Kuzindikira Ufulu Wolankhula M’masukulu ndi M’malo Oonetsera

Kulankhula kwaufulu kuli ngati maziko a zipani za demokalase, kupatsa anthu mphamvu zogaŵana malingaliro, kutsutsa ulamuliro, ndi kukhala ndi phande m'nkhani yapoyera. Kuyenera kumeneku, kotetezeredwa pansi pa First Amendment ku United States, kumagwira ntchito ponse paŵiri sukulu ndi malo a anthu, koma kuchuluka kwake ndi kulephera kwake kumasiyana malinga ndi mmene zinthu zinakhalira. Kumvetsa mfundo zimenezi kumathandiza nzika kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wawo mwanzeru pamene zikuyang'anira chitetezo ndi dongosolo la chitaganya.

Pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo la ufulu wa kulankhula nlofala, silili lokulira. Makhoti azindikira kwa nthaŵi yaitali kuti mitundu ina ya mawu . monga ziwopsezo zenizeni, kusonkhezera chiwawa, zonyansa, ndi kuipitsa / kugwa kunja kwa chitetezo cha lamulo. Ndiponso, boma lingapereke ziletso zoyenerera pa nthaŵi, malo, ndi kalankhulidwe m’malo a anthu onse, ndipo sukulu zingachepetse mawu amene amasokoneza ntchito ya maphunziro. Kulinganiza zoyenera za munthu ndi zofuna za onse kuli ntchito yovuta, ndipo kulinganiza kumeneku kupitirizabe kuchitika mwa malamulo ndi malamulo a milandu.

Kulankhula Mwaufulu m’Masukulu: Ufulu ndi Malire

Sukulu za boma zimagwira ntchito monga malo apadera kumene boma liri ndi chikondwerero champhamvu m’kusungitsa bata, chilango, ndi mkhalidwe wa kusungika kwa kuphunzira. Ophunzira samataya kuyenera kwawo kwa lamulo pa chipata cha sukulu, koma ufuluwo suli wofanana ndi ufulu wa achikulire m’mabwalo ena. Khoti Lapamwamba la United States lakhazikitsa dongosolo limene limalola masukulu kuletsa kulankhula pamene kuchititsa kusokonezeka kapena kuloŵerera zoyenera za ena.

Chochitika cha Land Chake: [[FLT: 0] Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District

Mu 1969, Khoti Lalikulu linagamula kuti masukulu angaletse kulankhula kwa ophunzira ngati angachititse kuti ophunzira asiye kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wawo wochita zinthu kusukulu. Nkhaniyi inakhudza ophunzira amene anavala mikono yakuda kutsutsa nkhondo ya Vietnam. Khotilo linagamula kuti sukulu zikhoza kutsendereza kulankhula kwa ophunzira ngati zingachititse kuti "kusokonezeka kwa maphunziro" kapena "kuloŵerera kwambiri" pa ntchito za sukulu. Chigamulo chimenechi chikukhalabe maziko a kupenda kulankhula kwaufulu m’masukulu. Komabe, khotilo linazindikiranso kuti "inrudea ntchito ya masukulu" kapena "kusokoneza ufulu wa ophunzira ena" chingayendetsedwe. Chiyambire [FL: FT]

Mawu a Sukulu ndi Hazelwood [

Mu Khotilo linagamula kuti aphunzitsi angayang'anizane ndi zolembedwa za sukulu za District . Kuhlmeier [1988], Khoti Lapamwamba linalankhula ndi manyuzipepala a ophunzira ndi ntchito zina zolankhulidwa ndi sukulu. Khotilo linagamula kuti aphunzitsi angayang'anize zolembedwa ndi olemba nkhani za pasukulu, makamaka ngati alankhula nkhani zotsutsana ndi sukulu kapena zolembedwa bwino. [FLT:] Hazelking .

Kulankhula Monyoza, Kupezerera Ena, ndi Kudana Nawo

Sukulu zimakonda kuteteza ophunzira kuti asamavutidwe ndi kuvutitsidwa. Mawu amene amavutitsa anthu chifukwa cha fuko, kugonana, kakhalidwe, chipembedzo, kapena kupunduka angaletsedwe ngati ayambitsa malo ophunzirira oopsa. Makhoti achirikiza malamulo otsutsa ndi chilango kwa ophunzira amene amavutitsa anzawo, ngakhale ngati kuvutitsako kumakhala kulankhula. Komabe, kungofotokoza malingaliro osavomerezeka kapena kulankhula mawu onyoza sikumachotsa chinsinsi cha Kukonzanso. Kusiyana kwakukulu ndiko kaya kulankhulako kukukwera kufika pamlingo wa kuvuto lenileni kapena kukuwopseza kutetezeka kwa ena.

Komabe, pamene mawu audani ayamba kukhala oopsa, oopseza, kapena ovutitsa ena, sukulu zingaloŵererepo. Mwachitsanzo, wophunzira amene amanyoza mnzake wa m’kalasi mobwerezabwereza angalangidwe ngakhale ngati mawuwo atakhala osamveka kudzera m’manyuzipepala, malinga ngati achititsa kuti zinthu zisokonezeke kwambiri kusukulu.

Chosalankhula ndi Zoulutsira Nkhani

Asayansi asintha kwambiri nyengo ya ndandanda ya makompyuta. Ophunzira amaika pa Intaneti mawu ovuta kwambiri kusukulu. [FL:] M'magazi anapangitsa masukulu kukhala ndi ulamuliro wochepa pa nkhani za ndale kapena za chikhalidwe. [FL.[FL:1] [2001], Khoti Lalikulu linalingalira za mlandu wa wophunzira amene analenjedwa chifukwa choika uthenga wachipongwe pa Intaneti wotsutsa gulu la anthu ochemerera. Khotilo linaona kuti masukulu ali ndi ulamuliro wochepa pa nkhani zandale kapena za anthu. Komabe, masukulu angalangizebe ophunzira chifukwa cha kutsutsa, kuopseza, kuopseza kapena kuvutitsa ena. Chigamulamula kuti "vutitsa kuchuluka kwa mikhalidweyo", kuyesa kulangiza maphunziro kuti asiye kukambirana kwaufulu.

Kuti mupende mozama za chigamulo [[FLT: 0] , onani chidule cha [1]

Zisonyezero za Ndale ndi Zachipembedzo m’Masukulu

Ophunzira ali ndi ufulu wochita nawo ndale ndi chipembedzo mogwirizana ndi malire. Iwo angagaŵire mapepala, kuvala mabatani a ndale, kapena kukambirana zikhulupiriro zawo panthaŵi yosakhala yophunzitsa, malinga ngati ntchitozo sizingasokoneze malo ophunzirira. Sukulu sizingasiyanitse ndi malingaliro. Ophunzira ayenera kukhala ndi malingaliro olakwika pamene akukhazikitsa malamulo osaloŵerera. Mwachitsanzo, sukulu siingalole ophunzira kupereka machemo ku gulu la Khirisimasi koma kuletsa kugaŵira ndege za LGBTQ + kagulu ka gulu ka ophunzitsa. Mofananamo, ophunzira angaloŵe m'pemphero panthaŵi yosakhala yovomerezeka, koma sukulu sizingakakamize kutengamo mbali kapena kulinganiza mapemphero.

Kulankhula Mwaufulu M’malo Oonekera: Kulankhulana Kwapoyera ndi Kubwezera Koyenera

Malo a anthu onse . .park, misewu, makwalala, ndi mabwalo a boma ndizo zakhala maziko a nkhani yapoyera. Zitetezero za First Amendment n’zolimba kwambiri mu "masewero a anthu amwambo," kumene anthu angalankhule, kutsutsa, ndi kugaŵira mabuku popanda chilolezo cha boma. Komabe, ngakhale m'malo ameneŵa, boma lingakhazikitse "nthaŵi, malo, ndi njira zosungira zinthu za onse ndi dongosolo.

Chiphunzitso cha Onse

Makhoti amaika malo a boma m'magulu atatu openda ufulu wa kulankhula: ma enfours amwambo (timaseŵero, mapaki, njira), zipinda zosonkhanira za onse zosankhidwa (m’njira, zipinda zosonkhanira zotseguka kaamba ka ntchito yolunjika), ndi zipinda zolowera za boma (m’chinga, zipinda za asilikali, zitseko za pabwalo la ndege, kapena maofesi a boma). M'malamulo ndi osankhidwa a boma, malamulo oikidwa ndi ovomerezeka ndi osakhala anthaŵi ya tchulu, pamene kuli kwakuti zophatikizidwa ndi malo, ndi ziletso zololedwa zimaloledwa ngati zili zongopekedwa ndi zosavuta ndi zopatula ndi kutuluka m’malo otsegulira njira za kulankhulana.

Mwachitsanzo, mzinda ungafune olinganiza masiteshoni kuti apeze chilolezo chakulinganiza nthaŵi ndi kumene kudzakhala chifukwa chakuti magulu aakulu angasokoneze kuyenda kwa magalimoto ndi kuyenda kwa anthu. Komabe, mzindawo uyenera kukhala ndi njira zomveka, zotsimikizirika zoperekera kapena kukana zilolezo ndipo sungathe kukana chilolezo chozikidwa pa lingaliro la wolinganiza. ACLU’S Know ALL U KLORT UL lokasa la ufulu wanu pa kulankhula kwaufulu [

Ziletso za Nthaŵi ndi Malo

Ziletso zapadera zimaphatikizapo kuchepetsa mawilo oulutsira mawu kapena kuwonjezera mawu pambuyo pa maola akutiakuti, kuchititsa zisonyezero ku malo ena, kapena kufuna zilolezo za misonkhano yaikulu. Malamulo ameneŵa ayenera kukhala okhutitsidwa ndi osakhala ndi mbali iliyonse ya chigawo. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo la mzinda limene limaletsa kutsekereza zonse m'madera okhala anthu a m'madera amodzi pambuyo pa 9 p.m. lingakhale loyenera, koma lamulo limene limalola kutsegulira mikangano ya ntchito pamene likuletsa kutsekedwa kwa zifukwa zandale lingakhale lingaliro la tsankho.

Makhoti amalingaliranso kaya ngati ziletsozo zimasiya "njira zotseguka zoloŵerapo" kaamba ka kulankhulana. Chiletso pa kutumiza mapepala onse m’paki ya onse chingakhale chosagwirizana, koma lamulo lofuna olemba mapepala kukhala pafupi ndi malo oloŵera ocheperapo mamita khumi kuti chiletsere.

Zilolezo ndi Kulamulira

Kupempha chilolezo cha ulendo kapena msonkhano sikuli mwachibadwa kwa pulogalamu. Komabe, makonzedwe olola ayenera kupangidwa pang'ono ndipo sayenera kupatsa akuluakulu nzeru kuti atsutse zilolezo zozikidwa pa zimene zili m’mawuwo. Forsyth County v. National Movement [1992] Khoti Lapamwamba linagonjetsa chiwembu chimene chinalola akuluakulu a boma kuwonjezera malipiro ogwirizana ndi mtengo wa oyerekezera otetezera. Khoti linakhulupirira kuti dongosololi limalanga mopanda chiwembu. Malamulo ayenera kuzikidwa pa malamulo a zolinga, monga nthaŵi, njira, ndi ukulu wa gulu la anthu, popanda kusamala uthengawo.

Nyumba za Boma ndi Nyumba Zopanda Nyumba Zachisoti

Si malo onse a boma amene ali otseguka kuti anthu alankhulepo. Nyumba zamilandu, zipinda za asilikali, ndi mabwalo a ndege kaŵirikaŵiri zimalingaliridwa kukhala malo osaimira boma kumene boma lingaletse kulankhula mokulirapo . malinga ngati ziletso ziri zowonana ndi zosalamulira ndi zoyenerera polingalira za chifuno cha malo. Mwachitsanzo, mzinda ungaletse zizindikiro m'nyumba ya bwalo lamilandu kusunga ulemu ndi chisungiko, koma sungathe kulola zizindikiro kuchirikiza kukopa malo a mzindawo pamene ukuletsa zizindikiro zotsutsa nduna.

Malire a Mwalamulo a Kulankhula Mwaufulu: Chimene Sichikutetezeredwa

Ngakhale kuti ufulu wolankhula ndi wofala, mitundu ina ya mawu ofotokoza zinthu siifuna chitetezo chalamulo.

  • Zowopsya zenizeni: Mawu olankhula osonyeza cholinga chowopsa cha kuchitira chiwawa munthu kapena gulu linalake. Makhoti amayang'ana nkhani yonse ndi kaya munthu wolingalira angaone mawuwo kukhala mawu aakulu ofunira kuvulaza.
  • Kusonkhezera kuchita zosayeruzika zoyandikira: Mawu amene amalunjikitsidwa ku kusonkhezera kapena kupanga kachitidwe kosakhala ka lamulo koyandikira ndipo ali othekera kupanga kachitidwe koteroko. Muyezo umenewu, wokhazikitsidwa mu Brandenburg v. Ohio . [1969], amatetezera mawu achiwawa ngati onsewo adalinganizidwa ndipo mwachiwonekere kutulutsa kusayeruzika kwa mwamsanga.
  • Chuma chotchedwa "Obscenity : zinthu zimene zimakopa zikondwerero zokondweretsa, zimasonyeza khalidwe la kugonana mwanjira yonyansa, ndipo alibe chinsinsi cha kulemba, luso, ndale, kapena sayansi (kuyesa ). Maboma angalamulire zinthu zonyansa, koma ayenera kusamala kuti asawayatse mawu otetezedwa.
  • Kubisa: Nthano zonama zonena kuti zikuvulaza mbiri ya munthu wina. Anthu ayenera kusonyeza "njiru yochitidwa" [1] kuti wolankhulayo anadziŵa kuti mawuwo anali onama kapena anachita monyalanyaza choonadi. Anthu aubongo afunikira kusonyeza kusasamala.
  • Mawu olimbikitsa: [[FLT: 1] Mawu olankhula amene mwa mawu ake enieniwo amavulaza kapena kupangitsa kuswa mtendere. Gulu lochepa limeneli, lofotokozedwa mu Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire [1] (1942]), siligwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano chifukwa makhoti amayanja ngakhale kulankhula konyansa.
  • Kulimbana ndi ziwopsezo zowona: [[FLT: 1] Kulimbikira, mawu oikidwiratu amene amapanga malo oipa kapena osonkhezera mantha angaletsedwe pantchito, maphunziro, kapena nyumba zokhala pansi pa malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe.

Nkofunika kudziŵa kuti chidani chokha, popanda kukwera pamlingo wa kusonkhezera, ziwopsezo, kapena kuvutitsa, chidakali chotetezereka mu United States. Zimenezi nzosiyana ndi mademokrase ena ambiri, amene ali ndi ziletso za chidani chachikulu.

Kulingalira Koyenera kwa Kulankhula Mwaufulu

Kudziŵa malamulo ndi chinthu china; kuwagwiritsira ntchito m’mikhalidwe yeniyeni ya dziko kuli kosiyana. Nazi mfundo zothandiza kwa awo amene akufuna kugwiritsira ntchito ufulu wawo wa kulankhula m’sukulu ndi m’malo a anthu onse:

Kwa Ophunzira

  • Ziphunziro zanu: [[FLT :1] madera ambiri ali ndi mabuku a ophunzira ondandalika malamulo a kulankhula, zovala, ndi misonkhano. Chindikirani malamulo ameneŵa musanaloŵetse m'zochitika zolunjika. Lamulo lotsutsana ndi "kutsutsa" nlosadziŵika bwino, koma makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amagonjera kwa akuluakulu a sukulu ngati lamulolo likugwiritsiridwa ntchito mopanda polera.
  • Chilembo chilichonse: Ngati mukhulupirira kuti ufulu wanu wa kulankhula wapotozedwa, sungani zolembedwa za chochitikacho, kuphatikizapo masiku, mboni, ndi kulankhulana kulikonse ndi akuluakulu a sukulu. Chikalata chimenechi nchofunika kwambiri ngati pambuyo pake mufuna kupeza njira yalamulo yopezera chithandizo.
  • Khonsani wamkulu kapena wochirikiza: Kuonana ndi kholo, mphunzitsi, kapena gulu monga ACLU ngati muyang'anizana ndi chilango kaamba ka kulankhula kotetezeredwa. Kuswa ufulu kwa kulankhula kungathetsedwe kukambitsirana kusanakhale kofunikira.

Kwa Ochita Zochita Ndiponso Nzika M’malo Opezeka Anthu Ambiri

  • Kanizani malamulo akumeneko: Asanalinganize chitsutso kapena msonkhano, fufuzani ngati mzinda wanu umafunikira kusonkhana pa ukulu wakutiwakuti, phokoso, kapena madera oikidwa otsutsa. Ngakhale ngati chilolezo sichikufunikira mwalamulo, kupezera munthu angachepetse upandu wa kuloŵerera kwa apolisi.
  • Chisungeni icho kukhala chamtendere: Chiwawa, kuwononga zinthu, kapena kukana kumvera malamulo a apolisi alamulo kumafooketsa kuyenera kwa chitsutso ndipo kungatsogolere ku kumangidwa. Kusamvera kwamtendere kwa boma kungatetezedwe, koma otengapo mbali ayenera kukonzekera kaamba ka chilango cha lamulo.
  • Dziwani zoyenera zanu pochita ndi lamulo: Muli ndi kuyenera kwa kukhala chete ndi kufunsa ngati muli ndi ufulu wa kuchoka. Ngati muli m’ndende, funsani loya. Musakanitse, ngakhale ngati mukhulupirira kuti kumangidwako n’kulakwa. Mungatopetse lamulo la boma pambuyo pake m’khoti. [FLT:] Malamulo a National Lawyster Guild amapereka chuma cha kudziŵa zoyenera zanu [.]

Nkhani Zamakono Zotsutsana

Malamulo a ufulu wa kulankhula akupitirizabe kusintha monga luso la zopangapanga ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Thotsani Chikhalidwe ndi Chilango cha Sukulu

Malo asukulu ambiri amaletsa ndi "kukonda za chikhalidwe cha anthu" adzutsa mafunso okhudza ulamuliro wa masukulu kulangiza ophunzira kuti asiye kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta. Pamene kuli kwakuti [[FLT: 0]] Mahanoy mphamvu yochepa ya sukulu, masukulu ambiri amachotsabe ophunzira pa Intaneti amene oyang'anira amawona kukhala osokoneza kapena ovulaza. Otsutsa amatsutsa mawu oziziritsa maganizo ameneŵa, pamene ochirikiza amachirikiza kuti sukulu ziyenera kulankhulana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti ndi ziwopsezo. Makhoti aang'onowo adakalimbanabe ndi mmene angagwirizanitsirire ndi Mahanoy ku mfundo zenizeni, zotsogolera ku zigamu zotsutsana m'dziko lonselo.

Mikangano ya Kulankhula kwa ku Camps

Makoleji ndi mayunivesite amayang'anizana ndi mavuto ofanana: mmene angalinganizire mawu aufulu ndi zoyesayesa za kupanga malo ozungulira. Maboma ena akhazikitsa malamulo ofuna kuti makoleji a boma atenge chitetezo champhamvu cha kulankhula, kuphatikizapo chilango cha "malo aufulu a kulankhula" amene amaletsa dala kulankhulidwa. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ophunzira akutsutsa olankhula otsutsana ndi "heckler'svetoes" kumene chitsutso chimaletsa wolankhulayo kumvedwa. Faistation for Indicial Rights ndi Dictions (FRE) imatsogolera mwamphamvu nkhani zimenezi ndi ochirikiza maluso a nkhani za kutetezera.

Kulankhula Molakwika Ndiponso Kudana ndi Anthu Olankhula pa Intaneti

Lamulo la malamulo a makompyuta oulutsira nkhani limawonjezeranso mfundo ina. Pamene kuli kwakuti First Amendment imagwira ntchito ku boma, makampani achinsinsi onga Facebook ndi Twitter angapeze zofunikira moyenerera. Komabe, kutsutsana ponena za Chigawo 230 cha Communications Decency Act ndi chitsenderezo cha boma cha kuchotsa malire pakati pa kusadziletsa kwa munthu ndi zochita za boma. M'masukulu a anthu onse, kupezeka kwa ophunzira pa mawebusaiti ena kungasechedwe ndi mapulogalamu a sukulu, kudzutsa mafunso okhudza tsankho pamene zotsa malonda zikulepheretsa kulankhulana ndi zandale koma osati malonda.

Kumaliza: Kulinganiza Ufulu ndi Udindo

Kulankhula kwaufulu m'sukulu ndi m'malo a anthu ndiko mbali yaikulu ya lamulo imene imafuna kulinganiza kosalekeza. Lamulo lachinsinsi limakhalabe la boma / kuphatikizapo sukulu za boma . . Sizingatheke kuti anthu asiye kulankhula chifukwa chakuti sagwirizana ndi uthenga wawo. Komabe, malamulo oyenera amaloledwa kuteteza zofuna za anthu: chitetezo, dongosolo, ndi ufulu wa ena. Pamene anthu akukhala ogwirizana kwambiri ndi olankhula bwino, kuzindikira malire ameneŵa kumakhala kofunika kwambiri. Kaya ndinu wophunzira wolinganiza kutuluka, wochirikiza kulinganiza msonkhano, kapena nzika yochita nawo makani andale, kudziŵa zoyenera zanu ndi malire awo omwe amakupatsani mphamvu kulankhula mogwira mtima ndi moyenerera.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa First Amendment, kumatanthauza Cornell Legal Information Institute ya First Amendment [[FLT: 1]