Kumvetsa Mmene Madongosolo Achilengedwe Amapangidwira

Madongosolo a Electoral amapanga maziko a demokrase yoimira oimira, akusankha mmene mavoti amatembenuzira m'mipando ndi kupangidwa kwa boma. Kusankha pakati pa akuluakulu (amenenso amati ndi ochuluka kapena kuti ndi chizindikiro choyamba) ndi kuimira (PR) kumasonyeza malonda ofunika pakati pa kukhazikika ndi kusakhazikika, kuyang'anira ndi kusiyanasiyana. Kufufuzaku kupenda njira zonse ziŵirizi, kujambula pa umboni weniweni wa sayansi yandale ndi wa dziko kuti athandize aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi opanga malamulo kumvetsa zimene zimawachititsa.

M'zaka makumi angapo aposachedwapa, mikangano yosintha yakula pamene mademokrase ayamba kulimbana ndi kuchepa kwa chikhulupiriro cha wovota, populism, ndi kufuna kuimira kokulira. Malinga ndi International Institute for Democracy ndi Electoral Implation (IDEA) , maiko oposa 80 tsopano amagwiritsira ntchito mtundu wina wa kuimira kwa ovota, pamene madongosolo aakulu adakali amphamvu m'maiko olankhula Achingelezi onga United States, United Kingdom, ndi Canada. Kumvetsetsa madongosolo ameneŵa nkofunika kwa aliyense woloŵa maphunziro a boma, kuyerekezera ndi andale zadziko, kapena kulinganiza.

Zithunzi Zoimira Olamulira: Mfundo za Malamulo a Chikomyunizimu ndi Makina Opangidwa ndi Makina

Kuimira kwa agulu lalikulu kukutanthauza madongosolo a voti kumene wobatizidwa kapena chipani chalandira mavoti ochuluka, ngakhale ngati kugawanako kuli kopereŵera pa unyinji wonse. Kusiyana kofala koyambirira ndiko chizindikiro chapambuyo (FPTP), chogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'zigawo chimodzi. Madongosolo aŵiri a otchuka, monga ngati ku France, amafuna kuthamanga ngati palibe wobatizidwa akufikira 50% m'mbali yoyamba.

Makhalidwe Aakulu a Madongosolo Aakulu

  • chigawo chimodzi [[FLT :1] : malo alionse amasankha woimira mmodzi, kupanga kugwirizana kwachindunji pakati pa oimira ndi opanga malamulo awo.
  • Ufuko kapena lamulo la unyinji [: Wopambana ali wolandira ndi mavoti ambiri, mosasamala kanthu kuti ndilo mavoti ambiri opotozedwa.
  • Chizoloŵezi chakukonda mpikisano wa mbali ziŵiri : Chifukwa cha lamulo la Duverger, madongosolo a akulu a ntchito amaletsa zipani zazing'ono chifukwa ovotawo amaopa "kudzoza" ntchito zawo zosakhala zofunikira.
  • Kapangidwe ka pepala kopepuka : Mavoter amazindikiritsa munthu mmodzi, kupangitsa kachitidweko kukhala kosavuta kumvetsetsa ndi kutsogolera.

Mapindu a Madongosolo Aakulu

  • Zotsatirapo zotsimikizirika [1]: Zisankho kaŵirikaŵiri zimatulutsa boma la mbali imodzi, kutheketsa utsogoleri waudindo ndi kachitidwe ka lamulo.
  • Umboni [1] : Ma voter angadziŵitse woimira wawo wa kumaloko ndi kuwachititsa kuŵerengera kaamba ka nkhani zapamwamba.
  • Kulamulira kwa kampani [1]: Makori siachitikachitika, kuchepetsa upandu wa kutseguka kwa madzi ndi masankho anthaŵi zonse.
  • Chitsutso chochokera ku [1] [[FLT: 1]: Chipani chothamanga kaŵirikaŵiri chimagwira ntchito monga chitsutso chosonkhezera, kulonjeza ovota njira ina yowonekera.

Zopinga za Madongosolo Aakulu

  • [[FLT: 0] Kusintha kwa [[FLT :1]: Magawo okhala ndi chichirikizo chofalikira angapeze mipando yambiri ndi osankhidwa ochepa, pamene kuli kwakuti mbali zazing'ono zochirikizidwa kwambiri zingachotsedwe kotheratu. Kufufuza 2020 kochitidwa ndi Reformation Society
  • Kusintha kwa timagulu tating’ono : Kuchuluka kwa gulu laling’ono kungachititse kuimira kwawo kapena kuimira kokha m’zigawo zakutizakuti.
  • Mavoti osankhidwa : Mavoti amaikidwa kaamba ka otaikiridwa kapena opambana kupyola ku mlingo wa mlingo samakhudza kuikidwa kwa mpando, kutsendereza.
  • Gerrymandering : malire a chigawo angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuthandizira chipani chimodzi, kululuza sankho.

Zitsanzo Zenizeni za Dziko za Madongosolo Aakulu

Ufumu wa United Kingdom [[FLT: 1] umagwiritsira ntchito FPTP kaamba ka mipando ya Nyumba ya Commons . M'chisankho cha 2019, Conservative Party inapambana 56% ya mipando ndi 43.6% ya chivoti chotchuka, pamene Liberal Democrates inapangidwa 11% ya mavoti koma 1. 1.1% ya mipando. [[FLT:] Canada[[FFT:3] mofanana ndi nyumba zake za Chisankho cha Chivoti chochokera ku FPP; mu 2021, gulu la Liberal Parti linapangidwa ndi 33% ya otchuka. [FLD:] United States [FFFFFP]

Chithunzi cha Nkhaniyi: Kukonza Zoti Mukhale Wogwirizana ndi Anthu Otchuka

Proportioneal (PR) imaphatikizapo banja la madongosolo osankhira olinganizidwa kutembenuza mavoti kugawana moyenerera . PR imagwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi pafupifupi theka la maiko a OECD ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ku Ulaya. Mitundu yaikulu imaphatikizapo PR ya gulu, yosanganizidwa ndi mbali yogaŵanikana (MMP), ndi madongosolo osinthanitsira (STV).

Njira Zothandiza Kwambiri Popanga Zinthu

  • Zigawo za muulti [1]: Mabungwe kaŵirikaŵiri amasankha oimira ambiri, kaŵirikaŵiri kupyolera m'ndandanda wa zipani kapena mapepala apadera.
  • . . . . njira zofala zimaphatikizapo zotsala zazikulu kwambiri (m’jek., Harequation) kapena avereji yapamwamba (m’ lekuatiso, d'Hondt, Sainte-Laguë). Njira iliyonse imatulutsa milingo yosiyana pang'ono ya kuchuluka.
  • Loyera kapena palibe khomo lalamulo : Maiko ena amakakamiza mlingo wa voti (kaŵirikaŵiri 3-5%) kuletsa kugawanika, pamene ena alibe mpata.
  • [[FLT :0] Kuchirikiza mpikisano wa mbali zambiri : Mavoteri angasankhe pakati pa zipani zambiri zoimira ziphunzitso zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira pa zipani zobiriŵira ndi magawo a chigawo.

Mapindu a Madongosolo Osonkhezera

  • [[FLT: 0] Kuimira kopambanitsa [[FLT: 1]: Kupanga malamulo osankhidwa kwambiri ndi wovota, kutulutsa malingaliro osiyanasiyana kwambiri m'ziŵalo, fuko, ndi ndale zadziko. Kufufuza ndi Inter-Parliamentation Union [ kumasonyeza kuti madongosolo a PR amasankha akazi ambiri kuposa njira zapamwamba.
  • Incluict : Zipani zazing'ono zoimira anthu ang'onoang'ono kapena malo ogona zingapeze mipando ndi malamulo osonkhezera.
  • Kumanga kwa Ufulu wa Anthu : Maboma amapanga mwa kugwirizana kogwirizana, kulimbikitsa kulolerana ndi kugwirizana kwakukulu.
  • Fower anawononga mavoti: Mavoti ambiri amathandizira kugawidwa kwa malo, kuchepetsa chisonkhezero cha kuvotera mwadongosolo.

Zopinga za Madongosolo Oloŵera M’makompyuta

  • Malamulo ogwirizana : Magawo ambiri angasokoneze kupangidwa kwa boma, kuchititsa kukambitsirana kobwerezabwereza ndipo nthaŵi zina kugwirizana kosakhazikika.
  • Kubwezera mlandu [1]: Mavoter angakhale opanda woimira mmodzi wa kumaloko, ndipo maboma agwirizana amakupangitsa kukhala kovuta kupereka ngongole kapena mlandu wa zotulukapo za lamulo.
  • Nkhani za magulu ololera a anthu otsutsa : Malo ang'onoang'ono angalole zipani zotsutsa dongosolo la zinthu kupeza malo a nyumba ya malamulo, monga momwe zawonedwa m'masankho aposachedwapa a ku Ulaya.
  • Ndale zapakati pa chigawo chapakati [1]: Zotsatira kaŵirikaŵiri zimaonedwa ndi atsogoleri a gulu mmalo mwa anansi a kumaloko, zimene zingachepetse utumiki wa kukhazikitsa.

Zitsanzo Zenizeni za Njira Zoyendetsera Zinthu Zapadziko Lonse

Suwenten . imagwiritsira ntchito njira yosinthidwa ya Sainte-Laguë ndi njira ya dziko 4. M'chosankha 2022, zigawo zisanu ndi zitatu zinapata mipando, ndipo boma linapangidwa monga malo apakati a kumanja ndi kuchirikizana kuchokera ku Sweden yakutali. [[FLT:] Germany [ ndi pulogalamu yosanganiza (MMP), kumene vovota anaponya mipando iŵiri: mmodzi wa wofuna kulinganiza malo a komweko ndi mmodzi wa gulu la zipani. Dongosolo limeneli limaphatikiza ndi zotsatirapo za malo osiyanasiyana, ngakhale kuti likupanga maboma aakulu omwe angagwirizanitsene kugwira ntchito. [FL: [FFF:]

Kupenda Koyerekezera: Kukhazikika, Kuimira, ndi Kuloŵa m’Nthaŵi ya Kudzitetezera

Kuchotsa madongosolo aakulu ndi olinganiza kumafuna kusanthula mmene amachitira pa mapindu aakulu a demokrase. Asayansi andale kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga chosankha monga kuchotsa pakati pa kuthekera (maboma okhazikika, osasintha) ndi kubisa [kuimira kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zokonda). Komabe, umboni waposachedwapa umasonyeza kuti madongosolo a PR angafikire zonse ziŵiri.

Kukhazikika kwa Boma ndi Kumamatira Kulamulo

Madongosolo a opaleshoni kaŵirikaŵiri amatamandidwa chifukwa cha kupanga maboma ambiri omwe amapanga maprogramu ogwirizanitsa. Bungwe la United Kingdom la 2010-2015 pansi pa David Cameron linali losiyana, osati lamulo. Komabe, kukhazikika kumeneku kungabwere pa mtengo wa malamulo: maboma amodzi angasinthe malamulo mwamphamvu pambuyo pa chisankho, kuchepetsa kukwaniritsidwa. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, madongosolo a PR amapanga maboma a mgwirizano amene ayenera kukambirana malamulo, amene angawonjezere kupitiriza koma angatsogolerenso ku ku kutsendekera kwa malamulo. A 2018 anafalitsa mu [[FLT: 0] Journal of Political Economy [1] Sapeza kusiyana kwakukulu kwa zachuma pakati pa mapulogalamu ndi PLGR pambuyo pa mfundo zina.

Kudziloŵetsamo ndi Kubwereranso

Nzeru za bungwe la ovota imasonyeza kuti madongosolo a PR otchuka akutsata ovota chifukwa chakuti mavoti ambiri "aikidwa" m'madera otetezereka. Kuyerekezera chidziŵitso kuchokera ku [FL: 0] International of Democracy Institute ya Dimocracy ndi Electoral Active Translation [[FLT 1:1] kumasonyeza kuti maiko okhala ndi madongosolo a PR opanga zinthu a pa avareji ya 5-7 apamwamba ovotapo, ngakhale pambuyo pa kuŵerengera malamulo okakamiza kuvota. Komabe, kupepuka kungawonjezerenso kutembenuka: m'madongosolo aakulu, Fhoveto amafunikira kusankha munthu wowasankha yekha, pamene m'madongosolo ena a PR okhala ndi milongo yotsempha, omvera angaone kuti akhudzizidwe ndi zinthu zina. Komabe, madongosolo a PR kaŵirikaŵiri amalola kuchirikiza mavotino osankhidwawo, ngakhale kuti agwirizane ndi kuchepetsa kusankhidwa kwa anthu ochepera.

Chiyambukiro pa Madongosolo a Zipani Zandale Zandale

Madongosolo a opaleshoni amapanga mipikisano iŵiri yapadera, monga momwe ikuwonedwa ku United States ndi United Kingdom. Lamulo la Duverger limaneneratu kuti ntchito imeneyi, limodzi ndi kutsendereza kwa maganizo kwa ovota ndi opereka, imatsendereza mbali zachitatu. Madongosolo a PR, poyerekezera, amatheketsa madongosolo ambiri amene angapereke malingaliro osiyanasiyana. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa magulu kungachititse kukambitsirana kwa mgwirizano kukhala kocholoŵana ndipo nthaŵi zina kumachititsa maphwando aang'ono kwambiri. Mu Israel’s Knet (a PR system yokhala ndi chitseko chotsika), maalamu ambiri ogwirizana ndi achiarabu akhala ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu kwambiri m'nkhanitsirano.

Kuimira Malo ndi Zosoŵa Za kumaloko

Kusuliza kwina kopitirizabe kwa madongosolo a PR ndiko kugwirizana kosalimba pakati pa ovota ndi oimira a mmodzi. Madongosolo a Oritarianism amapereka katswiri wa kumaloko wowonekera amene angachirikize nkhani za chigawo. M'madongosolo a PR, makamaka mitundu yotsekedwa, oimira ali ndi mlandu makamaka ku atsogoleri a gulu. Madongosolo osanganiza onga MMP amayesa kulinganiza nkhaŵa zimenezi mwa kusunga ziŵalo za kumaloko pamene akuwonjezera mipando yapamwamba kuti apeze kulingana. Germany ndi New Zealand amasonyeza kuti projekiti imeneyi ikhoza kupereka ponse paŵiri kuŵerengera kwa kumalo ndi zotsatira zake, ngakhale kuti imawonjezera kuvuta kusanthula ndi kubala.

Kufufuza za Matenda: Zokumana Nazo Zosiyana

Ufumu wa United Kingdom: Dokotala Woyang’anira Ntchito

Komiti ya UK yapanga mpambo wa magawo aakulu a dziko mosasamala kanthu za kulephera kwa mavoti opambana. Mu 2019, Boris Johnson's Conservatives anapambana anthu ambiri omasuka ndi 43. 43.6% ya voti, pamene kuli kwakuti gulu la Labour Party 32% lagawana mipando yokha 202. Liberal Democrates, ndi 11.5%, adalandira mipando 11 yokha. Chotulukapo chimenechi chachititsa kufuula kwanthaŵi yaitali kwa osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa, ngakhale kuti amaloza kuti asintha dongosolo (kuphatikizapo ma decule a 2011 a Vote a Chipulumu ya) alephera. Otsutsa kuti FPPNTrenssss , osapereka chitukukoso, ndi osapereka chiwongole, ndi otsutsa ambiri. Opereka chigawa champhamvu, ndi opereka chikalata chopereka mlanduwo.

Sweden: Kuimira Malamulo ndi Kulamulira kwa Malamulo

Riksdag wa Sweden amasankhidwa mwa njira yokonzedwanso ya Sainte-Laguë ndi 4% ya pulogalamu. Dongosololi lakhala likugaŵidwa koma likugwira ntchito. Pakati pa 2010 ndi 2022, palibe gulu limodzi lomwe linapambana mavoti oposa 30%, komabe Sweden anasunga malamulo okhazikika a kakhalidwe ka anthu, boma lachitukuko la zachuma, ndi kukula kwa chuma. Kukwera kwa dziko lakumanja la Sweden Democrates m’zaka zaposachedwapa kwachititsa kuvuta kumanga pamodzi, kutsogolera ku gulu lachigwirizano lachikulu lomwe limadalira pa pa pa palamenti ya populalist. Ogwirizana a PR akutsutsa kuti ku Sweden, kuchuluka kwa zitokosokosokosokoso ku madera a ndale zadziko.

New Zealand: Nkhani ya Kusintha Kopambana

New Zealand inaloŵa mmalo mwa mtundu wake wa FPP ndi MMP mu 1996 pambuyo pa zaka makumi ambiri za kupotozedwa. Kusinthaku kunatsogolera kuwonjezeka kwa mwamsanga kwa chiŵerengero cha zipani ku Palamende, kuyambira pa aŵiri mpaka asanu m'chosankha choyamba. Osuliza adawopa kusakhazikika, koma New Zealand yakhala yosasintha ndi maboma ochepa. Māori imasintha kwambiri, ndi Māori wosankhidwa ndi luso la magulu aang'ono a Māori kuti asunge kulinganiza ulamuliro. Bungwe la New Zealand lapeza kuti chikhutiro chapo ndi demokrase chakula kuyambira pa kusintha kwa zinthu. Nkhaniyo ikusonyeza kuti kusintha kwa dongosolo losankhidwa, ngakhale kuti n’zovuta, kungapambane pamene dongosolo lakale likuonedwa kukhala lopanda chilungamo.

Zotsatira za Malamulo ndi Zotsatira za Maulamuliro

Madongosolo a pulogalamu a sankho angayambitsenso kusintha kwa maulamuliro osati chabe komanso njira za malamulo. Madongosolo a majeremusi amayanja malamulo apamwamba: kusamalira kwa thanzi limodzi, miyezo ya maphunziro, ndi maprogramu ochirikiza anthu ambiri angayende mofulumira ndi chithandizo chachikulu. Komabe, angatsogolerenso ku kusinthasintha kwa maulamuliro pamene mphamvu zikusintha. Madongosolo a PR, ndi maboma awo ogwirizana, kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga malamulo owonjezera, ogwirizana amene amasonyeza zikondwerero zochuluka. Mwachitsanzo, maiko a Scandinavia (agwiritsira ntchito PR) apanga malamulo aubwino kupyolera kupyola mtanda wa mapangano, pamene maboma a United Kingdom's'''''' nthaŵi zina asintha malamulo onse pambuyo pa chisankho. A anakumana ndi mapangano ogwirizana ndi [FLD:] Ogwirizana ndi a British Columbia FRFF: Active otchuka kwambiri paubwenzi la anthu ambiri, ngakhale kuti apeze chitetezero cha anthu ambiri.

Kumaliza: Kusankha Njira Yoyenera ya Zigawo Zanu

Palibe dongosolo la sankho limene liri langwiro. Kusankha pakati pa kuimira kwa andale zadziko ndi audindo kumadalira pa chikhalidwe cha dziko, kugaŵidwa kwa malo a magulu, mikangano ya mbiri yakale, ndi malo a democracy. Madongosolo apamwamba akupereka kupepuka, kutsimikiza, ndi kuŵerengera kwakukulu kwa kumaloko koma kuika pachiyeso kuchepetsa ndi kutulutsa zotulukapo zopotoka. Madongosolo a projectation akupereka kuimira kolondola, kusagwirizana, ndi kukhazikitsa koma kungapangitse kukhazikika ndi kuŵerengera kowonekera bwino kwa boma.

Mowonjezerekawonjezereka, mademokrase akuyesa ndi madongosolo osanganikirana onga MMP (Germany , New Zealand, Lesotho) kapena kuphatikiza STV m'zigawo zambiri (Ireland, Malta) kukopa mphamvu za njira zonse ziŵiri. Mfungulo ndi kulinganiza dongosolo ndi mapindu amene chitaganya chimasunga: kukhazikika, kuimira, kapena kuŵerengera. Kwa aphunzitsi kuphunzitsa kuyerekezera ndale zadziko, phunziro lofunika kwambiri nlakuti madongosolo osankhidwa sali auchete: iwo amaumba mkhalidwe weniweni wa mpikisano wa democracy ndi zipambano za ulamuliro. Kuzindikira zimenezi kumapatsa nzika za malonda mphamvu zotsutsa ndi kukonzanso ndi kuchirikiza madongosolo amene amatumikira bwino kwambiri anthu awo.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri, onani International International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Aniteration [FLT :1] (IDEA) database ya dongosolo la zinthu zosandutsa kompyuta, Enternational Reformation Society' [[FLT:]] kujambula, ndi ntchito zamaphunziro zonga . ] Madongosolo a : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .