Maziko a Ulamuliro Wademokalase

Mwini dziko aliyense amene akufuna kukhala ndi phande m’demokrase ayenera choyamba kudziŵa mmene ulamuliro umagawidwira ndi kulamuliridwa. Malamulo a boma la United States analinganizidwa mwadala ndi Abambo okhazikitsa kuletsa kuikidwa kwa ulamuliro kwa munthu aliyense kapena gulu. Chigwirizano chimenechi, chozikidwa pa malamulo a kusiyanitsa maulamuliro ndi kuyang'ana ndi kulinganiza, chimatsimikizira kuti kulamulira kumakhalabe kovomerezeka kwa anthu pamene akuchinjiriza ulamuliro wankhalwe. Kumvetsetsa dongosololi si njira yongophunzitsa chabe. Chili maziko cha pangano la ufulu wa boma, kutheketsa anthu kukhala ndi ovomerezeka ndi ochirikiza zikondwerero zawo mogwira mtima.

Lamulo la U.S., lovomerezedwa mu 1788, linapanga dziko la Republic lokhala ndi nthambi zitatu zosiyana, limodzi ndi ntchito yake yaikulu: kupanga malamulo, kukhazikitsa malamulo, ndi kumasulira. Nkhaniyi imapereka kusanthula kosamalitsa kwa nthambi iliyonse, kapangidwe kake, mphamvu zake, ndi ziletso, limodzinso ndi njira zocholoŵana za macheke zimene zimasunga kulinganizika. Kaya ndinu wophunzira wokonzekera mayeso a boma, mphunzitsi akukulitsa maphunziro, kapena wophunzira wofuna chidziŵitso cha moyo wonse, bukuli limaperekanso kupenda kokwanira pa mmene boma la America limagwirira ntchito.

Chiyambi ndi Filosofi ya Mphamvu Zopatulidwa

Lingaliro la kugawa ulamuliro wa boma kukhala nthambi zosiyana silinayambike ndi Oyambitsa a ku America. Wafilosofi wa ku France Manteusquieu , m’ntchito yake 1748], Mzimu wa Malamulo [, unatsutsa kuti ufulu umatetezedwa bwino kwambiri pamene lamulo, mkulu wa boma, ndi mphamvu zachiweruzo zisungidwa ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana. Mafulemu a malamulo anasonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi lingaliro limeneli, limodzinso ndi chidziŵitso chawo ndi ufumu wa Britain ndi ulamuliro wa a atsamunda. James Madison, mu [FLD:4] Filforma. [FFLD], ", ", [FLD] yotchuka, analemba kuti, mphamvu zonse, ndi kumanga, ndi kulongosola kotchuka, koyenera, m’manja, kunganenedwe bwino lomwe.

Kuti agwiritse ntchito nzeru imeneyi, Konsichushoni imapatsa nthambi iliyonse mphamvu m’nkhani zake zitatu zoyambirira. Mfundo I sistation Congress (nthambi ya malamulo), Mfundo II imapanga unduna (nthambi yoyang’anira), ndi Mfundo III imakhazikitsa makhoti a boma (nthambi yachiweruzo). Kachipangizo kameneka sikali kapadera ku United States, koma kalembedwe ka ku America n’kosiyana ndi mphamvu za macheke ndi miyeso yake, zimene zimalola nthambi iliyonse kukana kuloŵererana ndi nthambi ina.

Nthambi Yolamulira: Dongosolo Lopanga Malamulo

Gwero la Malamulo, Conrer , ndilo nthambi yapafupi kwambiri ndi anthu ndi yoyamba kutchulidwa mu Malamulo. Udindo wake waukulu ndi kupanga mapulani, kutsutsana, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amalamulira mtundu. Nyumba ndi chigwirizano cha zigawo, kutanthauza kuti ili ndi zipinda ziŵiri: Nyumba ya Oimira ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Magawo ameneŵa anali ololerana pakati pa maboma aakulu ndi aang'ono pa Msonkhano wa Malamulo, Nyumba ya Malamulo ikupereka chiimiridwe chofanana ku boma lililonse.

Malo ndi Kuika Malo

  • Nyumba ya Oimira: Mamembala ovota, aliyense woimira chigawo cha msonkhano mkati mwa boma. Ziŵalo zimatumikira mawu a zaka ziŵiri, kupangitsa Nyumbayo kuvomereza kwambiri ku malingaliro a anthu. Wolankhulayo, wosankhidwa ndi chipani cha anthu ambiri, amayang'anira zochitika ndi kukhala ndi mphamvu zazikulu pa maprogramu a malamulo.
  • Sate : masenator 100 (maboma aŵiri pa chigawo chimodzi) amene amatumikira zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, ndi chigawo chimodzi chitatu cha khoti la khoti lopangira chisankho zaka ziŵiri zilizonse. Mawu anthaŵi yaitali ndi masankho ogwedezeka anali olinganizidwa kukhazikitsa ndi kuona kwa nthaŵi yaitali, kutetezera oyendetsa zinthu ku zilakolako za anthu. Pulezidenti wa United States amatumikira monga Pulezidenti wa Khoti koma amasankhanso kuti aswe chikole. Nyumba ya Malamulo imasankhanso Pulezidenti kuti ayang'a patsogolo pa kusoŵa pulezidenti.

Opatsidwa Mphamvu ndi Ogwiritsiridwa Ntchito

Constitution imapatsa msonkhano mpambo wa maulamuliro padera m'Chigawo I, Chigawo 8, chodziŵika monga mphamvu zolamulira . Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo mphamvu ya:

  • Sungani misonkho, ntchito, zikalata, ndi ndalama zolipirira ngongole ndi kupereka chitetezo cha onse ndi ubwino wa onse
  • Bombani ndalama ku United States
  • Malonda anagwirizana ndi mitundu yachilendo, maboma, ndi mafuko a Eni America
  • Ikani malamulo ofanana a kubadwa ndi kulephera kubweza ngongole
  • Ndalama za nsimbi ndi kuyendetsa phindu lake
  • Lankhulani za nkhondo, khazikitsani ndi kuchirikiza magulu ankhondo, ndipo perekani ndi kusamalira gulu lankhondo la pamadzi
  • Pangani malamulo onse amene adzakhala oyenerera ndi oyenerera kutengera ku kupha maulamuliro otchulidwawo ([FLT: 0]] Zinsinsi ndi Claus Woyenera [[FLT: 1]])

Malamulo oyenerera ndi Seat Claus ndi gwero la maulamuliro a Congress ogwiritsidwa ntchito , amene amasuliridwa mokulira ndi Khoti Lalikulu, makamaka kuyambira Mcloch v. Maryland [1] (1819). Mawuwa amalola Nyumba za Malamulo kukulitsa ulamuliro wake kuti zithetse mavuto amakono osatchulidwa mwachindunji m'malamulo, monga ngati kuyendetsa intaneti kapena kukhazikitsa banki ya dziko.

Ntchito Zamphamvu ndi Kuyang’anira

Kupatulapo kukhazikitsa malamulo, Nyumba ya Malamulo imayang'anira motsutsa nthambi ya akuluakulu. Makomiti onse aŵiri amaweruza milandu, mboni zapansi pa mapepala ndi zolemba, ndiponso amafufuza zolakwa. Nyumba ya Malamulo ili ndi mphamvu yapadera yotsimikizira kuikidwa kwa pulezidenti (monga alembi a Kabinite, oweruza a boma, ndi akazembe) ndi kuvomereza mapangano ochitidwa ndi mavoti aŵiri a . Kuwonjezera apo, Nyumbayo ikhoza kutsutsa nduna za boma, kuphatikizapo Pulezidenti, kaamba ka “chiphuphu, kapena maupandu ena aakulu ndi opalamula milandu, [1] ndi kuweruza mlandu ndi kuweruza ndi kuweruza ndi akuluakulu aŵiri.

Nthambi Yotsogolera: Utsogoleri ndi Kukakamiza

Nthambi ya Authority ili ndi thayo la kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo operekedwa ndi Congress. Pamapeto pake pali woimira , amene akutumikira monga mutu wa boma ndi mutu wa boma. Lamulo limaika mphamvu ya mkulu kwa munthu mmodzi kutsimikizira umodzi ndi kutsimikiza, komanso limaikanso zopinga zazikulu pa mphamvuyo mwa kuyang'anira ndi kupenda komiti ya chiweruzo.

Pulezidenti ndi Pulezidenti Waudindo

Pulezidenti amasankhidwa pa zaka zinayi zilizonse kudzera m'kholiji ya Electoral ndipo ali ndi mawu aŵiri okha ndi Owonjezera a 22. Magawo amaphatikizapo kutumikira monga Mkulu wa asilikali ankhondo, kukhululukira (kusiyapo pa milandu ya kukana), kupanga mapangano (ndi uphungu ndi chivomerezo), ndi kukhazikitsa akuluakulu a boma. Pulezidenti, wosankhidwa pa tikiti imodzimodziyo, amapambana Pulezidenti ngati ofesiyo ikhala yopanda ntchito ndiponso amatumikira monga Pulezidenti wa Bungwe la Malamulo.

Kabinati ndi Ulamuliro wa Olamulira Olamulira Olamulira Olamulira Dziko

Kuti achite mathayo aakulu a boma la boma, Pulezidentiyo amadalira Cabinet [[FLT: 0] ya madipatimenti apadera . Madipatimenti 15 ameneŵa .Monga ngati State, Cooperation, Defest , Justice , ndi Education , imatsogozedwa ndi alembi (kusiyapo Attorney General for Justice) amene amaikidwa ndi Pulezidenti ndi otsimikiziridwa ndi Khoti. Pansi pake, madipatimenti, maofeki, ndi maofesi akuchita maprogramu olongosola, kuchokera ku bungwe la za za zachitetezo cha Social Security Administration (SA). Pamene mabungwewa akuyankha kwa Pulezidenti, amaikidwanso ndi malamulo operekedwa ndi Nyumba za Malamulo kuchokera ku khoti.

Mphamvu ndi Malire

Mphamvu za Prezidenti zili ndi tanthauzo koma zili ndi malire.

  • Kutsatira malamulo a boma ndi kuonetsetsa kuti akuphedwa mokhulupirika
  • Kuyendetsa malamulo a mayiko ena ndi kukambirana nawo
  • Kuika akazembe, oweruza, ndi akuluakulu okweza mpando
  • Lamulo loletsa kuikidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo (M’malo mwa Nyumba ya Malamulo likhoza kupitirira ndi magawo aŵiri mwa atatu m’zigawo zonse ziŵiri)
  • Kupereka maoda akuluakulu a boma kuti azitsogolera ntchito za boma

Malamulo a akuluakulu akhala chida champhamvu, koma angatsutsidwe m'bwalo ngati apitirira ulamuliro walamulo. Pulezidentinso amapeza mphamvu zochokera ku mawu a Konsichura, makamaka m'nkhani zachilendo ndi chisungiko cha dziko, ngakhale kuti makhoti nthaŵi zina asudzulidwa, monga mu Achichepere Commentach & Tube Co. v. Satyer [1]

Nthambi Yoweruza: Kumasulira Chilamulo

Nthambi ya Judicial imamasulira tanthauzo la malamulo, kuwagwiritsira ntchito ku milandu yaumwini, ndi kusankha kaya kaya iwo amatsutsana ndi Malamulo. Nthambi iyi njopanda mphamvu kwenikweni m'chigwirizano ndi kukhoza kwake kwa kuchitapo kanthu, koma ulamuliro wake wa kugonjetsa malamulo osagwirizana ndi malamulo a boma [1] kupenda [1]

Khoti la Federal

Konsichushoniyo imakhazikitsa Bwalo Lapamwamba lokha, kusiyira Nyumba ya Makhoti kupanga makhoti a ang’onoang’ono. Lerolino dongosololo lili ndi mizera itatu:

  • Makhoti a chigawo: khoti lamilandu 94 limene limamva milandu yachiŵeniŵeni ndi ya upandu yomwe ikubuka pansi pa lamulo la boma. Ndiwo chiyambi cha kugamula kochuluka kwa boma.
  • Courts of Appeals (Makhoti Adera): makhoti 13 okambirana milandu ya makhoti a chigawo. Samaweruza milandu yatsopano koma amagamula ngati zolakwa za lamulo zinachitika.
  • Khoti la Ufulu: [[FLT :1] Khoti lomalizira, lopangidwa ndi oweruza asanu ndi anayi oikidwa kaamba ka moyo (kugonjera ku khalidwe labwino). Imasankha milandu imene ingamve (monga ngati 100-150 chaka chilichonse kuchokera ku masauzande a mapempho) ndi nkhani za malamulo omalizira amene amagwirizanitsidwa m’dziko lonse.

Mphamvu ya Kupenda Chiweruzo

Lingaliro la kupenda chiweruzo silinalembedwe mwachindunji m'Malamulo. Ilo linakhazikitsidwa ndi mlandu wachiweruzo wa 1803 Marbury v. Madison , mmene Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall analengeza kuti “ndilo chigawo champhamvu ndi ntchito ya dipatimenti ya chiweruzo kunena zimene lamulo lili. Chigamulochi chinapatsa makhoti mphamvu ya kuswa malamulo oswa malamulo, ngakhale ngati anaperekedwa ndi Pulezidenti ndi kusainwa. Chiyambire pamenepo, Khoti Lapamwamba lagamu lagamula mazana ambiri a boma, boma, ndi malamulo a kumaloko.

Kulephera

Makhoti a Federal amamva kokha milandu imene imaloŵetsamo nkhani ya boma (monga nkhani yalamulo kapena lamulo la boma) kapena kusiyanasiyana kwa unzika (magawo ochokera ku maiko osiyanasiyana ndi unyinji wa mkangano woposa $75,000). Khoti Lapamwamba lili ndi ulamuliro woyamba m'nkhani zokhudza akazembe ndi mikangano pakati pa maboma, koma ntchito yake yambiri imabwera mwa kuchonderera. Oweruza amapanga mapangano a moyo wonse kuwatetezera ku chitsenderezo cha ndalerengano, ngakhale kuti angakakamizidwe kutsata maofesi apamwamba kuti asungitse zigamu zake, zimene nthaŵi zinapangitsa kukangana, monga momwe Prezidenti Andrew Jackson adanenera kuti, “John Marshall anapanga chosankha chake; tsopano aperekedwe kuti adzisungire.

Kulimba kwa Mapeseji ndi Kulinganizika

Kulekanitsa maulamuliro kungakhale kosakwanira popanda dongosolo limene limalola nthambi iliyonse kukaniza kuchenjeredwa ndi ina.

  • Kufufuza kwa lamulo pa Uyang'aniro: Nyumba ya Malamulo ingapose mavetoe a pulezidenti, kukana kutsimikizira kuikidwa, kunyozedwa ndi kuchotsa Prezidenti, kuchepetsa ndalama, ndi kuchititsa kugamula mlandu. Uphungu wa Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi mbali yake ndi kupenda kwamphamvu.
  • Kufufuza kwa lamulo pa Judia: Congress imasankha ukulu ndi dongosolo la makhoti a boma (kuchotsapo ulamuliro woyamba wa Khoti Lalikulu), kungapereke ziyeneretso za lamulo kuti zisinthe zigamulo, ndi kuletsa oweruza ena.
  • Kufufuza kwa Malamulo: Prezidenti angapereke ndalama, kuitanira magawo apadera a Congress, ndi kuvomereza lamulo. Pulezidenti wa Bungwe la Malamulo amavoti oswa nthayo mu Nyumba ya Malamulo.
  • Kufufuza kwa Chigawo: Prezidenti amaika oweruza onse a boma, akumapereka chisonkhezero chachikulu pa konzi wa jaji kwa mibadwo.
  • Makhoti a Chiyudiki a Malamulo ndi Olamulira: Makhoti angalengeze malamulo ndi machitidwe a maulamuliro osagwirizana ndi lamulo kupyolera m'kupenda kwachiweruzo. Woweruza Wamkulu John Roberts wa 2012 a lingaliro kuchirikiza lamulo la Afford Care Act pansi pa mphamvu ya Congress ya kukhoma msonkho ndi chitsanzo chamakono cha machenjera ameneŵa m’ntchito.

Chisudzo chimenechi chimatsimikizira kuti palibe nthambi imene ingalamulire ina popanda kuyang'anizana ndi zotulukapo zalamulo kapena zandale. Mwachitsanzo, Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt wa 1937 “kuyang'ana pepala la staunt” (chimene chikanafutukula Bwalo Lapamwamba kuti lipeze zigamulo zabwino) [1] Chinagonjetsedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, kusonyeza mmene kupatulidwa kwa maulamuliro kumatetezera ufulu wa boma.

Mafuko: Kugaŵikana Kogwirizana kwa Ulamuliro

Kupyola nthambi za boma, boma la United States limagawa ulamuliro pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma . Ndi lingaliro lodziŵika monga dederalism . Malamulo amapatsa boma la boma lokhala ndi maulamuliro oŵerengedwa (m., ndalama, kuyendetsa malonda a mayiko, kuchititsa maunansi achilendo) ndi kusungitsa maulamuliro ena onse ku maboma kapena anthu kupyolera mwa madesiki a 10. Maboma ali ndi malamulo awoawo, akazembe, malamulo, ndi madongosolo a bwalo lamilandu, kusamalira nkhani zonga maphunziro, zoyendera, mphamvu zapolisi, ndi malamulo abanja.

Uchifumu wamitundu iŵiri umenewu umapanga chiwonjezeko chocholoŵana pamene malamulo onse aŵiri a boma ndi a boma amagwira ntchito panthaŵi imodzi. Pamene mikangano ibuka, Supremacy Claus (Article VI) imakhazikitsa kuti lamulo la boma likhale lapamwamba, koma maboma amakhala ndi ufulu wapadera. Mwachitsanzo, maboma amakhazikitsa malire awo, zofunikira za ukwati, ndi miyezo yaukatswiri. Kumvetsetsa boma nkofunika kuti amvetsetse mmene malamulo onga ngati kusamalira thanzi, malamulo a malo okhala, kapena ufulu wosankha amasiyana m'dziko lonse.

Kufunika kwa Kuphunzira ndi Kuphunzira kwa Ophunzira ndi Nzika

Chidziŵitso cha kayendetsedwe ka boma sichimangodalira anthu amene amalondola ntchito za lamulo kapena ndale. Mwini dziko aliyense amapanga mtundu wina wa ulamuliro wandale / mwa kuvota, utumiki wa oweruza, ndemanga yapoyera, kapena kukumana ndi akuluakulu osankhidwa. Pamene nzika zimvetsetsa mmene malamulo amapangidwira, amene amawakakamiza, ndi mmene angatsutsire zochita zopanda chilungamo, iwo amakhala okhoza kudzichirikiza ndi kuchirikiza anthu awo. Ndiponso, anthu odziŵa kulemba ndi kuwerenga atha kutsutsa mfundo zabodza, kupenda mikangano ya ndale, ndi kuchititsa atsogoleri awo kukhala ndi mlandu.

Kwa aphunzitsi, kuphatikizapo maphunziro enieni monga ngati mmene lamulo limakhalira, kapena njira ya Khoti Lapamwamba ikutsimikizira zinthu zimenezi. Ophunzira angapange mfundo zimenezi mogwira mtima (m’chitsanzo, kusinthasintha kwa nyengo, malamulo a zanyengo) kuti aone nthambi zitatu zimene zikugwira ntchito. Masheya onga [[FLT:] Khoti. gov[FLD :1] amapereka [pa] kutumiza chidziŵitso cha pa zaudindo, pamene Website ya Holy Home ndi pa webusaiti ya boma yoyambirira. [FLT:]

Kumaliza

Malo a boma la United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .