Australian Capital Territory (ACT) ili ndi malo apadera mkati mwa bungwe la Australian. Likulu la boma, kukula kwake, kuyendetsa kwake, ndi moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku limayendera limodzi ndi malamulo a boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti makampani amathandiza pa nkhani zawo ndi ufulu wolingana, njira yoyendera malamulo imene imathandiza kuti malamulo a boma akhale ndi ulamuliro wokwanira pa deralo. Kusintha kumeneku kumapanga njira yopangira mwayi ndi zopinga zimene zimapanga chuma, nsalu, ndi chizindikiro cha ndale. Kumvetsa mmene malamulo a boma amathandizira ntchito ya kayendetsedwe ka zinthu ka zinthu m’dziko la Australia si kofunika kwa anthu okha komanso kwa opanga malamulo komanso kwa aliyense wofuna chithunzi chonse cha dongosolo la boma la Australia.

Mbiri ya Chisonkhezero cha Federal

Kupangidwa kwa APT kunali chosankha cha boma. Gawo 125 la Malamulo a Australia linalamula kuti likulu la boma likhale mkati mwa dera loperekedwa ndi New South Wales, pafupifupi makilomita zana limodzi kuchokera ku Sydney. Mu 1911, Commonwealth mwalamulo inatenga ulamuliro wa dera limene lidzakhala Australian Capital Territory. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, gawolo linayendetsedwa mwachindunji ndi boma la boma / poyambirira kudzera ku Dipatimenti ya Home Affairs, kenaka kupyolera mwa mpambo wa maulamuliro oikidwa. Anthu analibe boma lakwawo losankhidwa ndipo sanakhoze kuvota bungwe lawo la malamulo kufikira pamene linalowera kudutsa Australian Calitalmest Territory (APlas-Goverment) Act 1988.

Lamulo limenelo linapereka ASALT Assembly ndi Mkulu wa Anduna , koma linavomereza mosamalitsa kuti kudzilamulira kumeneko kunali mutu wambiri. Chigawo 28 cha Act Self-Government Act chikusonyeza bwino lomwe mphamvu ya Commonweal Active yopanga malamulo a gawo, ndipo lamulo lililonse la malamulo lingakhale losatsutsika ndi Palamente ya boma. Lamulo limeneli la malamulo lakhala mutu wobwerezabwerezabwereza m'mbiri ya chigawocho. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2006, boma linagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake kuletsa malamulo a boma, kusonyeza mmene zinthu zandale zimakhalira zotha kulepheretsa zigamu za democrase.

Zitsanzo zazikulu mu unansi wa boma zimaphatikizapo kusamutsidwanso kwa nyumba ya malamulo ya boma kuchokera ku Melbourne mpaka Canberra, kuperekedwa kwa malembo mu Nyumba ya Oimira, ndi kukwaniritsidwa kwa masankho atatu a boma. Sitepe lililonse linaimira kusintha kwa boma kumene kunafutukula mawu a gawolo, komabe lililonse linadzanso ndi zingwe zolumikizidwa. Mbiri imamveketsa bwino kuti malamulo a boma samakhudza chabe Act·it (i ndi i" ndilo likhale wokonza mapulani aakulu a kukhalapo kwa dziko landale.

Chiyambukiro Chachuma cha Maulamuliro Audindo Olamulira

Kagulu Kampatuko Kothandiza Kupeza Chuma

Chisonkhezero chachindunji cha boma pa kayendetsedwe ka ntchito ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito ya Commonwealth ndi ndalama. Pa 2024, pafupifupi 40% ya ogwira ntchito akugwira ntchito mwachindunji ndi Australian Public Service (APS) kapena ndi mabungwe ena a boma. Kuika maganizo kumeneku sikuchitika mwangozi; kuli chotulukapo chadala cha cholinga cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa gawo. Pamene boma likulitsa utumiki wa anthu onse, Actal ikukhala ndi chiwonjezeko. Mosiyana, malamulo a kuchotsa kuyendetsa ntchito, kupambana, kapena kulinganiza kwa dziko monga kusamutsiranso makampani ku chigawo cha chigawo chakunja. [1] Chipani cha kumakhala ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu pa chuma cha ku Canberlyn.

Kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri kumayendetsanso bizinesi yakwawo. Mapangano aakulu a IT, kufunsira kwaukatswiri, mapulogalamu a zaumoyo, ndi makampani a zaumoyo kaŵirikaŵiri amadutsa ku makampani a Canberra-sberra . Ndalama za boma 2022-23 zoperekedwa pa maprojekiti atsopano a ntchito, kuphatikizapo kukwezedwa ku bwalo la Merberberra Airport, kufutukuka kwa nkhondo ya Australia, ndi kumangidwa kwa mamaofesi atsopano. Maprojekiti ameneŵa ali chotulukapo cha malamulo a boma, osati kulinganiza kwa boma. Boma la ASCYCS yakhala ndi mphamvu yochepa ya kusonkhezera chuma chake; kukwera kwake ndi kugwa ndi kukwera kwa ndalama za boma.

Malo Opangira Zinthu ndi Zoyendera

Malamulo a boma amaumba mwachindunji maziko akuthupi a ACT. National Capital Authority (NCA), bungwe la Commonwealth, limayang'anira ntchito yokonza njanji ya nyumba ya mabungwe ndi mabungwe aakulu a dziko. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zochitika zazikulu m'chigawo chapakati cha Canberra zimafuna kusanja kwa boma, ndipo masomphenya ochititsa chidwi ndi ogwira ntchito a mzindawo amasonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi dzikolo mmalo mwa zinthu zofunika za kumaloko. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito ya kuwala yoyalidwa kwanthaŵi yaitali kuchokera ku Gungahlin mpaka ku likulu la mzinda wa Canberray inafunikira kupenda malo okhalako ndi kukambirana kwa ndalama za chigawo cha Commonety ndi kupitirizabe.

Malo a ndalama ndi ofunika kwambiri. ASAL amalandira ziwiya za boma kudzera m'maprogramu onga ngati Roads to Recovery ndi Urban Congestion Fund . M'zaka zaposachedwapa, lamulo la boma layamba kukhazikitsa njira zazikulu monga kujambula Barton Highway ndi kumangidwa kwa Majura Parkway. Chifukwa chakuti njirayi ili yotsekerezedwa kotheratu m'chigawo cha New South Wales, malamulo oyendera zoyendera amadalirana ndi boma kuti agwirizane ndi mayiko aŵiri. Canberra Community, bungwe la boma lakwane , nthaŵi zambiri lochirikiza chithandizo cha boma cha mabotolo amene amakhudza zonse ziŵiri za malamulo ndi anthu a NSW.

Kuyendera ndi Chuma cha Alendo

Makampani a zamalonda a bungweli amayendera limodzi ndi malamulo a boma. Zokopa za dziko monga Nyumba ya Malamulo, Chikumbutso cha Australia, National Gallery, National Museum, ndi Australian Institute of Minivial , zimayendetsedwa ndi mabungwe a Commonealth. Pamene lamulo la boma lipanga ndalama m'mabungwe ameneŵa, kuphatikiza pa ntchito zazikulu, ndalama, kapena makampani otsatsa malonda. Makampani a boma 2022-23 miliyoni amagulitsa ndalama zoyendera ku Australia Memorial Memorial , ndi oyendera malo ochezera.

Maphunziro ndi Kufufuza

Maphunziro Apamwamba ndi Ndalama Zoyendetsera Ntchito

Australian National University (ANU) ndilo bungwe lapamwamba la maphunziro apamwamba la Acts ndi limodzi la mayunivesite ofufuza kwambiri m'dzikolo. AU adakhazikitsidwa ndi boma la boma mu 1946 ndi lamulo lachindunji kupititsa patsogolo kufufuza kwa dziko. Kufikira pano, imalandira mbali yaikulu ya ndalama zake kuchokera ku Commonwealth , yosiyana ndi mayunivesite otchuka ochirikiza ndalama. Makonzedwe ameneŵa amapatsa lamulo lalamulo lachindunji pa maprogramu ofufuza a ANU, maphunziro, ndi kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro. Mwachitsanzo, kusintha ku Commovernweal Grant Grantry Stuaked kapena Programments a ANU ANU ANU kuyambukira bwino lomwe limayambukira kwambiri mayunivesite ambiri a boma.

Yunivesite ya Canberra (UC), ngakhale kuti siinayambike mwachindunji ndi boma, imadaliranso kwambiri pa ndalama za boma. Zigamulo za boma zokhudza ndalama zoyendetsera ophunzira, zipewa za ophunzira, ndi mikhalidwe ya ma visa a ophunzira apadziko lonse zimakhudza mwachindunji mitsinje ya UC ya ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama zofunidwa ndi ndalama zothandizira anthu omaliza maphunziro a ntchito a m'bungwe la Yobu ndi kutumiza ndalama m'dzikolo. Chifukwa chakuti AC ali ndi chiŵerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha omaliza maphunziro a yunivesite a boma lililonse la Australia kapena gawo la za maphunziro apamwamba athandiza kwambiri kusiyanitsa ndi zotsatira za kakhalidwe ndi chuma kuno.

Kufufuza ndi Kukonzanso

MAUNICEF OF THAMBIRA KUINIKA NTC, CSIRO , bungwe la Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Society (ANTO), Geocience Australia, ndi Australian Institute of Health and Welfare . Mabungwe ameneŵa amathandizidwa ndi bungwe la boma lopereka malangizo a boma, ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Ngati Commoneal isankha kusungitsa ndalama zotetezera sayansi, kusintha, kapena kukonza za nyengo, kapena kukonza za magetsi, kuyendera pamodzi kwa ofufuza a Canberrah (CRC), mapulogalamu a Cooperate Research Centers , amene ali ndi mayunivesite awiri awiri ndi makampani, athandizanso ntchito zambiri m'makampani. Mabungwe a bungwe la United States athandizanso kukonza za msonkho za R&D, zimene zimapindulitsa mabizinesi ambiri ndi mabizinesi ambiri m'za za ku Canberberbourme.

Chitsanzo chimodzi chodziŵika ndicho kufutukuka kwa Canberber Innovation Hub, kochirikizidwa ndi ndalama za boma kaamba ka kufufuza za chisungiko cha pa Intaneti. Chikalatacho tsopano chikulingaliridwa kukhala malo a boma kaamba ka chisungiko cha pa Intaneti, ndi boma likukhazikitsa Australian Cyber Security Center mu Canberra. Chiyambukiro chogwirizana chimenechi chiri chotulukapo cha chigamulo cha lamulo la boma lakupeza ntchito zazikulu za chisungiko m’dziko m’gawolo.

Maphunziro a Sukulu

Pamene boma la Act limayendetsa masukulu a boma, lamulo la boma limathandiza kwambiri pa zamaphunziro. Lamulo la Australian Education Act (2013) ndi kukonzanso za ndalama zokhazikitsa njira zimene zimagamula zothandizira boma ndi masukulu osakhala a boma ku bungwe la ASANKHALIPU. Masukulu a sukulu apamwamba a m'gawoli, omwe amaphatikizapo masukulu apamwamba angapo, amapindula ndi malamulo a boma amene amalamulira kuwonjezereka kwa ndalama za sukulu zosakhala za boma. Pakali pano, dongosolo la zaunyinji wa boma limakambirana ndi ndalama zake kudzera mwa National School Reformation Reformation Agreement. Kulimbana pakati pa zolinga za boma monga kuyesedwa koyenera (NAP) ndi ntchito ya Australia yakumasulira maphunziro a dzikolo kukupitirizabe.

Ziyambukiro za Ndale ndi Mayanjano

Kusamalira Zaumoyo ndi Lamulo la Maboma

Komiti ya zaumoyo ya Act yasonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi boma. Chipatala chachikulu cha boma, Canberra Hospital, chimagwira ntchito pansi pa pangano la ndalama ndi Commonwealth kupyolera mwa National Health Reformation Agreement . Lamulo la Federal limakhazikitsa maziko a ndalama za mautumiki a m'chipatala a anthu onse, ndi kusintha kwa Medicare Beats Study kapena ku Pharcuatical Relies Semey yothandiza wodwalayo mwachindunji pa MPUTS. Boma lotenga malamulo a kusamalira okalamba m'zaka zaposachedwapa lasinthanso mautumiki a m'dzikomo, ndi kuyendetsa mwachindunji malo osamalira okalamba. ATCPS ali ndi mphamvu yochepa ya kukonza njira yake ya zaungwelo ya kudziko lonse la anthu okhala ndi mamenti a boma.

Kuthandiza Anthu ndi Kukhala Bwino M’deralo

Malamulo a boma amakhazikitsa ndalama ndi kupereka kwa mautumiki ofunika a kakhalidwe ka anthu mu Act. Kulandira ndalama zothandizira anthu monga Job Reservaner, Pension , ndi Disability Service Penion ndi maudindo a Chigwirizano cha Chisawawa cha Boma amene amayambukira kwambiri ndalama za m'gawo. National Disabilibility Information Scheal Scheme (NDIS) ndi programu yogwirizana ndi boma yothandiza anthu okhala ndi zolemala m'''''CENT. Malo a m'dziko amagwira ntchito ya NDIS Prificialsition ndi miyezo yabwino yokhazikitsidwa ndi Commoneal. Mofananamo, maphunziro a ana, mapindu a msonkho abanja, ndi chithandizo cha lendizonse zigwirizana ndi malamulo a boma.

Maboma a boma amapangidwa ndi malamulo a boma. Malo ndi a anthu a ku Ngunnawal monga osunga mwambo, komanso ali ndi anthu ambiri a ku Australia ochokera ku madera osiyanasiyana a dzikolo amene anasamukira ku Canberra kuti apeze ntchito kapena maphunziro. Maprogramu a Federal monga Ivergian Advation Scrategy apatsa ndi Irigine Land ndi Sea Corporation chilikiza njira za kumaloko. Boma la AACC lokhoza kusamalira ILRIE limalamulidwa ndi ndalama zofunika za boma za ndalama ndi malamulo, kuphatikizapo kutchula mawu aposachedwapa pa Plagimension ku Palame [1] Malamulo omwe anali ndi mkangano wake wotchuka ku likulu la dziko lonse.

Ufulu wa Zandale ndi Wachigawo

Mawu andale zadziko a bungwe la boma ali ndi malire. Gawolo limasankha mamembala atatu ku Nyumba ya Oimira , koma mamembala aŵiri okha . Oyerekezeredwa kufika ku khumi ndi aŵiri ku boma lililonse. Kuimira kosalingana kumeneku kuli chotulukapo chachindunji cha malo alamulo a magawo, ndipo lamulo la boma lingachisinthe kokha kupyolera mwa kutumiza kapena mwa lamulo limene limakulitsa kuimira gawo. Olembawo achita chionetsero cha nthaŵi yaitali kaamba ka kuwonjezereka kwa nyumba ya Cantenal ndi boma kapena ufulu wokwanira. Malamulo a bungwe la boma la Gawo asakanizidwa; chitsanzo, boma la Morrison linatsutsa chikalata chaumwini chimene chikanalola mphamvu zazikulu zothandiza anthu kuthandizidwa, pamene boma la Alban lapanga chizindikiro cha ufulu womangira ufulu woyang'anira malo.

Malamulo a kakhalidwe kumene ATC afuna kuyambitsa , monga ngati kuthandizidwa modzifunira kufa, kuphwanya malamulo, ndi kulingana kwa ukwati . kwakhala kukuletsedwa ndi maulamuliro a boma. Kudutsa kwa Rereting Territory Rights Act 2022, kumene kwachotsa chiletso cha boma pa Act signis signfation , kuimira kusintha kwakukulu. Komabe mphamvu ya malamulo a boma ingakhale yokha. Kusintha kumeneku kumachititsa mphamvu yapadera yandale mu APTC, kumene atsogoleri a dzikolo ayenera kukambirana ndi boma nthaŵi zonse kuti asungire ufulu wa kukhazikitsa malamulo.

Kuyang’anira Kodzifunira ndi Koyang’anira Kolamulira

Kudzilamulira Kokha ndi Zolephera Zake

Act Self-Governament Act 1988 idakali chikalata cha maziko cha ulamuliro wa gawolo. Chimapereka mphamvu ya Act Legislative Assembly kupanga malamulo pa nkhani zambiri za mtundu wa boma, koma ndi kujambula kwakukulu. Boma la boma limalamulira ulamuliro wa likulu la dzikolo, jadicary (Khoti Lapamwamba la ntchito ndi khoti la boma), ndi kukhoza kukhazikitsa malamulo a dzikolo. Act imafunanso kuti Act ilinganize bajeti yake yoikika pa maboma. Lamulo limeneli lakhala gwero la mkangano, monga momwe judicantiary , monga momwe kuliri kulephera kulephera kwa nthaŵi zonse m'dziko, kuvomereza kulephera kwake kuyendetsa chigawo chachuma.

Mantha aposachedwapa ayamba ngati Act iyenera kupatsidwa ufulu waukulu pa dongosolo lake losankhira, maunansi a maindasitale, ndi lamulo laupandu. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe linayesa kukhazikitsa malamulo otetezera ntchito ndi zitetezero za msika zimene zinapitirira miyezo ya boma, koma linayang'anizana ndi zitokoso za lamulo kuti kaya gawolo linali ndi mphamvu ya kukhazikitsa gawo loti liziyang'anira chigawocho. Khoti Lapamwamba la High Court linachirikiza ulamuliro wa boma, likutsimikizira lingaliro lakuti MPUMPHAT kuli ndi malire nthaŵi zonse.

Malo Okhala ndi Kulinganiza

Bungwe loteteza zachilengedwe la Environmental National Park ndi malo okhala owonongeka limayambukira mwachindunji. Maprojekiti ambiri a kumaloko amafuna chilolezo cha boma pa nkhani zina zimene zimakhudza malo okhala. Chifukwa chakuti ntchitoyi ili ndi malo ovuta monga Namadgi National Park ndi malo okhala, maprojekiti ambiri afunikiritsa chilolezo choŵirikiza kuchokera ku boma la Actal ndi boma la boma. Commonweal yaloŵereranso pa kulinganiza zinthu, monga kuwonjezeka kwa mabwalo a ndege a Canberberra Rivation, kumene kunatsimikizidwa ndi boma la boma la Australia.

Malamulo a zanyengo ndi mbali ina imene zigamulo za boma zathandiza kuletsa Act. Gawolo lakhazikitsanso mphamvu zokhala ndi cholinga zokhala ndi mphamvu zokhala ndi mphamvu zomangira mphamvu zomatako mpweya ndi kuchepetsako pang'onopang'ono. Koma boma lokonza kayendedwe ka magetsi, zikalata zobwezeretsa mphamvu, ndi zipangizo zamagetsi zimapanga malo ozungulira amene amathandiza kapena kulepheretsa zoyesayesa zimenezi. Boma la boma laletsa kukonzanso mphamvu ya dzikolo m'ma 2010, mwachitsanzo, kukakamiza njira yopangira njira yodzidyetsera, yomwe inakopa zitsutso zalamulo kuchokera ku zoombera zopimira zinthu za m'makedzana ndi malamulo a boma.

Kusasamala Mchitidwe wa Federal

Chisonyezero chotheratu cha ulamuliro wa boma ndicho mphamvu ya Commonwealth kuchotsa lamulo lililonse la PM. Mphamvu imeneyi yagwiritsiridwa ntchito mosalekeza koma mosalekeza. Mu 2013, Nyumba ya Malamulo ya boma inawononga lamulo la kulingana kwa ukwati, limene linapatsiridwa ndi Malamulo a gawolo. Khoti Lapamwamba linalamula kuti lamulo la Maukwati a Boma likhale logwirizana, kuletsa kuyendetsa ukwati wauchiŵalo chimodzi. Nkhani imeneyi imasonyeza kuopsa kwa mphamvu ya kukhazikitsa malamulo a dzikolo: ngakhale pamene gawo lichita ntchito ya decracy ndi mtsogoleri wake wowonekera bwino, lamulo la boma lingaletse zotsatira zake.

Zofananazo zagwirizana ndi malamulo a mankhwala. Act yachotsa upandu ndipo ikulingalira za kusintha kwakukulu, koma lamulo la boma limaletsa kukhala ndi ndi ndi kugwiritsira ntchito cannabis. Pamene kuli kwakuti Commonwealth sanaumirize malamulo ake a anamgoneka mwa njira imene imatsutsana ndi malamulo a MPEND, chiwopsezo cha lamulo chidakalipo. Zimenezi zimayambitsa malo osatsimikizirika kumene nzika ndi mabizinesi sizingadalire kotheratu pa kukhazikika kwa malamulo a gawo.

Kumaliza

Malamulo a Federal sali chabe chisonkhezero chakunja pa Australian Capital Territory . Iwo ali malo enieni a moyo amene anamangidwapo ndipo akupitirizabe kugwira ntchito. Kuyambira ku mbali ya boma yolamulira chuma kufikira ku malo ofufuzira a zamaphunziro, kuyambira ku zipatala mpaka nyumba zamwambo, mbali iriyonse ya moyo wa zamalonda imakhudzidwa ndi zosankha zopangidwa ku Palamente ya dzikolo. Gawo lili ndi mlingo wa kulemera ndi mkhalidwe wa moyo umene uli pakati pa apamwamba koposa mu Australia, koma kuti kulemerako kumagwirizana kwenikweni ndi kufunitsitsa kwa boma kusungitsa ndalama ku Canberra monga likulu la dzikolo.

Unansiwo ndi wogwirizana ndi kapangidwe ka zinthu. Ngakhale kuti ntchito ya Acts imapanga mlingo wa boma laumwini, Commonwealth imakhala ndi ulamuliro wokwanira wochotsera malamulo a kumaloko, kulinganiza, ndi kuika malamulo apadera amene amayendera. Zoyesayesa zowonjezera ufulu / kudzera m'dziko, kuimira kokulira, kapena kumasulira malamulo oletsa zinthu. Komabe malo apadera a bungweli amapatsanso mapindu: kuyang'anira opanga zosankha za dziko, antchito ophunzira kwambiri, ndi kuchuluka kwa chuma cha boma chimene palibe boma limene lingagwirizane nacho.

Pamene Australia ikupitiriza kulimbana ndi mavuto onga kusintha kwa nyengo, kusintha kwa ntchito, ndi kusintha kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu, ntchito ya ASAN monga laboratoria ya kukonzanso malamulo ndi pulogalamu ya ulamuliro wa dziko idzakhalabe yofunika. Tsogolo la gawoli lidzadalira kwambiri pa mmene malamulo a boma amasinthira m'madera monga ngati kusinthika kwa malo, kusintha kwa ntchito za anthu, ndi ufulu wa magawo. Pakalipano, Act imakhalabe kufufuza za kuthekera ndi malire a ulamuliro wa dziko, kumene zikhumbo za kumaloko ziyenera kudziŵikiridwa nthaŵi zonse motsutsana ndi zinthu zofunika za dziko.