Kumvetsetsa Zofunika Zosalekeza m’Mzinda wa Mpandu Ukupitiriza

Ma Warrant amatumikira monga maziko a njira zaupandu m'makhoti a boma, kulinganiza kufunikira kwa boma kupenda za upandu motsutsana ndi ufulu wa lamulo wa munthu wina wa kumasuka ku kusanthula kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri. Chikalata ndicho lamulo lovomereza lamulo la lamulo kuchitapo kanthu. Chonga ngati kuloŵa m'nyumba, kutenga umboni, kapena kumanga, kapena kumangidwa chifukwa cha kuonetsera chifukwa chomveka. Kulephera kutsatira malamulo kungasokoneze umboni, kufooketsa mpandu, kapena kutsogolera ku mlandu wa apolisi. Wotsogolerayu akuyendera m'masitepe aumboni ofunika kwambiri a boma, ndi miyezo ya boma, ndi lunthantha la oteteza milandu, oweruza milandu, oweruza, ndi aliyense woweruza milandu.

Kodi Wosachedwa Nchiyani?

Chikalata ndi lamulo lolembedwa ndi woweruza kapena woweruza wosaloŵerera ndi wosasankha limene limapatsa lamulo mphamvu yochita chinthu chimene chingaswe kuyembekezera kwa munthu kukhala yekha kapena ufulu. Maziko a lamulo a malamulo a ku Demendment yachinayi mpaka ku U.S., amene amateteza ku kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kugwidwa. Malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka chitetezo chofanana kapena chokulirapo. Kuti chikhale chovomerezeka, chiyenera kuperekedwa pazifukwa zitatu: chiyenera kuperekedwa ndi choyenera, kudalira pa kulumbira kapena kuvomereza, ndipo makamaka kufotokoza malo oti afufuzidwe kapena kugwidwa.

Malamulo sangokhala chabe. Amatumikira monga kuyang'anira ulamuliro, kutsimikizira kuti oweruza apende mfundo boma lisanaloŵe m’nyumba ya munthu, m'mapepala, kapena ziyambukiro. M'malamulo a boma, lamulolo limalamulidwa ndi malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a bwalo lamilandu, zimene zingasiyane ndi ulamuliro koma kaŵirikaŵiri mogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma.

Mfundo 1: Muzidziwa Zimene Zingakuthandizeni

Chochititsa choyenera ndicho muyezo walamulo umene umalungamitsa kulungamitsa kwa chilolezo. Chimakhalapo pamene kukwanira kwa mikhalidwe yodziŵika kwa osungitsa lamulo kukachititsa munthu wolingalira kukhulupirira kuti upandu wachitika, ukuchitidwa, kapena uli pafupi kuchitidwa, kapena kuti umboni wa upandu ulipo pamalo akutiakuti. Chochititsa choyenera chimafuna zambiri kuposa kukayikira kopanda umboni wotsimikizirika.

Kuti adziŵe chimene chingayambitse zimenezi, akuluakulu a boma amasonkhanitsa umboni kuchokera m’malo osiyanasiyana:

  • Kufufuza: Ofesi imene imawona ntchito yosaloledwa mosabisa [1] monga malonda a mankhwala ogodomalitsa m'paki ya onse /ingagwiritsire ntchito chidziŵitso chaumwini chimenecho kuchirikiza chikalata.
  • Mfundo zosintha: Chidziŵitso kuchokera kwa odziŵitsa achinsinsi kapena nzika chikhoza kugwiritsiridwa ntchito, koma chiyenera kutsimikiziridwa kutsimikizira kudalirika. Makhoti amatsimikizira kuti wodziŵitsayo ndi wowona, maziko a chidziŵitso, ndi ukulu wa kutsimikizira kwake polisi.
  • [[ML:0] Umboni wa kuthambo: Zinthu zonga zidindo za mkono, DNA, kapena kuyang’aniridwa kwa munthu wonyumwiridwayo ndi upandu.
  • Ndemanga za Mboni: Ndemanga zochokera kwa mikhole kapena mboni zimene zimapereka tsatanetsatane wotsimikizirika wa zochita zaupandu.

Chitsanzo cha Nkhani: Kusintha kwa Informant

Mu Zipata . Zipata , 462 U.S. 213 (193), Khoti Lalikulu la United States linasankha "kuchuluka kwa mikhalidwe" kuyesa kuyang'anira mfundo zodziŵitsa. Kusintha kumeneku kumachititsa woweruza kulingalira mfundo zonse, kuphatikizapo zolembedwa za wodziŵitsa ndi tsatanetsatane woperekedwa, kuti aone ngati kuli chochititsa chake. Makhoti ambiri a boma atsatira dongosolo limeneli.

Sitepe 2: Konzekerani Kachipangizo Kosangalatsa

Atangozindikira chifukwa chake, wapolisiyo ayenera kuchepetsa kulemba mu affidavit . mawu olumbira opangidwa pansi pa lumbiro kapena chilango cha kuweruza. Affidavit ndilo maziko a kugwiritsa ntchito kwa chilolezo; imauza woweruza zimene bwanayo akudziŵa ndi chifukwa chake amalungamitsa kuloŵererako. Affidavit ayenera kukhala ndi mfundo zenizeni zokwanira kwa woweruza wosaloŵerera kuti asankhe payekha kuti chochititsa chilipo. Kungobwereza chabe mfundo ("ndikhulupirira kuti mankhwalawo alipo" n’kosakwanira.

Mbali zazikulu za affidavit zovomerezedwa ndizo:

  • Kuzindikiritsa affiane: Dzina la woyang'anira, udindo, ndi dipatimenti.
  • Akufotokoza za malowo: Akeyala kapena mafotokozedwe a malo ofufuzidwa, kuphatikizapo galimoto kapena zotengera zilizonse pa malopo ngati ziloledwa.
  • Kulongosola kwa zinthu zimene ziyenera kutengedwa: Mndandanda wa maumboni ofunafuna (m., zinthu zokhala ndi zokhala ndi zida, mfuti, zikalata).
  • Zolembedwa zimene zimakhazikitsa chochititsa chothekera: A nkhani ya zonena, mawu, kapena umboni wochirikiza chilolezo.
  • Nthaŵi: [[FLT :1] pamene zinthu zinachitika, chifukwa chakuti chidziŵitso chakale sichingachirikize chochititsa.

Anapanga Kulongosoka ndi "Chikhulupiriro Chabwino" Chosiidwa

Maofesala ayenera kukhala owona ndi olondola m'malangizo awo. Modziŵa kapena mosadziŵa kutchula mawu onama angapereke chilolezocho kukhala chopanda pake ndipo angatsogolere ku kutsendereza umboni pansi pa Firank v. Delaware [1], 438 U.U.S. 154 [1978] ). Komabe, ngati apolisi akhulupirira kuti affidavit ali wolondola, ngakhale ngati ali ndi chophophophonya chadala [1] Umboni ungakhalebe wopezeka pansi pa "chikhulupiriro chabwino" chokhazikitsidwa mu United States. Leon . v , 468]. U.U. 88 (19984) Mabaibulo ambiri amatsatira, ngakhale kuti pali mabaibulo ena osiyana.

Sitepe 3: Tsatirani Woweruza Kapena Wodziŵa za Malungo kwa Woweruza

Mkulu wa ofesalayo apereka chilolezo kwa woweruza kapena wa majaji . "Moyenerera, mkulu wa zamalamulo amene saloŵererapo akufufuza ngati pali chifukwa chimene chachititsa. Kupendako ndi mbali ina, kutanthauza kuti munthu amene wauzidwayo alibe mpata wotsutsa chilolezocho panthaŵi ino. Woweruzayo angafunse bwanayo mafunso kapena kupempha chidziŵitso chowonjezereka. Ngati wakhutira, woweruzayo amalemba chilolezocho, mwakutero akuloleza kufunafuna kapena kumangidwa.

Nthaŵi Yokwanira ndi Mikhalidwe Yoipa

Mapempho operekedwa nthaŵi zonse m'maola a khoti kapena kudzera m'dongosolo la majaji otchuka. M'mayiko ena, kugonjera pa magetsi kudzera ku fax kapena intayi kumaloledwa. Ngati pali kufunika kwa mwamsanga kuchitapo kanthu . Ngati pali kuopsa kwa kuwonongeka kwa umboni kapena ngozi ku moyo . Ofisala angapitirize popanda chilolezo cha "mikhalidwe yosagwirizana ndi . Komabe, pambuyo pa kupenda kwachipangano chachiweruzo kumagwira ntchito, ndipo boma limakhala ndi mtolo wotsimikizira za ngoziyo.

Sitepe 4: Lekani Malonda

Kuperekedwa kwa lamulolo kuyenera kugwirizana ndi miyezo yalamulo ndi zofunika zilizonse zoikidwiratu ndi lamulo la boma. Lamulo lachisawawa nlakuti apolisi ayenera kugogoda ndi kulengeza kukhalapo kwawo ndi chifuno asanaloŵe m'nyumba. Lamulo limeneli limalola anthu kugonjera mwaufulu ndi kuchepetsa kuthekera kwa kulimbana kwachiwawa. Komabe, Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. mu . Michigan . , 547 U.S 586 (2006), limakhulupirira kuti kutsendereza sikufunikira kugoma ndi kuswa kwachiwawa, ngakhale kuti zina zinenero zingapereke mankhwala okhwima.

Kufufuzako

Oyang'anira angafufuze kokha malo olongosoledwa m'kalata ndi kutenga zinthu zondandalikidwa. Ngati apeza umboni wa upandu wina mosabisa, angaupeze pansi pa chiphunzitso chooneka. Koma iwo sangafutukule kufunafunako kuposa mawu a chilolezo popanda chilungamitso china. Mwachitsanzo, chikalata chofunsira garaji kaamba ka maelefoni obadwa sichimavomereza wozemba kupyola m’madirowa a m’chipinda chogona kusiyapo ngati wofufuzayo akuchirikiza kufunafuna maderawo.

Nthaŵi Imachepa Ndiponso Ndimabwereranso Kutumikira

Ma Warrant ali ovomerezedwa kwa masiku angapo. Nthaŵi zambiri masiku 10 mpaka 14 atatha kuphedwa, wapolisiyo ayenera kulemba "kubwerera kwa utumiki" ndi khoti, kundandalika zimene analanda. Kubwerera kumeneku kumakhala mbali ya khoti. Kulephera kubweza chikalatacho sikungathetse kugwidwa koma kungakhudze kugonjera kwa munthu.

Kusamalira Mwalamulo Kofunika

Zofunika Kutchula Mwatsatanetsatane

Chikalata chiyenera kulongosola mwapadera malo amene adzafufuzidwa ndi zinthu zoti zikwaniritsidwe. Zilolezo zotakata kwambiri . Nthaŵi zina zimatchedwa "zilolezo za Ufulu Wachinayi" ndi chilolezo choletsa kufunafuna "umboni uliwonse wa upandu" n’chosathandiza chifukwa chakuti umapatsa apolisi nzeru yosalamulirika. M’malo mwake, chilolezocho chiyenera kutchula magulu osiyanasiyana, monga "khokhane, miyeso, zomata, ndi zolembera za ndalama zogwirizana ndi malonda a mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Oyembekezera Kubwera

Chilolezo choyembekezera ndicho chimene chimagwira ntchito kokha pa chochitika chamtsogolo . Mwachitsanzo, "pamene phukusi lokhala ndi mankhwala oletsedwa liperekedwa kunyumba. Makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amachirikiza mapangano oterowo ngati chochitika chodzutsa chidzachitikadi ndipo bwanamkubwayo asonyeza chochititsa chothekera kuti umboni udzapezedwa panthaŵiyo. Malamulo a boma amasiyana pa mmene mkhalidwe woyambitsawo uyenera kufotokozedwera.

Kufufuza Kopanda Malire: Zofala

Ngakhale kuti pali chilolezo champhamvu, makhoti amavomereza kuti pali malamulo angapo oletsa kufufuza popanda chilolezo:

  • Chochitika chofufuza kuti agwire: Apolisi angafufuze munthu womangidwa mwalamulo ndi malo amene angalamulire mwamsanga kutsimikizira chisungiko ndi kuletsa kuwonongedwa kwa umboni.
  • Commony: Ngati munthu avomereza modzifunira kufunafuna, palibe chilolezo chofunikira.
  • Malingaliro opotoka: apolisi angapeze umboni wowonekera bwino ngati iwo alipo movomerezedwa.
  • Kusintha kwa galimoto kodziyendera: Ngati pali chifukwa chothekera kukhulupiririra kuti galimoto ili ndi kudula, ikhoza kufufuzidwa popanda chilolezo chifukwa cha kuyenda kwake.
  • Mikhalidwe yosatsimikizirika: zachangu monga kulondola kofulumira kapena ngozi ya mwamsanga ikhoza kulungamitsa kuloŵa popanda chilolezo.

M’makhoti, maloya ambiri amanena kuti palibe amene angapereke umboni wokwanira woti palibe amene angapereke umboni wosonyeza kuti munthuyo sanaugwiritse ntchito.

Zotsatira za Opalamula Nkhondo Kapena Kupha Anthu

Mankhwala oyambirira a kuswa lamulo ndi lamulo loletsa kuphwanya lamulo, limene limaletsa boma kugwiritsira ntchito umboni wopezeka chifukwa cha kufunafuna kosakhala kwa lamulo kapena kulanda. Lamulo limeneli limagwira ntchito pa nkhani za boma kudzera pa 14neth Amendment. Komabe, kusiyapo lamulo la "chikhulupiriro chabwino" ndi kutulukira kosapeŵeka zingalole umboni kuvomerezedwa. Uphungu wa otetezera uyenera kupenda mosamalitsa kuyang'ana kuchotsa zinthu kapena kulephera kulongosola zinthu, chilolezo chachindunji, ndi njira yophera. Kugwetsa kwachipambano cha kutsendereza mlandu.

Kusintha kwa Boma

Pamene kuli kwakuti miyezo yalamulo ya boma imayala pansi, maboma ambiri amapereka chitetezo chachikulu. Mwachitsanzo, maboma ena amafuna muyezo wokhwima kwambiri wopezera chidziŵitso, kapena sazindikira "chikhulupiriro chabwino" pa zifuno zolakwika. Malamulo a boma angaperekenso njira zowonjezereka, monga ngati kufuna chilolezo cha mapepala onse m’nyumba (kutsegulidwa kovomerezedwa) kapena kufuna kuti kusanthulako kulembedwe ndi kamera. Ofufuza ayenera kukhala ozoloŵerana ndi malamulo awoawo.

Malangizo Othandiza Oteteza Maseŵero a Zidole

  • funsani chilolezo ndi affidavit kuchiyambiyambi. Pamene nkhani iphatikizapo kufunafuna, konzani njira yopezera chilolezo ndi zipangizo zochirikiza. Funani masamba osoŵa, zikalata zosakwanira, kapena nkhani za deti.
  • . Ngati chidziŵitso m'kampasiyo chakhala ndi milungu kapena miyezi, amatsutsa kuti chochititsa chikhoza kutha.
  • Kufufuza maphunziro ndi chidziŵitso cha wapolisi. Kawirikawiri Affidavit amadalira pa ukatswiri wa bwana kuti afotokoze umboni; ngati wapolisiyo alibe maphunziro apadera, zomaliza zake zingakhale zokayikitsa.
  • Kutsimikizira kupha tsatanetsatane. Kupeza malipoti a apolisi, kamera, ndi maumboni kuwona ngati lamulo lotsegulira ndi la kutsata linatsatiridwa, kaya ngati kufunafunako kunaposa chilolezocho, ndi kaya ngati zinthu zinazo zinatengedwa kunja kwa ndandanda.

Malangizo Othandiza pa Kutsatira Malamulo

  • Chilembo chilichonse. Chongani mfundo zonse zolembedwa, mfundo zodziŵitsa, ndi masitepe ogwirizana.
  • Pezani woyang'anira kapena wopereka chilolezo walamulo kuti mupende za pepala la magetsi. Maso achiŵiri angagwire zosiyidwa kapena kusakwanira.
  • Kutsatira njira za boma zachindunji. Maiko ena amafuna zilolezo kuti ziperekedwe mkati mwa nyengo yakutiyakuti ndi m’maola akutiakuti; pendani malamulo a kumaloko.
  • Musadalire pa chizoloŵezi. Ngakhale ngati woweruza wavomereza ma affidavit ofanana ndi akale, chikalata chilichonse chiyenera kulungamitsidwa pachabe.

Kumaliza

Ziyeneretso zomveka m'malamulo zimasonyeza kulinganiza kosamalitsa pakati pa kutetezereka kwa anthu ndi kubisa munthu aliyense payekha. Kuchokera pa kukhazikitsa chifukwa choyenera kugwiritsa ntchito lamulolo mololedwa, sitepe lililonse limakhala ndi chilango cha lamulo chimene chingatsimikizire zotsatira za mlandu. Maloya oteteza, kumvetsetsa zofunika zimenezi n’kofunika kwambiri kuti ateteze ufulu wa makasitomala. Kutsatira malamulo mosamala, kumalimbitsa kukhulupirika kwa maumboni ndi kuchepetsa ngozi ya kutsenderezedwa. Pamene makhoti a boma akupitirizabe kumasulira miyezo yonse ya boma ndi ya boma, kupitirizabe kudziŵa zimene zikuchitika pofufuza ndi kulanda malamulo nkofunika kwa onse otenga mbali m'dongosolo lachilungamo.

Kuti muŵerengenso, fufuzani National Institute of Justice of National Center for State Courts . Kuphatikizapo, , .ABA Criminal Justice Servement Secrects on Search ndi Seziture] Aucial Stuberture ndi mabuku a ziwitso za boma omwe alipo kudzera ku National Center for State Courts. Malamulo apamwamba pa nkhani za Konsolime . [[FLT]