Kumasulira kwa Konsichushoni kumaimira ntchito imodzi yapadera kwambiri imene katswiri wa zamalamulo angaigwire. Mawu akuti chikopa chaumba nkhondo, kugwetsa malamulo, ndi kulongosola zoyenera za anthu mamiliyoni ambiri. Komabe, chikalatacho nchakale kwambiri, cholembedwa m’chinenero chimene chingamvedwe kukhala chachikale ndiponso chosadziŵika bwino. Kodi oweruza, maloya, ndi akatswiri a maphunziro amasintha motani kuchokera ku malemba a zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu kupita ku zenizeni za makumi aŵiri a?

Chifukwa Chake Kumasulira Malamulo Kuli Kofunika kwa Aliyense

Malamulo ndi lamulo lalikulu la dzikolo, koma si buku lophunzitsa lodziphera lokha. Pamene boma lipereka lamulo loletsa kuchotsa mimba, Nyumba ya Malamulo imapanga bungwe lalikulu lolamulira, kapena Pulezidenti anena kuti ali ndi udindo waukulu, munthu ayenera kugamulapo ngati zochita zimenezo zili zogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma. Imeneyi ndi ntchito yaikulu kwambiri yomasulira malamulo. Mamtengowo amayambukira zinthu zonse kuchokera ku kukhala ndi mfuti ndi kulankhula kwaufulu ku ufulu wa munthu ndi kulinganiza ulamuliro wa boma ndi maboma. Kumvetsa mmene akatswiri a zamalamulo amachitira mafunso ameneŵa kumaunikira maziko enieni a ulamuliro wa Amereka.

Zimene Zimayambitsa: Pamene Kumasulira Kumayambira

Kuti katswiri wa zamalamulo ayambe kufotokoza mfundo inayake, ayenera kusonkhanitsa zinthu zimene akudziwa kuti n’zolondola.

Chikalata cha Malamulo

Ulendowo unayamba ndi mawu okha. Akatswiri a zamalamulo amaphunzitsidwa kuŵerenga Malamulo molunjika kwambiri. Amafunsa kuti: Kodi tanthauzo lachibadwa la liwu limeneli nlotani? Kodi liwulo “matanthauzo ndi achilendo” lili ndi mafotokozedwe okhazikika, kapena kodi nlosungunuka? Matanthauzo a malemba ameneŵa amatanthauza mawu enieni pa zimene womasulirayo angafune kuti chikalatacho chinene. Mwachitsanzo, Commerce amapatsa Communic mphamvu ya “Cercial Commercial ndi Mitundu ina, ndi pakati pa maiko angapo, ndi Indian Cinication . Matanthauzo ake enieni a “Commerce” ndi “pakati pa maiko angapo akhala nkhani yaikulu ya mkangano kwa zaka mazana aŵiri, kupanga maziko a mphamvu zambiri za boma.

Malembo a Chikalatacho

Nthaŵi zina, tanthauzo limatengedwa osati kokha kuchokera ku zimene Malamulo amanena, koma kuchokera ku maluso ake onse. Izi zimadziŵika monga kumasulira kwa nyumba. Malamulo amapanga nthambi zitatu za boma, amagaŵa mphamvu pakati pa maboma a boma ndi a boma, ndi kukhazikitsa dongosolo la macheke ndi malingana. Kuchokera ku nyumba imeneyi, akatswiri a mfundo zimene sizikutchulidwa mwachindunji. Mwachitsanzo, chiphunzitso cha kupatulidwa kwa maulamuliro sichimalembedwa m'kaungwe kamodzi, koma chimasonyezedwa bwino ndi kulengedwa kwa malamulo apadera, akuluakulu, ndi nthambi zachiweruzo. Chilungamo chachikulu Yohane Marshall anagwiritsira ntchito mfundo imeneyi yotchuka mu [FL:] [FL:]. Mary . [FLT.FLD . [FL:1] [19]

Nkhani Zake Za m’mbiri ndi Mapepala a Mafupa a Ogwirizana

Kumvetsa tanthauzo la mawu olembedwa mu 1787, akatswiri a zamalamulo amayesetsa kuiganizira kwambiri mbiri ya Kuyambika kwa Nyengo. Iwo amaphunzira nkhani za m'malemba a Convention, Federalist Papers [ [imene imatsutsana ndi mawu olembedwa], ndipo cholinga chake n’chakuti amvetsetse “tanthauzo loyambirira lapoyera" la malembawo, mmene munthu wololera pa nthaŵi ya kukwaniritsidwa kwake akanatha kumvetsetsa mawuwo. Mbiri imeneyi imapereka mfundo yofunika kwambiri kuti atchule mawu omveka bwino. Pamene chikalata chachiŵiri chotetezera kuyenera kwa “kusunga ndi kunyamula zida zankhondo, akatswiri akuyang'ana ku kusiyanitsa ngati munthu woyambirirayo adalingaliridwa kukhala woyenerera kapena woyenerera.

Ntchito ya Zochitika Pachiyambi ndi Kachitidwe Kake

Ngakhale kuti mawu ndi mbiri zili zozikidwa, zaka mazana ambiri za zigamulo zachiweruzo zapanga mbali yaikulu ya kumasulira pa mawu opanda pake.

Kunyenga kwa Nyenyezi: Chiphunzitso cha Kuyamba Kupeka

[[NTL: 0] Khoti Lalikulu likasankha mlandu, chigamulocho chimakhala chogwirizana ndi makhoti onse aang'ono. (Chilatini kaamba ka “kuima mogwirizana ndi zinthu zogamulidwa”) ndicho lamulo lakuti makhoti ayenera kutsatira zigamulo za makhoti akale. Limapereka chikhazikitso, kutsimikizirika, ndi kusasinthana m'malamulo. Pamene Khoti Lapamwamba lisankha mlandu, chigamulocho chimakhala chogwirizana ndi makhoti onse. Oweruzawo amatsutsana nawo ndi malamulo akale, kufunsa, “mapanga monga [[FLT:] V. [FFFF:3] ndipo kulakwa kwake kumbuyoku, pamene kukhoza kupezeka m'Chigamu yake. [FFF:]

Kachitidwe ka M’mbiri ka Nthambi Zandale Zadziko

Magwero ena a “glos” pa Malamulo ndiwo kachitidwe kanthaŵi ka Msonkhano ndi Nthambi Yolamulira. Ngati Pulezidenti wakhala akugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu inayake kwa zaka 150 popanda kutsutsidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, kachitidwe kameneko kangathandize kukhazikitsa kukhazikika kwa lamulo la ulamuliro wa ulamuliro. Kaŵirika kamagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'matsutsana pa ulamuliro wa olamulira ndi malamulo achilendo. Mwachitsanzo, kukhalapo kwa boma la ulamuliro wodziimira pawekha (maulamuliro onga EPA kapena FCCC) kumalungamitsidwa kwambiri ndi kumbuyo kwa mbuyo kwa dziko la Republic loyambirira, mosasamala kanthu za kusalankhula kwa malamulo pa mabungwe ameneŵa. Justice Frankfurt anali wochirikiza mwamphamvu “kuimira ulamuliro wa atsogoleri a chipembedzo .

Sukulu Zazikulu za Kumasulira Koikidwiratu

Ngakhale kuti masukulu amenewa amapanga maganizo amodzi, iwo amagawana mfundo za m’Baibulo zokhudza mmene malamulo amaŵerengedwera.

Kuyambirira

Chiphunzitso choyambirira ndicho lingaliro lakuti Konsichushoni iri ndi tanthauzo lotsimikizirika, lotsimikiziridwa ndi zimene inatanthauza kwa anthu amene anaivomereza. Pali zokometsera zosiyanasiyana, koma zotchuka kwambiri lerolino ndi Original Public Meaning Transformism [. Zimenezi sizikufunafuna zolinga za James Maganizo a James Madison kapena a Framers, koma kumvetsetsa kwa cholinga cha malemba monga momwe akanawamvedwera ndi anthu onse panthaŵi ya kutchuka. Woweruza Antonin Scalia anali wotchuka kwambiri pa lingaliro limeneli. Oyambirira ananena kuti njira imeneyi yoletsa oweruza, kuwaletsa kutengera miyezo yawo pa malamulo. Ili chiphunzitso cha demokrase, chikasintha malamulo ndi malamulo a gulu la osankhidwa ndi kumasulira.

Kulemba

Textalism ndi yogwirizana kwambiri ndi chiphunzitso choyambirira koma imasumika kwambiri pa mawu enieniwo. Woweruza wa Textumal amapereka mawu a malamulowo omwe ali ndi tanthauzo lake panthaŵi ya kukhazikitsa, kukana kuyang'ana mbiri ya boma kapena cholinga. Kwa wolemba motsimikiza, mawuwo ndiwo ulamuliro wokha. Ngati malembawo ali omveka bwino, malekezero ake. Kufufuza kumeneku kumayambukira kwambiri m'malamulo ndi m’malongosoledwe a malamulo, kuchirikizidwa ndi Justie Neil Gormoth. Kutero ndiko kuletsa kuletsa, kukakamiza woweruzayo kuti agwire ntchito ndi zimene lamulolo limanena, osati zimene iwo amaganiza kuti liyenera kutanthauza.

Lamulo la M’kati Mwa Umoyo

M’kutsutsana mwachindunji ndi Unduna ndi filosofi yodziŵika monga Malamulo Oona. Malingaliro ameneŵa amanena kuti Malamulo ndi chikalata champhamvu chimene chiyenera kusinthika ndi chitaganya. Mawu ake otakata (“kuyambika,”“ chitetezo cholingana,” akupempha kumasulira “miyezo yosasintha yaulemu imene imazindikiritsa kupita patsogolo kwa chitaganya. Woweruza William Brennan ndi Woweruza Stephen Breyer adali otsogolera. Zimenezi zimalola Malamulo kupitirizabe ndi kusintha kwa tekinoloji (monga chinsinsi cha magetsi) ndi kupita patsogolo kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu (monga kulingana ndi ukwati). Otsutsa atsutsa kuti chiphunzitso chimenechi chimapatsa mphamvu yaikulu yoweruza kulembetsanso malamulo pansi pa kumasulira.

Kumanga Malo

Monga momwe tatchulira poyamba, Cracalism apeza malamulo ndi mapulinsipulo kuchokera ku kapangidwe ka malamulo onse. Imasumika maganizo pa kugwirizana kwa nthambi za boma ndi maboma. Njira imeneyi siidera nkhaŵa ndi mawu apadera a chigawo chimodzi ndipo imadera nkhaŵa kwambiri ndi dongosololo monga lonse. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo lonse la boma la kuchotsa (pamene lamulo la boma lichotsa lamulo la boma) limamangidwa pa malamulo a kapangidwe otengedwa ku Supremacy Claus ndi mtundu wa chigwirizano cha boma. Woweruza wa bungwe la docture angafunikire kulamulira motsutsana ndi kachitidwe kotsutsana ndi boma osati chifukwa chakuti mawu ake akuti aletsa, koma chifukwa chakuti limasokoneza kulinganiza kwa mphamvu pakati pa maboma ndi boma.

Kukonda Kudya ndi Kudya Nsalu

Kusinthasintha kwa zinthu ndiko nzeru yotchuka kwambiri. Woweruza wa MPragmatic akusumika maganizo pa zotsatira zenizeni za dziko za chosankha. Samadera nkhaŵa kwambiri ndi kumamatira ku malemba kapena mbiri yoyambirira ndipo amasamala kwambiri za kupanga lamulo lomwe limagwira ntchito bwino. Justice Olivey Holmes Jr. Ndi pulogalamu ya mbiri yakale ya American ya malamulo a Pragmatist. Malamulo a Minimalism, kaŵirikaŵiri ogwirizana ndi Justice Sandra Day O’Connor ndi Jasir Ginsburg, ndi njira yogwirizana. Mayere a Mayeso asankha kusankha milandu pa maziko opansi, kuthetsa mikangano popanda kuika malamulo apamwamba pa nkhani zamtsogolo. Iwo amakhulupirira kuti njira imeneyi ya kulinganiza kwapamwamba ndi yosagwirizana ndi yosagwirizana, imalola lamulo kukula pang’ono ndi kutsata pang’onopang’ono ndi kutsa.

Mmene Kumasulira Kumagwirira Ntchito

Kodi n’chiyani chimachititsa kuti anthu aziona zinthu moyenera?

Mabungwe Omanga

Akatswiri a zamalamulo amagwiritsa ntchito malamulo a zinenero, odziŵika monga malembo, kuthandiza kumasulira mawu. Ena ndi malamulo a zinenero: liwu “ndilo" nlomveka; liwu lakuti“ kapena” nlosaluza. Ena ali olunjika kwambiri ku lamulo. Canon Against Surplage [1] amalingalira kuti liwu lililonse m'Malamulo lili ndi tanthauzo. Esdem [FL:] Clatem [[FLT] limanena kuti pamene liwu lachindulo litsatira mpambo wachindukire wa mawu, mawu onse amagwirizana ndi mawu a mtundu umodzi.

Kupimidwa kwa Kusanthula

Pamene lamulo litsutsidwa kukhala lotsutsana ndi Malamulo, Bwalo limagwiritsira ntchito mlingo wakutiwakuti wa kupenda, umene uli kuyesa kwachiweruzo. Mlingo wosankhidwa kaŵirikaŵiri umatsimikizira chotulukapo. [[FLT: 0]] Racational Isclement Review [ ndilo muyezo wovuta kwambiri; lamulo limalingaliridwa kukhala lopanda pake ngati liri logwirizana ndi chifuno cha boma choyenerera (m’m’njira yalamulo, malamulo a zachuma). [[FLT:] Scritinty [[FLT:]] ndi muyezotsatira lamulo lolimba kwambiri; lamulolo limalingaliridwa kukhala losatheka ngati boma lingatsimikizike kukhala loyenerera kukwaniritsa chikondwerero chogwira ntchito chogwira ntchito (m., malamulo okhudza fuko kapena ufulu waukulu). [FTCTCT]: [FT]

Kutsutsana kwa Masiku Ano

Nkhondo yolimbana ndi kumasulira kwa lamulo iri pakati pa magaŵano a ndale zadziko a America. Khoti Lalikulu lamakono liri ndi unyinji wamphamvu wa Otembenuza ndi Textumic, kutsogolera ku kusintha kwakukulu m'madera onga kuchotsa mimba, ufulu wa mfuti, ndi chipembedzo. Kutsutsana pa Majer Questions Doctrine [1]. Chiyambi chaposachedwapa chimene chimafuna kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ilankhule bwino pamene ifuna kukhazikitsa bungwe kuti ligamule nkhani ya zachuma chachikulu kapena ya ndale zadziko.

Otsutsa amanena kuti chimene chimatchedwa kuti Originalism kaŵirikaŵiri ndi kuŵerengedwa kwa mbiri kosankhidwa kuti ifike pa zotulukapo zosasinthika. Ochirikiza amanena kuti lamulo lina [1] ndilo pempho kwa oweruza kuti achotse lamulo pa ben. Mbali zonse ziŵiri zimanena kuti zikutetezera lamulo. Nkhondo zotsimikiziridwa pa oweruza a Supreme Court tsopano ndi nkhondo za malingaliro zimene zidzalamulira.

Mapeto: Nkhani Yosatha

Kusankha chimene Malamulo amatanthauza sikuli kuyesayesa kwaukatswiri. Ndi kuyesayesa kwa nzeru za munthu kumene kumagwirizanitsa mbiri, chinenero, filosofi, ndi ndale. Mawuwo amakhazikika, koma kumvetsetsa kwathu kwa amapangidwa ndi kukambitsirana kosalekeza pakati pa zaka zakale ndi zimene zilipo. Akatswiri a zamalamulo amapangitsa kuwona mtima kwanzeru ndi kudzichepetsa ku ntchitoyo, kuzindikira thayo lalikulu la kumasulira chikalata chimene chimalamulira mtundu waukulu ndi wosiyanasiyana. Kaya munthu ndi Woyambirira kapena wokhulupirira m'Malamulo Amoyo, cholinga chake nchofanana: kupanga lemba lopatulika la Kupezedwa, logwirizana, ndi kudzichepetsa kwa anthu a ku America lerolino. Mfundo zake pa tanthauzo lenileni la malamulowo ndi m’njira zambiri, kukambitsiranako ku America kwenikweni.

Chuma Chowonjezereka

Kwa awo amene akufunafuna malingaliro ameneŵa mowonjezereka, ziŵiya zapamwamba zambiri ziripo pa Intaneti. [[FLT: 0] Council Anenown .gov Constitution Anchown Aniversed [FLT ] imapereka kusanthula kokwanira kwa lamulo la lamulo monga momwe linafotokozera ndi Khoti Lalikulu. [[FLT:] Communment Center ya National Constitution [[FLT:]] Constitution Center [F:] imapereka malamulo a m'Chigawo cha Malamulo a m'mbali ndi mbali ya kuyerekezera malingaliro osiyanasiyana pa mfundo iliyonse. [[5] Maganizo atsatanetsatane, [[5] Project.[3] [C.] [CMT] [7] [7] kapena T.C.C.C.C.C.C.C.[4]