Chiyambi: Ntchito Yofunika Kwambiri ya Kuzenga Milandu m’Malamulo a Maphunziro

Kumvetsera kwa Congress kumasonyeza imodzi ya njira zochititsa zazikulu zimene boma la United States limafufuza, kulinganiza, ndi kusonkhezera njira zamaphunziro. Makomiti ameneŵa, ochitidwa ndi makomiti onse aŵiri a Nyumba ya Oimira ndi Nyumba ya Nyumba ya Malamulo, ophunzitsa, ofufuza, oyang’anira, ophunzira, ophunzira, ndi magulu a ana asukulu amakumana pamodzi kuti afotokoze nkhani zofunika kwambiri zokhudza sukulu, makoleji, ndi njira zophunzirira moyo wonse wa dzikolo.

Pamene kuli kwakuti makutuwo samakhazikitsa malamulo mwachindunji, amapereka umboni wa maziko, kufufuza kwa anthu, ndi mphamvu za ndale zadziko zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimagamula kuti ndi nkhani ziti zamaphunziro zimene zimakhalapo pa mandandanda alamulo. Kuyambira pa mkangano pa njira zothandizira sukulu kufikira ku makambitsirano amphamvu onena za miyezo ya maphunziro ndi kutetezereka kwa sukulu, kumvetsera kwa mapangano kwakhala koyendetsedwa kwa mbiri yakale kosinthasintha zinthu monga ngati Elementary ndi Secondary Education Act, No Child Lend Behind Act, The Act ya Ophunzira Onse Faced Act, ndi kulembedwanso kwa tsatanetsatane kwa maphunziro Act. Understandingssss ault ya ku ndandanda ya mmene zimenezi zimagwirira ntchito, ndi mmene amatembenuzira umboni ku kachitidwe kachitidwe ka kachitidwe ka ntchito kongali kofunikaka kwa aliyense wofuna kudziŵa kugwirizanitsa ntchito pakati pa boma ndi maphunziro ku America.

Nkhani ino ikupereka kufufuza kokwanira kwa kumvetsera kwa malamulo operekedwa ku maphunziro. Tidzapenda zolinga zawo, ntchito zawo, mbali zazikulu, chisonkhezero cha ukatswiri, ndi ziyambukiro zenizeni za dziko lapansi . Pamene kuli kwakuti mukuwonanso kupereŵera ndi zipambano zaposachedwapa. Kaya ndinu mphunzitsi, wophunzira, katswiri wa za malamulo, kapena nzika yodera nkhaŵa, kudziŵa mmene makutu ameneŵa amagwirira ntchito imakupatsani mphamvu yolimba kwambiri ndi njira ya democracy imene imapanga maphunziro a anthu onse.

Cholinga cha Kuzenga Milandu m’Maphunziro

Malamulo a msonkhano amagwirizana ndi ntchito zambiri m'nthambi ya malamulo. Malamulo okhudza maphunziro amachitidwa ndi Bungwe la Kontele la za Umoyo, Maphunziro, Ntchito, ndi Penssions (HELP) ndi Nyumba Committee on Education and the Work for the Office , limodzi ndi makomiti aang'ono osumika pa ubwana, maphunziro apamwamba, kupita patsogolo kwa ntchito, ndi ufulu wa anthu. Zifuno za m’banja zimaphatikizapo:

  • Active Gather: Opanga malamulo afunikira chidziŵitso chodalirika, chamakono cha mmene maprogramu amaphunziro akugwirira ntchito, kumene kuli mipata, ndi zinthu zatsopano zimene zingathandizire. Kumva kumapereka malo oyenerera opezera umboni kuchokera kwa akatswiri, akuluakulu a bungwe, ndi osungitsa malonda.
  • Kuyang'anira ndi Kuŵerengera: Kupyolera m'kuweruza, Nyumba ya Malamulo imayang'anira kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa malamulo omwe alipo .Monga ngati Awo Okhala ndi Vuto la Maphunziro (IDEA) kapena Umutwe Imapereka ndalama zothandizira mabungwe a boma ndi olandira a boma kukugwirizana ndi cholinga cha lamulo ndi kulipira ndalama za msonkho mogwira mtima.
  • Kukula ndi kukonzanso: Asanayambitse lamulo kapena kukhazikitsa lamulo lomwe lilipo, makomiti kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi mayeso kusanthula zosankha, malingaliro, ndi kusonkhanitsa malingaliro osiyanasiyana. Kutero kumawongolera mkhalidwe wa malamulo olingaliridwa ndi kuzindikiritsa zotulukapo zosayembekezereka.
  • Public Awareness and Education : Kumva kumakopa nkhani zoulutsidwa m'manyuzipepala, kukopa anthu ku mavuto a maphunziro, ndi kuvota ophunzitsa. Kumvetsera kwapoyera kungaumba nkhani za dziko pa nkhani monga ngongole ya ophunzira, chisungiko cha sukulu, kapena kukhoza kukhoza kukoleji.
  • Kuyang'anira Mafuno Ofuna Kuyankha: Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro ya U.S. limodzi ndi mabungwe a boma ndi a kumaloko a maphunziro, nthaŵi zonse amayang'anizana ndi mabungwe a maphunziro ndi akuluakulu ena a boma. Ofufuza maphunziro ayenera kutetezera malamulo awo, kufotokoza kulephera, ndi mapulani olinganiza pansi pa kuyang'aniridwa kwa makamera ndi mamembala.

Mwachidule, makutu a ana si a ku sukulu chabe ayi; koma ndi ofunika kwambiri kuti apeze macheke ndi zipilala zimene zimatsimikizira kuti maphunziro a boma ayamba kugwira ntchito, kuti azikhala osavuta kumva, ndiponso kuti azikhala othandiza.

Mmene Akumva Amathandizira Kuphunzitsa: Kukonza Zinthu ndi Kusonkhezera

Pamene kuli kwakuti anthu kaŵirikaŵiri amangoona umboni wamoyo kapena wa pawailesi, chisonkhezero cha kumvetsera kochitidwa pa kachitidwe ka maphunziro chimatseguka m’zigawo zingapo:

Kukonzekera Koyamba

Antchito a m'komitiyi amafufuza nkhaniyi, amaitana mboni za boma . Nthawi zambiri kuchokera ku makampani osiyanasiyana a boma, mayunivesite, kukambirana za akasinja, ndi anthu okhudzidwa ndi mavuto.

Kumva Iko Iko Iko

Akumva amayamba ndi mawu otsegulira a makomiti, kutsatiridwa ndi umboni uliwonse (kaŵirikaŵiri wolekezera kufika 5-10 mphindi). Ndiyeno mamembala amafunsa mafunso m'mabungwe, nthaŵi zina ndi nthaŵi yochepa. Kusinthana kumeneku kungakhale kogwirizana kapena kotsutsana, kudalira pa nkhani. Mwachitsanzo, makutu onena za kutsegukanso kwa sukulu mkati mwa mliri wa CHOVID [1] anali ndi kusamvana kwakukulu ponena za malamulo a manyawa ndi kupindulitsa kwa kuphunzira.

Zochita Zomvetsera

Pambuyo pa kumvetsera, wailesi ya boma ndi vidiyo imakhala mbali ya mbiri ya anthu. Ogwira ntchito m'Komiti angapereke malipoti a zolembalemba, chidule, kapena ntchito zimene zimadziŵitsa chikalata cholemba. Kuulutsa nkhani za nyuzipepala kumatulutsa mawu ndi mfundo za nyukiliya. Magulu obwereka agwiritsa ntchito umboni kuchirikiza kapena kutsutsa zinthu zina. Pomalizira pake, nzeru ndi chitsenderezo zimene zimayambika mkati mwa mayeso zimawonekera m'makalata a malamulo, ndalama zoikidwiratu, kapena malangizo a akuluakulu a nthambi.

Chiyambukiro Chachikulu ndi Chosalunjika

Kuweruza milandu sikumatulutsa malamulo a mwamsanga, koma kungasinthe malamulo andale zadziko. Mwachitsanzo, kumvetsera machitachita a ku koleji opindulitsa chakumapeto kwa 2000 kunatsogolera ku malamulo atsopano onena za kupeza ntchito; kumvetsera madandaulo a ophunzira owonjezera kusonkhezera kusintha kwa programu ya Public Service Loan Forrence. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, makutu angaphe malingaliro mwa kuvumbula zolakwa zakupha kapena kusagwirizana. Chisonkhezero chosadziŵika pa malingaliro a anthu ndi malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri nchapadera monga momwe chitsiri chotulukapo cha kukhazikitsa malamulo.

Nkhani Zazikulu Zokambidwa m’Nkhani za Maphunziro

M’munsimu tikufotokoza mbali zimene anthu amakangana kwambiri, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti zinthu zimene anthu akhala akuziika patsogolo kwa nthawi yaitali ndiponso mavuto amene akubuka.

Kupereka ndi Kukonza Malo Ochitira Zinthu

Malo a zamaphunziro a Federal .N. Ndi ndalama zochepa kwambiri zowonongera ndalama K-12 (pafupifupi 8%) n’zofunika kwambiri chifukwa chakuti zimayang'anizana ndi ophunzira osauka, maphunziro apadera, ndi kupezeka kwapambuyo pa sekondale. Kumvetsera kumafufuza:

  • Title I ya Elementary and Secondary Education Act: Programu yaikulu ya boma ya sukulu zolandira zotsika. Kumvetsera kumapenda ngati mpambo wa ndandanda uli woyenerera, kaya ngati masukulu amagwiritsa ntchito ndalama mogwira mtima, ndi ngati miyezo ya kudziŵerengera ili yoyenerera.
  • IDEA (Anthu Okhala ndi Chilema Chiletso Act): Congress sanapereke mokwanira gawo la 40% ya boma lolonjezedwa m'lamulo. Kaŵirikaŵiri kumvetsera kumasonyeza mpata wa ndalama ndi chiyambukiro chake pa ophunzira okhala ndi kupunduka ndi bajeti ya sukulu yakumaloko.
  • Grants ndi Aid ya Ophunzira Financial: Ndi mitengo yokwera ya koleji, kumvetsera Pell Grant ads, malamulo a kugonjeredwa, ndi kutsekerezedwa kwa Free Application for Federal Studie Aid (FAFRA).
  • Ziphunzitso: Nyumba zasukulu zomakwera, mtovu m’madzi akumwa, ndi kusoŵa kwa mpweya zinawunikira pamene milili imva, kutsogolera ku kuwonjezereka kwa ndalama pansi pa American Resource Plan ndi bipartis.

Mboni zopereka ndalama zomvedwa zimaphatikizapo Mlembi wa Maphunziro wa United States, akuluakulu a boma, mamembala a sukulu, ndi openda za malamulo a zachuma.

Chisungiko cha Sukulu ndi Chisungiko

Kuyambira pamene sukulu yapamwamba ya Columbine inaphulitsidwa mu 1999, makomiti a ku Colmbine pa nkhani ya kutetezeka kwa sukulu akhala obwerezabwereza ndiponso ochititsa chidwi.

  • Kulowa kwa mfuti ndi kumbuyo kwake kumafufuza malamulo
  • Kusukulu kumachitika mautumiki a zamaganizo
  • Malo otetezera (makilofoni a m’nyumba, makamera, magulu ofufuza zinthu zoopseza)
  • Maprogramu a ofisala a sukulu ndi kukhala ndi apolisi
  • Kuteteza ana kumathandiza kwambiri ana a sukulu, makamaka magulu a anthu otsika

Apolisi a boma, akatswiri a zaumoyo, ndiponso ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu, omwe amagawidwa pa malamulo a boma oletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mfuti, apolisi apereka ndalama zothandizira kuteteza sukulu, maphunziro ofufuza za kuopsa, ndiponso malangizo a boma pankhani ya kuopsa kwa zinthu.

Miyezo ya Maphunziro ndi Kuyesa

Kutsutsana pa zimene ophunzira ayenera kuphunzira ndi mmene ayenera kuwaonera ndiko magwero osatha a kuyang’anira kwa msonkhano.

  • Miyezo ya Boma: Pambuyo pa kufalikira kwawo kulera ana, makutu anapenda ochenjeredwa ndi boma, kukwaniritsa zitokoso, ndi mbali ya Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro m'kupititsa miyezo.
  • Kuyesa koluluzika: [[FLT :1] Malamulo a Mwana Opanda Malensi Opimira lamulo anatsogolera ku kumvetsera pa mtolo woyesera, zophophonya zonyenga, ndi kuchepetsa maphunziro. The Students Foundations Act (2015) inabweza malamulo ena oyesera monga chotulukapo.
  • Acts Education and American History: Akumva zimene ophunzira aphunzira ponena za kukhazikitsidwa kwa dziko, fuko, ndi unzika zakhala ndi mlandu wa ndale zadziko, makamaka m'nkhani za “nthanthi yotsutsa fuko” ndi“ malingaliro otsutsa” lamulo.
  • Digital Learning and Technology: Kusintha kuphunzira kwakutali panthaŵi ya CHOVAD-19 kunachititsa kumva pa ndandanda ya manambala, kupezeka kwa zipangizo, kulumikizana kwa magetsi, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malangizo a pa Intaneti.

Kumva kwa bungwe la zamaphunziro kaŵirikaŵiri kumasonyeza ofufuza maphunziro, aphunzitsi, mamembala a bungwe la sukulu, ndi magulu auphunzitsi a mbali zonse ziŵiri za ndale zadziko. Zotsatira zake zingasonkhezere boma kuika zinthu zofunika patsogolo, monga ngati American History and Civips Education.

Kupeza Maphunziro Apamwamba ndi Kulota

Kukwera kwa mitengo ya koleji ndi mavuto a ngongole za ophunzira zakhala zikulamulira kumvetsera maphunziro apamwamba kwa zaka makumi aŵiri zapitazo.

  • College Affordibility : Kufufuza kuwonjezeka kwa kumvetsera, kutha kwa boma, makompyuta a ukonde, ndi ntchito ya makoleji opindulitsa.
  • [[NT.0] Programu za Kumva zamva zamva umboni wonena za kubwereka ndalama, kulephera kukonza, ndi kuchuluka kwa zolinganiza za ndalama zolipirira. Chivomerezo chapamwamba cha programu ya kukhululukira chinayambitsa kuyang'anira kochulukira.
  • Kuvomerezedwa: Ntchito ya mabungwe opezera ntchito kutsimikizira mkhalidwe [“ndi kulephera kwawo kuchititsa mabungwe kuŵerengera, zafufuzidwa, kutsogolera ku zifuno za kusintha.
  • Zosankha ndi Tsankho: Kuweruza za kuvomereza (pasadakhale chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu 2023), zokonda zapambuyo, ndi malamulo a ophunzira apadziko lonse amakopa chidwi chachikulu.

Kawirikawiri milandu imeneyi imaphatikizapo omaliza maphunziro a ngongole, mapresidenti a yunivesite, akatswiri azachuma, ndi akuluakulu a bungwe la Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. Malamulo amene achitikawo amaphatikizapo mfundo monga College Afford Table Act, Ophunzira Loan Transparency Act, ndi maulamuliro a akulu otsekereza ngongole.

Kusankhana ndi Kukonderana

Nkhani za m’mabanjawa zikukhudza kwambiri kusiyana kwa mitundu, mtundu, kugonana, kupunduka, ndiponso nkhani zachuma.

  • [[FLT: 0] Title IX Emplicement : Kumva kupenda mmene sukulu zimasamalirira kuvutitsidwa kwa kugonana, kugwiriridwa, ndi maseŵera oyendera limodzi. Kusintha ku Malamulo a IX ndi Dipatimenti ya Education imakambitsirana kaŵirikaŵiri.
  • Nkhani zachifatse: [[FLT :1] monga kugaŵikana kwa sukulu, kusiyanitsa chuma, kulabadira mwambo, ndi ziyambukiro za malamulo a chilango pa ophunzira a mitundu zikubwerezabwereza. Kufufuzanso ntchito ya boma m'kuchirikiza makoleji ndi mayunivesite a m'zati (HBCUS), makoleji a mafuko, ndi zipinda zongopeka.
  • LBTQ+ Ophunzira: Kumva za kuyenera kwa ophunzira osinthasintha, makamaka ponena za kutenga mbali mpikisano ndi kupezeka m’chipinda chosambira, kwakhala kopikisana. Mboni zimaphatikizapo ophunzira, magulu a ufulu wachibadwidwe, ndi akatswiri a zamalamulo.
  • Maphunziro apadera: Kuposa pa ndalama, makutu amapenda kugwirizana ndi IEP, mautumiki a kusintha kwa ophunzira olumala, ndi machitachita ophatikizapo.

Kumva bwino makutu kaŵirikaŵiri kumatsogolera ku malamulo a akuluakulu, kusintha kwa malamulo, ndi kupereka ndalama, ngakhale pamene malamulo a boma aletsa.

Mbali ya Umboni Waluso

Mboni zaluso ndizo maziko a kumvetsera kothandiza kwa mabungwe. Umboni wawo umapereka opanga malamulo zinthu zotsimikizirika, zofufuza, ndi malingaliro enieni a dziko amene otsungulawo satha kuwapatsa. Akatswiri apadera amaphatikizapo:

  • Ofufuza a 'Academic: Aprofesa a ku mayunivesite onga Harvard, Stanford, kapena Yunivesite ya Texas amachitira umboni za kufufuza kwanthaŵi yaitali, zofufuzira zopimira zoikizira, ndi machitachita a umboni.
  • Ganizirani Analysts: Mabungwe onga Brookings Institution, American Enterprise Institute, Center on Bactal and Policy Principles, ndi RAND Corporation imapereka ziyeso ndi zivomerezo.
  • Ofufuza: oyang'anira Sukulu, atsogoleri, mapresidenti a koleji, ndi otsogolera za ndalama akukambitsirana za kukwaniritsa zitokoso ndi zothetsera zogwira ntchito.
  • Magulu a Umbatu: Magulu onga National Education Association, American Federation of Teachers, School Superintentens Association, ndi ACLU akuchitira umboni za zigawo zawo.
  • Ophunzira ndi Makolo: Umboni woyamba umachititsa malingaliro ndi kupanga makambitsirano a malamulo opeka. Opanga malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amagogomezera mawu ameneŵa m'kusindikiza zotulutsidwa ndi zolankhula zapansi.

Munthu wotchuka amene analemba nkhani yokhudza kumvetsera, angamvetsenso mfundo ya wopanga malamulo, pamene umboni wosakonzeka bwino angasokoneze chikhulupiriro cha komiti pa mfundo inayake.

Kuyambukira Kuzenga Milandu kwa Mabungwe pa Lamulo la Maphunziro: Kufufuza za Mayeso

Kuti timvetse mmene makutu amakhudzira anthu, talingalirani zitsanzo zophiphiritsira izi:

Palibe Mwana Wotsala Kumbuyo (2001)

Kuweruza kwa m'ma 1990 ndi kumayambiriro kwa 2000 kunavumbula kusiyana kwakukulu m'kukwaniritsa kwa ophunzira ndi kulephera kwa ndalama za boma. Umboni wa maphunziro onga Robert Slavin ndi oimira magulu a ufulu wachibadwidwe unasonkhezera opanga malamulo kuphatikizapo kupima kwa chaka ndi chaka ndi kuchotsamo zolemba. Lamulo la NCLB, pamene kuli kwakuti linatsutsa mwachindunji, linapereka malingaliro otsutsana m’zipinda zolankhulira.

Vuto la Wophunzira Loan (2000s - 2020)

Pa nthawi ina, mayeso a bungwe la Consumer Financial Protection Bureau anavumbula kuti anthu ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zimene anawapatsa powasamalira, kuwapatsa ndalama zolipirira ngongole, ndiponso kukambirana za ndalama zimene angabwezere ngongole zambiri.

COVID-19 Pandemic Response (20-2021)

M’mliriwu, makomiti a maphunziro anachita kutsekedwa kwa mwamsanga pasukulu, maphunziro akutali, ndi ngozi za thanzi la kutsegulidwanso. Mboni za ku CDC, madipatimenti a zaumoyo akumaloko, ndi maukwati a aphunzitsi anapereka chidziŵitso chimene chinasonkhezera kugaŵiridwa kwa mabiliyoni m'ndalama zamwadzidzidzi (CRSA, American Rereplation Plan). Mayeso anawonjezeranso malangizo a boma pa ma CDC, makampani a zaubongo a maphunziro a anthu otchuka.

Kutetezeka ku Sukulu Uvalde (2022)

Ngakhale kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo sinapereke malamulo atsopano a mfuti, milandu inawonjezera ndalama zothandizira pa sukulu ya zachitetezo ya chipatala cha yunivesite ya SCF, ndiponso kuwonjezeka kwa bungwe la STIMASC, linapereka chilolezo chimenechi.

Zolephera ndi Kusuliza Kumva Maphunziro

Ngakhale kuti makutu ali amphamvu, sali mankhwala. osuliza amaloza ku zifooko zingapo:

  • Parisan Theater: [[FLT :1] Kumva kwa wilo-yapamwamba kungawonjezeke kukhala kuima kwapamwamba kapena kutsendereza, ndi ziŵalo zogwiritsira ntchito nthaŵi kupanga nkhani mmalo mwa kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso.
  • Mboni zowonedwa ziwotcha: Gulu la mphamvu liyang'anira mapepala akumva [1] malingaliro osavomerezedwa kapena umboni wosakondweretsa ungachotsedwe, kujambula.
  • [[ML:0] Mipata yopimira: Ngakhale pamene mayeso atulutsa mfundo zotsimikizirika, nkhondo za malamulo zotsatirapo kapena kusapereka ndalama zingaletse ntchito.
  • Chidziŵitso chochuluka: ndi makutu mazana ambiri pachaka, opanga malamulo sangalandire umboni wa akatswiri, ndipo malipoti a komiti angatunge fumbi.
  • Throught- shong Focus: Kumva kaŵirikaŵiri kuyankha pamavuto aposachedwapa (m., kuwombera kwa pasukulu, kusokonezeka kwa miliri) m’malo mwa kusamalira nkhani za dongosolo losatha monga ndalama zasukulu zosasintha.

Kuzindikira kuti pali zinthu zina zimene sangathe kuchita kumathandiza anthu amene akuyesetsa kuti apeze ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito yawo ndiponso kuti azichita zinthu mogwirizana monga kukhazikitsa malamulo, kuyendetsa maulamuliro, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma.

Kumaliza: Kufunika Kosatha kwa Kuzenga milandu kwa Mabungwe

Malamulo a Congress adakali maziko a ulamuliro wa democracy pa zamaphunziro. Amakakamiza kuwonana, kubweretsa mawu aluso ndi a anthu onse m'dongosolo la malamulo, ndi kupanga mbiri ya anthu imene imachititsa kuti zonse ziŵiri boma ndi mabungwe a anthu adziwone. Kuyambira pa mkangano woyambirira wa nkhondo yachikatikati yonena za maphunziro a sayansi pambuyo pa Seputnik mpaka nkhondo za ngongole za ophunzira ndi zolembedwa m’masukulu, makutu asintha mosasintha njira ya maphunziro a ku America.

Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, kuzindikira mmene ntchito ya akumva imachotsera njira yopangira malamulo a boma ndi kuvumbula mipata ya kutomerana. Kupezekapo, kupereka umboni wolembedwa, kukumana ndi antchito a komiti, kapena kungoonerera mayeredwe a pa Intaneti kungayambitse kuŵerenga ndi kusonkhezera anthu onse. Pamene kuli kwakuti palibe munthu mmodzi amene amamva amene amasintha dziko, kuchuluka kwa mafunso ameneŵa, kuchuluka kwa magawo awo, mboni zawo, chidziŵitso chawo, ndi kulembedwa kwawo nyuzipepala kumachititsa kuti ayambe kutsatira mfundo zabwino.

Monga momwe njira ya maphunziro ya ku United States imayang'anizana ndi mavuto opitirizabe , kusintha kwa nzeru m’makalasi, kusintha kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu, ndi kusalingana kwa nthaŵi zonse . Kumva kwachibadwa kudzapitirizabe kukhala maziko a mkangano ndi chosankha. Kuzindikira nyonga zawo ndi zophophonya kumatheketsa tonsefe kukhala ndi phande mwanzeru kwambiri m’kuyesayesa kopitirizabe kuwongolera maphunziro a mwana aliyense ndi wachikulire.

[[ML:0] Ziŵiya:[[Mboni:1]