulu wachipembedzo, ndi kuimira angaletse mphamvu ya maboma ambiri kukhazikitsa malamulo aupapa ngakhale pansi pa madongosolo aakulu osankha. Chikalata cha Canadian Chatater of Rights and Freedoms, mwachitsanzo, chimaphatikizapo Chigawo 15, chimene chimatsimikizira ufulu wa kulingana ndipo chagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsutsa malamulo oletsa kuvota kochepa. Mofananamo, Lamulo la Germany (Chilamulo Chapamwamba) limaphatikizapo chitetezo cha magulu a ndale amene amaimira zikondwerero za anthu ochepa, ndipo Khoti la Malamulo la Federal Constitution lagalamu lagamula malamulo lagonjetsa malamulo osankha kuti zigawanitse zigawa za zigawa zazing'ono.

Uyang'aniro wa oweruza ungakhale wothandiza pa kuchuluka kwa malamulo, koma ulinso pansi pa chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko. Ku United States, zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu pa zoyenera za kuvota zasintha kwambiri mkupita kwa nthaŵi, nthaŵi zina kuwonjezera chitetezo kwa osankha ochepa ndipo nthaŵi zina kuwatenga. Kugamula kwa mapangano achiweruzo m’madongosolo aakulu kumatanthauza kuti makhoti samakhala odalirika nthaŵi zonse otetezera ufulu wa anthu ochepa. Chifukwa cha chimenechi, masinthidwe a dongosolo osankhidwa amene amapanga kuimira anthu ochepa kwambiri amakhala kwakukulukulu kuposa kudalira pa kuloŵerera kwa milandu.

Mabungwe a ufulu wa anthu padziko lonse agwirizananso pankhaniyi. Komiti ya United Nations Yoona za Ufulu wa Anthu, mu General Declair No. 25 pa kugawana nawo ndale, yanena kuti maboma ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mavoti amene amathandiza anthu ochepa kuimira magulu. Komitiyi yatsutsa mayiko monga United States ndi United Kingdom chifukwa cholephera kukambirana za anthu ochepa a mafuko m’madongosolo awo osankhidwa.

Kulinganiza Kukhazikika ndi Kusokonezeka: Njira Yopita Patsogolo ya Maufumu Olamulira

Kulimbana pakati pa masankho aakulu ndi ufulu waung’ono sikuli chosankha chachiŵiri pakati pa kukhazikika ndi kuphatikizidwa. Mwakulinganiza kwanzeru, nkotheka kusunga kutsimikiza ndi kuŵerengera kumene madongosolo aakulu amapereka pamene akuwongolera kwambiri kuimira kwa timagulu tating'ono. Mfungulo ndiyo kutengera njira "yogwirizana" imene imaphatikiza mbali zabwino koposa za makompyuta osankhira osiyanasiyana.

Kuimira kwa chigawo chakumeneko (MMP), kogwirizanitsidwa ndi chigawo chimodzi (MMP), kogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'maiko onga ngati Germany, New Zealand, ndi Mexico, kumapereka chitsanzo chotsimikizirika. M'dongosolo la MMP, ovota anavota adapanga mavoti aŵiri: mmodzi wa wofunsira m'chigawo chawo (kugwiritsira ntchito FPTPP kapena njira ina yapamwamba) ndi imodzi yokhala ndi mpambo wa pa pagulu. Mapepala osankha amagwiritsiridwa ntchito kukhazikitsa mipando yowonjezereka kutsimikizira kuti nyumba zonse za nyumba yaikulu ndizogwirizana. Kachipangizoka kameneka kamasunga kuŵerengera kwa zigawo zazikulu za chigawo pamene kagulu kakang'onoka kamene kamachirikiza zigawo zawo.

Zokumana nazo za New Zealand ndi za MMP nzophunzitsa. Pambuyo pa kulandira MMP mu 1996 kutsatira bungwe ladzikolo, kuimira kwa Maori ndi magulu ena aang'ono kunawonjezeka kwambiri. Maori, omwe amapanga 17 peresenti ya anthu, anaona kuimira kwawo m’nyumba ya malamulo kukwera kufika pakati pa 15 ndi 20 peresenti, poyerekezera ndi 5 peresenti yokha potsatira dongosolo lakale la FPTP. Komiti ya MMP inalolanso Green Party ndi magulu ena aang'ono kupata mipando, kuwonjezera kusiyanasiyana kwa mawu m'palalamu. Pamene kuli kwakuti MMP siinapanda mavuto ake otsaganapo nthaŵi zina, kuphatikizapo kukambirana kogwirizana kwa mapangano kwa FPTPPP / it yatulutsa zotsatirapo zambiri popanda kukhazikitsa dongosolo la democracy.

Kwa maiko okhala ndi madongosolo aakulu kwambiri, monga ngati United States ndi United Kingdom, njira yosinthira imavuta kwambiri m'zandale. Magulu aakulu amene akupindula ndi dongosolo lamakono ali ndi zisonkhezero zolimba zoletsa kusintha. Komabe, magulu a udzu, mabungwe a opasa, ndi magulu oyendera limodzi angayambitse mphamvu ya kusintha. ku United States, mabungwe onga Fairvote ndi Chigwirizano cha Akazi Voters akhala othandiza kupititsa patsogolo kusanthula kokhala ndi kusankhidwa kwapamwamba. Ku United Kingdom, Electoral Reform Society ndi Labcate for Elrectoral Reformation akupitirizabe kusonkhezera kuimira bungwe la Elmendial.

Pomalizira pake, kusankha dongosolo la voti kumasonyeza makhalidwe apamwamba a chitaganya ponena za demokrase. Dongosolo limene limachotsa kapena kuchepetsa magulu a anthu ochepa likhoza kunena kuti lili la demokrase yokwanira, mosasamala kanthu za mmene maboma ake alili okhazikika. Madongosolo a osankhidwa apamwamba ali ndi mphamvu, komanso ali ndi ngozi zimene ziyenera kuvomerezedwa ndi kulembedwa. Mwakutsatira kusintha kumene kumachirikiza kuimira koyenera, kudziimira, ndi njira zosankha, mademocracyism aakuluat democracy akhoza kukhala ogwirizana, oimira kwambiri, ndi opirira kwambiri poyang'anizana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Kumaliza

Madongosolo a osankhira aakulu ali ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu ndi chamitundu yambiri pa ufulu waung'ono ndi kuphatikizidwa. Pamene kuli kwakuti iwo angatulutse maboma osasunthika, oŵerengera, mbali zawo , kuphatikizapo mapangano a kupambana, zofunika za malo, ndi kuyenerera ku gerrymanider . Kuchokera ku United Kingdom ndi United States kufikira ku Canada ndi India, umboni umasonyeza kuti madongosolo aakulu a opanga zinthu amasintha motsatira mawu a osankhidwa, amapeputsa kuvotera, ndi kunyalanyaza zinthu zofunika za kayendetsedwe ka zinthu zochepa.

Komabe kusintha kuli kothekera. Kusintha kozikidwa pa chigawo monga makhonsati a kusanthula kwaumwini, njira yovotera monga kusanthula koikidwa pa malo amodzi, kusintha kozikidwa pa zipani monga masinthidwe a otsata, ndi masinthidwe a dongosolo monga kuimira kwa magawo osiyanasiyana zonsezo zimapatsa njira zopitira ku zotulukapo zambiri. Chitetezero cha Malamulo ndi uyang'aniro wa komiti zingachitenso mbali yofunika kwambiri m'kutetezera zoyenera za anthu ochepa m'mabungwe aakuluakulu.

Chitokoso cha ma democracy amakono ndicho kupanga madongosolo osankha amene amalinganiza makhalidwe opikisana: kukhazikika ndi kuphatikizidwa, kuŵerengera ndi kuimira, ulamuliro wambiri ndi ufulu waung’ono. Ili sifunso laluso loti lithetsedwe ndi akatswiri okha, koma kukambitsirana kwa democracy kumene kumafuna kugawiridwa kwa anthu ambiri. Nzika, magulu a anthu amwambo, ndi opanga malamulo ayenera kugwirira ntchito pamodzi kutsimikizira kuti madongosolo opanga zinthu amathandiza anthu onse, osati awo okha amene amakhala m’gulu la anthu ambiri. Ndi pamene tinganene kuti madesikishoni athu angokhala ogwirizanadi.