Kupenda za Chilungamo cha Apandu

Dongosolo la chiweruzo la milandu ndi madongosolo a zigaŵenga olinganizidwa kuchirikiza ulamuliro wa anthu, kuletsa upandu, ndi kuvomereza awo oswa malamulo. Imagwira ntchito pa lamulo lakuti anthu oimbidwa mlandu amalingaliridwa kukhala opanda liwongo kufikira atapezedwa ndi liwongo, ndipo imalinganiza kufunika kwa chisungiko cha anthu ndi chitetezo cha ufulu wa munthu. Dongosololi si gulu limodzi koma gulu la mabungwe ndi madongosolo amene amagwira ntchito pamodzi kukhazikitsa malamulo, milandu yophwanya malamulo, ndi kupereka zilango. Kuzindikira mmene malamulo amagwiritsidwira ntchito m’nkhani zaupandu kumapereka nzeru zofunika m’kuyendetsa kwa anthu achilungamo ndi adongosolo.

Chilungamo cha apandu chimatumikira ntchito zazikulu zingapo: chimamasulira khalidwe loletsedwa mwa lamulo lachifwamba lokhala ndi mlandu, limakhazikitsa njira zofufuzira ndi kuweruza milandu, ndi kupereka maziko a kulanga kapena kubwezera olakwa. Dongosolo limamangidwa pa zitsimikizo za lamulo, kuphatikizapo Demendment Yachinayi yotetezera ku kufunafuna kosalingalira ndi kugwidwa ndi njiwa, Demendment ya Findth Reconstment yolimbana ndi kudzipatula, Six Amendment ya ku kufulumira ndi kuzenga mlandu wapo ndi wapoyera, ndi kuletsa kwa Sethh Amendment la chilango ndi chankhanza. Zitetezero zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa malamulo kumakhala kolungama ndi kosasintha.

Zigawo Zitatu Zofunika za Chiweruzo Cholungama cha Apandu

Chigamulo cha milandu chimagawidwa kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala mbali zitatu zogwirizana: lamulo losungitsa , jaji , ndi kulungamitsa [1]. Chigawo chilichonse chili ndi maudindo osiyanasiyana, koma chiyenera kugwira ntchito mogwirizana kuti chikwaniritse chilungamo. Kusweka kwa malo alionse kungafooketse kudalira anthu ndi kuyendetsa bwino dongosolo lonse.

Kukakamiza Lamulo

Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo amaphatikizapo madipatimenti a apolisi a kumaloko, ma ofesi a boma, apolisi a boma, ndi mabungwe a boma monga Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) ndi Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). Mabungwe ameneŵa ndiwo malo oyamba olankhulirana ndi apandu. Ntchito zawo zazikulu zimaphatikizapo kuyankha malipoti a upandu, kuchititsa kufufuza koyambirira, kusonkhanitsa umboni, kufunsa mboni ndi kukayikira, ndi kumanga. Malamulo ayenera kugwira ntchito m'malamulo mkati mwa malamulo okhwima kapena kufunafuna zikalata, ndipo ayenera kulemekeza ufulu wa anthu panthaŵi ya kufunsa mafunso (Maira ndi machenjezo).

Apolisi a boma amakonza njira zothetsera umbanda kuti anthu azikhulupirirana ndiponso kuchepetsa umbanda chifukwa cha kukhazikitsana kwa anthu.

M’gulu la Oimba

Makhoti amamasulira malamulo, amatsimikizira kuti umboni ndi wosadalirika, amayang’anira milandu, ndiponso amalamula milandu.

  • Maonekedwe a kuinitial : [[FLT :1] Wonyumwiridwa amaperekedwa kwa woweruza, kuuzidwa za milandu, kupatsidwa uphungu wa zoyenera zawo, ndi kupatsidwa mwaŵi wa kuŵerengera belo.
  • Kumva Koyamba kapena Grand Jury: Woweruza kapena kupenda umboni waukulu wa ajuli kutsimikizira kaya kaya chochititsa chothekera chikhaleko kupitiriza ndi milandu yamwambo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Umboni: Woimbidwa mlandu amaŵerenga mwalamulo milandu ndi kulowa m’khonde(kudandaula, osati kulakwa, kapena kulephera mpikisano (nolo imattere).
  • Prequateurs: [[FLT :1] Attorney zingatsekereze umboni, kukana zinenezo, kapena kusintha malo. Mbali imeneyi imaumba ukulu wa mlandu.
  • .T. Mlandu waperekedwa kwa woweruza (kuzenga mlandu) kapena juli. Woimbidwa mlanduyo ayenera kutsimikizira kuti ali ndi liwongo mosakaikira kwenikweni. Woimbidwa mlanduyo ali ndi ufulu wa kuitana mboni, mtandar-examine, ndi kukhala chete.
  • Kuzenga: [ Ngati aimbidwa mlandu, woweruza amaika chilango m’zitsogozo za malamulo, akumalingalira zinthu zonga ngati ukulu wa mlanduwo, mbiri ya upandu wa woimbidwa mlandu, ndi ziyambukiro za woimbidwa mlandu.
  • Appals: [ Woimbidwa mlandu angapereke chigamulo kapena chigamulo ku khoti lapamwamba pazifukwa za lamulo, monga ngati zolakwa za m'malamulo kapena chithandizo chosagwira ntchito cha uphungu.

Oweruza salowerera nawo pa nkhani za malamulo ndipo apolisi ndi amene amachititsa kuti malamulo aziyendera malamulo.

Kuwongolera

Chigawo chowongolera chimayang'anira anthu amene apatsidwa mlandu ndi kupatsidwa chilango. Chimaphatikizapo ndende, ndende, kuikidwa m'ndende, kuikidwa m'ndende, kuikidwa m'ndende, ndi mapulogalamu a anthu a m’deralo. Zolinga za kuwongolera zinapangidwa mosiyanasiyana: chilango, kuletsa, kuchotsa, kukonzanso, ndi kubwezeretsa. Oweruza m’ndende amapatsidwa chilango chapambuyo pa chaka chimodzi, pamene ndende zimasunga anthu amene akudikira kuzengedwa mlandu kapena kuikidwa m’ndende. Kukhomakhozetsa kumachititsa anthu olakwa kukhalabe m’mudzi, oyenera kuyesa mankhwala, kuyang'anira ntchito, ndi kuyang'ana nthaŵi zonse ndi mkulu wa oweruza. Parlolee akutulutsa kumasulidwa kwa khalidwe labwino, kumene kumachirikiza kwambiri kuwongolera kwa masiku anoko kuti kuchepetsa njira zothandizira zaumoyo, monga maprogramungwe a za za za za zamaphunziro, ndi maphunziro.

Kuŵerengera Upandu: Kuphwanya Malamulo, Mayeso, ndi Kuswa

Malamulo aupandu amatchula milandu yowopsa. Kuika malamulo kumeneku kumakhudza njira zoyenerera, zilango zothekera, ndipo ngakhale malo a kuzengedwa mlandu (m’chitsanzo, mabwalo a milandu.

  • Upandu wowopsa kwambiri , kuphatikizapo kupha, kugwirira chigololo, kuba ndi mfuti, ndi kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Zili ndi chilango chowopsa, kuphatikizapo kumangidwa kwa chaka chimodzi (kaŵirikaŵiri zaka makumi ambiri kapena moyo), ndalama zoŵerengeka, ndi chilango cha imfa. Zikhulupiriro zachinsinsi zingatulutsenso ufulu wachibadwidwe, monga ngati kuvota kapena kugula mfuti.
  • Misdemers: Milandu yochepera yonga kuba pang'ono, kuukira kosavuta, kusalongosoka, ndi kuyendetsa galimoto pansi pa chisonkhezero (choyamba). Nthaŵi zambiri mpambo umaphatikizapo faindi, utumiki wa anthu, kuyesedwa, kapena nthaŵi ya ndende ya osakwanira chaka chimodzi (m’ndende yakwawo). Njira zolakwika kaŵirikaŵiri zimaperekedwa kuchotsa chigamulo.
  • Kugawanika (Maganizo): Maupandu aang'ono monga matikiti a galimoto, jaygg, kapena kutaya . Amalangidwa ndi faindi kokha ndipo safuna kumangidwa. Zolakwa kaŵirikaŵiri zimachitidwa mwa kutumiza munthu m’malo mwa kummanga ndipo sizimanyamula njira zofanana zotetezera monga milandu yaupandu.

Maboma ena amasiyanitsanso “makhoti” [“ mahospence, ” NW] amene angaimbidwe mlandu wa kulakwa kapena kulakwa malinga ndi mmene zinthu zilili ndiponso zimene munthu anganenere pa mlanduwo.

Umboni Wosonyeza Kuti Anthu Amachita Zaupandu

Umboni ndi umboni wotsimikizira kuti anthu achilungamo amatsatira mfundo zimene apolisi kapena oweruza ayenera kuziganizira kuti apeze chigamulo.

  • Umboni Wachikale: Zinthu zosawoneka zonga zida, zovala, minwe, madenti, DNA, ndi mankhwala. Umboni wakuthupi umasanthula kaŵirikaŵiri ndi akatswiri a zamankhwala ndipo uyenera kulembedwa mosamalitsa mndandanda wa kusunga kusunga kuti asunge umphumphu wake.
  • Umboni wa Chiyeso: Mawu a magetsi ochokera kwa mboni, mikhole, kapena akatswiri. Mboni zingachitire umboni ponena za zimene zinawona, pamene kuli kwakuti akatswiri amapereka malingaliro apadera (m’chitsanzo, akatswiri a njira, akatswiri a za mpira). Kulephera kuli malonja wamba; maloya kuvumbula kukondera, kusagwirizana, kapena zolinga zonamira.
  • Umboni wa Tchemong : Zolembedwa kapena zojambulidwa, monga mapangano, ma email, zolembera za foni, kuyang'anira, kapena malo a pa wailesi ndi pa Intaneti. Kutsimikizira n’kofunika kuti chikalatacho chitsimikizire kuti n’choona.
  • Umboni Wofunika: Umboni wosalunjika umene umalola oweruza kutchula mfundo. Mwachitsanzo, kupeza zida za munthu pa chida chakupha sikumasonyeza kuti anali nazo, koma kumapereka lingaliro la kuloŵamo. Umboni wa m'zinenero ungakhale wamphamvu monga umboni wolunjika pamene chithunzicho chili cholimba.

Makhoti saona umboni wopezeka wophwanya ufulu wa lamulo pansi pa lamulo la . Lamulo limeneli, limagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kudzera pa Demendment yachinayi, limaletsa apolisi kuchita zinthu zosayenera mwa kuwalanda mopanda lamulo umboni wogwiritsidwa ntchito pozenga mlandu. Mofananamo, kuulula kokakamiza sikumagwiritsidwa ntchito pansi pa Findrate Amendment. Malamulo a umboni amawonjezeranso machenjezo (mawu a 76opy a m'chrince) amene amaperekedwa kuti apeze choonadi, amene kaŵirikaŵiri sagwiritsidwa ntchito popanda kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika.

Kuteteza Anthu Ambiri pa Milandu ya Apandu

Otetezerawo anganenedwe kukhala otsimikiza kuti akuvomereza (pamene woimbidwa mlanduyo avomereza kuchitako koma n’kutsimikizira) kapena kudzikhululukira kopanda pake (kumene woimbidwa mlanduyo amakana kotheratu). Zitetezero zazikulu zimaphatikizapo:

  • Kusagwirizana : [[FLT :1] Woimbidwa mlandu akunena kuti, chifukwa cha kusokonezeka maganizo kwakukulu, iwo alibe mphamvu ya maganizo ya kumvetsetsa mtundu wa zochita zawo kapena kusiyanitsa chabwino ndi choipa panthaŵi ya mlandu. Muyezo walamulo umasiyana ndi mphamvu (m. g., kulamulira kwa M’Naghten, Kuyesa kwa Model Penal Code). Kuchonderera kwa nzeru sikuchitika kaŵirikaŵiri ndipo kwenikweni kumatulukapo m’kudzipereka ku bungwe lamaganizo mmalo mwa kulakwa.
  • M'AMALI: Oimbidwa mlanduyo ananena kuti anagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu kudzitetezera okha ku chivulazo chosakhala cha lamulo. Mphamvu yogwiritsiridwa ntchito iyenera kukhala yogwirizana ndi chiwopsezo. Mayiko ena achotsa “malamulo amene amachotsa ntchito ya kubwerera asanagwiritsire ntchito mphamvu yakupha m’mikhalidwe ina.
  • Alibi : Woimbidwa mlandu amapereka umboni wakuti anali kwina kulikonse pamene upanduwo unachitika, kupangitsa kukhala kosatheka kugawana nawo. Mboni za Albi, malisiti, kapena mfundo za GPS zili umboni wofala.
  • M'nyengo za : [[FLT :1] Woimbidwa mlandu akunena kuti anachita upanduwo kokha chifukwa cha chiwopsezo chodalirika cha imfa ya mwamsanga kapena kuvulala kwa thupi. Kudzitetezera kumeneku sikumagwira ntchito ku kuphana m'madera ambiri.
  • Kuzengedwa mlandu: [[FLT :1] Oimbidwa mlandu amatsutsa kuti kusungitsa lamulo kunawasonkhezera kuchita upandu umene sakanachita. Chigogomezero chiri pa khalidwe la boma, osati kuthekera kwa woimbidwa mlandu.
  • Kufunika: Woimbidwa mlanduyo akunena kuti kachitidwe kawo kosakhala kalamulo kanali kofunikira kutetezera kuvulaza kwakukulu (m’chitsanzo, kuthyola m’kanyumba kuti athaŵe bulu). Kuopsaku kuyenera kupambana kupweteka kochititsidwa ndi upanduwo.
  • Imamvetsa Zenizeni: Woimbidwa mlanduyo adakhala ndi kusamvetsetsana kwenikweni, koyenera kwa chenicheni chakuti, ngati kuli kowona, akanachititsa machitidwe awo kukhala ololedwa (m’chitsanzo, kutenga chikwama cha munthu wina kukhulupirira kuti chinali chawo).

M’madera ambiri, woimbidwa mlandu akayamba kuvomereza kuti akuvomereza, woimba mlanduyo ayenera kutsutsa mfundoyo mosakayika.

Kulangidwa ndi Chilango

Pambuyo pa mlandu, khoti limapereka chilango. Kuweruza kumagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana: kubwezera, kuletsa (kuletsa ndi kutchula mfundo zenizeni), kuchotsa mayeso, kukonzanso zinthu, ndi kubwezera. Njirayo imatsogozedwa ndi malamulo, zitsogozo, ndi kuweruza. Zinthu zimene zimasonkhezera kuweruza zimaphatikizapo mmene upanduwo ulili ndi kuopsa, mbiri ya woimbidwa mlandu, kugwiritsa ntchito chida, mphamvu pa mikhole, ndi kaya woimbidwa mlanduyo akusonyeza kulapa.

  • Chikalata: Woimbidwa mlandu amatulutsidwa m'mudzi pansi pa mikhalidwe ya khoti (m' lekuatiso, kusimba kwanthaŵi zonse, kuyesa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ziletso za maulendo) ndi kuchotsedwa ngati mikhalidwe yaswedwa. Kuzengedwa kungaphatikizepo chigamulo cha ndende cholenjekeka.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kugwirizanitsa: Woimbidwa mlandu amatumikira nthaŵi m'ndende kapena m'ndende. Kugwetsa chilango kungaletsedwe (mawu oikidwa) kapena indeternate (kuthekera kwa kutsegulidwa). Maboma ambiri ali ndi zigamulo zoyenerera pa milandu ina, kuchepetsa chiweruzo.
  • Zilango: Zilango za ndalama zolipiridwa ku boma. Kaŵirikaŵiri zabwino zimaikidwa kaamba ka zolakwa kapena monga mbali ya chigamulo cholakwika. Ndalamazo ziyenera kukhala zolingana ndi mlanduwo ndi kukhoza kwa wochimwayo.
  • Restitution: [[FLT :1] Woimbidwa mlandu alipirira woimbidwa mlandu kaamba ka kutaikiridwa kwa ndalama kochititsidwa ndi upandu (m’ lekuatiso, ngongole za zamankhwala, kuwonongeka kwa katundu). Upo watha ndi ndalama ndipo cholinga chake nchopanga wobedwayo.
  • Utumiki wa chiwombano: Woimbidwa mlandu amachita ntchito yopanda malipiro kwa maola angapo otchulidwa kwa bungwe la boma losapanga phindu kapena kulephera.
  • Kutumizako maprogramu odziwitsa: monga makhoti a mankhwala, khoti la zaumoyo, kapena maprogramu oletsa maganizo amene amasumika pa kuchiritsa ndi kukonzanso mmalo mwa kumangidwa. Zimenezi zakonzedwa kaamba ka opalamula opanda chiwawa okhala ndi nkhani zowopsa.

Chikalata cha Reference Remendment chimaletsa nkhanza ndi chilango chachilendo, chimene anthu amamasulira kuti zigamulo zoperekedwa sizingafanane ndi za upandu.

Kutsatira Makonzedwe ndi Zitetezero za Malamulo

Kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo m'milandu yaupandu kumalamulidwa ndi Acts Process of the 5 and 14th Amendments . Kuyenera kumafuna kuti milandu ikhale yolungama ndi kuti anthu alandire chidziŵitso chokwanira ndi mwaŵi wa kumvedwa. Zitetezero zazikulu zimaphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu (Gideon v. Wainwright), ufulu wolimbana ndi mboni, mwaŵi wolimbana ndi kudziikira mlandu, ndi kuletsa kuwopsa kwa kaŵiri. Kuwonjezera apo, Kuletsa kwachinayi kumateteza anthu ku ku kufunsira kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi kudwala; umboni wopezedwa m’kuswa kuyenerakungaletsekerezedwe. Kusintha kwachisanu ndi chimodzi kwa lamulo kutsimikizira kugamula kwa upandu wopanda tsankhuna. Malamulo ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti mphamvu ya boma ikupimidwa ndi kuchitiridwa ulemu mchitidwe wonse.

Plea Barganing: Domine Change

Pamene kuli kwakuti njira yozenga mlandu imasonyezedwa kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala mbali yaikulu ya mlandu waupandu. Upandu wochuluka (oposa 95% m'mayiko ambiri) umathetsedwa mwa kupempha. M'chikalata, woimbidwa mlanduyo akuvomereza kugamula mlandu, kaŵirikaŵiri ku kuweruza pang'ono kapena kubwezerana ndi chilango chochepetsedwa, kupeŵa maupandu ndi ndalama zoperekedwa pa mlandu. Kuzengedwa mlandu kumapindula ndi chigamulo chotsimikiziridwa popanda kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama za khoti. Komabe, otsutsa amatsutsa kuti kupempha kukakamiza oimbidwa mlandu opanda liwongo kuti aneneze mlanduwo ndi kuti apeputse dongosolo la a a a pulogalamu. Makhoti ayenera kutsimikizira kuti mapemphowo akudziŵa, odzifunira, ndipo ali ndi maziko enieni. Mosasamala kanthu za kutsutsana kwake, kupempha kofunikirabe chidansitsa chiŵiro cha mlandu ndi chothandiza kukwaniritsa chigamu.

Ntchito ya Ozembetsa ndi Zotetezera

Oweruza amaimira boma ndipo ali ndi nzeru zazikulu pogamulapo, kupempha, ndi kupereka zikalata. Ntchito yawo si kungopeza zitsimikizo koma kufuna chilungamo (Berger v. United States). Ayenera kuvumbula umboni wodzitetezera kwa Brady v. Maryland. Oimira oimira mlandu, kutsimikizira zoyenera zawo, kutsimikizira kuti n’zotetezeka, umboni wovuta, kuchonderera, ndi kupereka chitetezo. Kuyenera kwa chithandizo chogwira ntchito cha uphungu (Strickland v. Washington) kutanthauza kuti maloya otetezera ayenera kuchita bwino, kapena kuti zigamuloze. Oimba milandu aŵiriwo ndi otetezera ndi nduna za khoti ndipo ayenera kumamatira ku malamulo a lamulo.

Kumaliza

Kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo m'nkhani zaupandu kuli njira yocholoŵana, yambiri imene imafunikira kumamatira mosamalitsa ku malamulo a procession ndi zitetezero za lamulo. Kuchokera ku kufufuza koyamba kwa apolisi kupyolera m’kuyesa ndi kuweruza, sitepe lililonse lalinganizidwira kulinganiza chifuno cha boma cha chisungiko cha anthu ndi kuyenera kwa munthu ndi kulinganiza. Kumvetsetsa mbali za umboni, zotetezera, kusankha, ndi zigawo zitatu zapakati, malamulo, ndi kuwongolera kwa judicaliary , ndi mapritime a project system , [FFF: FT], ndi kuwonjezera ntchito ya . Kufufuza, chuma chonga [FLT:] [FF:] Chidziŵitso chalamulo] [CUT] Chisanja] Chilungamo chachi. Chilungamo chachimo chachichichikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chilomo chonse chachilungamo chachilungamo chachinyengo cha .