Chiyambi: Kuloŵerana kwa Maulamuliro ndi Kupatukana

Malamulo a boma la America ali pa mizati iŵiri ya maziko: university ndi kugaŵikana kwa maulamuliro. Pamene kuli kwakuti kaŵirikaŵiri amaphunziridwa molekana, malamulo aŵiri ameneŵa amagwirizanitsa nthaŵi zonse, mmene malamulo amapangidwira, kutsatiridwa, ndi kumasulira. Fateralism [1] imagawa mphamvu pakati pa boma lapakati la dziko ndi maboma ambiri. [FLT:] Kugaŵana kwa maulamuliro pakati pa genec, public, ndi nthambi za khoti pa mlingo wa dziko lonse. Kumvetsa mmene mgwirizano wa maboma amathandizira kusiyanitsa mphamvu za ulamuliro wa Amerekani. Nkhaniyi imafufuza mizu, chisinthiko, ndi makhalidwe amakono, kupenda kwa ophunzira, ndi kupenda kwa lamulo lachitukuko, ndi kwa auchikhalidwe la zandale zadziko.

Kodi Kuona Zinthu Mozama N’kutani?

Pamaziko ake, ulamuliro ndiwo dongosolo la kulamulira limene mphamvu yake imagawidwa mwalamulo pakati pa ulamuliro waukulu ndi magulu andale zadziko ogwirizana [1] mu United States, ameneŵa ndi maboma a boma. Mosiyana ndi dongosolo laumodzi limene mphamvu zonse zikukhala m’boma lalikulu, kapena mgwirizano kumene maboma asunga pafupifupi ulamuliro wonse, boma limapanga maziko apakati omwe amalola umodzi ndi mitundu iŵiri.

Malamulo a U.S. anakhazikitsa gawo limeneli kupyolera m'makonzedwe aakulu angapo. Article I, Chigawo 8 imatchula mphamvu za Congress, kuphatikizapo mphamvu ya kukhoma msonkho, kuyang'anira malonda a dziko, ndi kulengeza nkhondo. Demencet Reconsolement imasunga mwachindunji mphamvu zonse zimene sizikuperekedwa ku boma la boma kapena zoletsedwa ku maboma ku maboma kapena kwa anthu. Malamulo ameneŵa amapanga ulamuliro womangira zinthu ziŵiri zimene zakhalako panthaŵi yaitali kuchokera pa kumasulira kwachiweruzo ndi ntchito ya ndale zadziko.

Akatswiri a mbiri yakale ndi asayansi andale amanena mbali zingapo za ulamuliro wa boma la America:

  • Federalism (c. 1789-1933): kaŵirikaŵiri imafotokozedwa monga "yayer kheakism," nyengo ino inagogomezera malire owonekera pakati pa mathayo a boma ndi boma. Boma ladziko linasumika maganizo pa nkhani zachilendo, chitetezo, ndi malonda a maiko, pamene maiko anachita nkhani zambiri zapanyumba monga maphunziro, thanzi, ndi lamulo la kumaloko.
  • Coftideration Federalism (c.-1960s): Yosonkhezeredwa ndi Kutsika kwa Chuma Kwakukulu ndi New Deal , chitsanzo chimenechi chinaphimba mizera pakati pa ntchito za boma ndi boma. Boma linapereka ndalama ndi zitsogozo za maprogramu operekedwa ndi boma, kupanga "keke yokhoza kugaŵana" ya mathayo.
  • New Federalism (c. 1970s-presente): Kuyamba ndi Pulezidenti Richard Nixon ndi kupitirizabe kupyolera mwa maulamuliro apambuyo pake, zoyesayesa za kuchotsa maulamuliro ena kumbuyo ku maboma zaumba makambitsirano amakono. Mapangano ndi ochirikiza kulola madongosolo a boma kukhala osinthika kwambiri m’kugwiritsira ntchito maprogramu a boma.

Kumvetsa mbali zimenezi kumathandiza kumvetsa mmene ulamuliro wa boma umasinthira ku mavuto atsopano, ndipo kuzoloŵera zimenezi kumakhudzira mphamvu ya mphamvu ya nthambi zitatu za boma.

Kupatukana kwa Mphamvu: Chiyambi ndi Malamulo

Chiphunzitso cha kulekana kwa maulamuliro nchozikidwa pa nthanthi ya ndale zadziko ya Chizindikiro, makamaka ntchito ya Montesquieu mu Mzimu wa Malamulo [1]. Oyambitsa a America, makamaka James Madison, analoŵetsa lingaliro limeneli m'malamulo monga chitetezo choletsa ulamuliro wankhanza. [[FLT: 4.] Federalist No. 51 [[FLT: 5], Mavidelo analemba motchuka, "Chikalata chiyenera kutsutsa kutchuka. Chonulirapo chinali kutsimikizira kuti palibe nthambi imodzi imene ingalamulire ena.

Lamulolo limagawa boma la boma kukhala nthambi zitatu zolingana:

  • Ligislative Branch (Njira yoyamba): Yopangidwa ya Nyumba ya Oimira ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, nthambi imeneyi imapanga malamulo, imalengeza nkhondo, imalamulira malonda, ndi kulamulira zingwe za chikwama.
  • Nthambi ya Accutive (Article II): Yotsogozedwa ndi Pulezidenti, nthambi iyi imakhazikitsa malamulo, imachita malamulo achilendo, imalamulira asilikali, ndi kukhazikitsa akuluakulu a boma.
  • Judicial Branch (Article III): Khoti Lalikulu ndi makhoti aung’ono a boma amamasulira malamulo, kupenda malamulo awo, ndi kuthetsa mikangano pakati pa maboma kapena pakati pa boma ndi maboma.

Nthambi iliyonse ili ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana, koma njira ya ndi madesiki imalola nthambi iliyonse kuchepetsa ina. Mwachitsanzo, Pulezidenti angapereke lamulo loperekedwa ndi Congress, koma Congress angaichotse ndi anthu atatu aŵiri. Nyumba ya Malamulo imatsimikizira kuikidwa kwa pulezidenti, ndipo makhoti angamenyetse malamulo monga ngati kuti siilamulira.

Mmene Ufumu Umathandizira Kupatukana kwa Maulamuliro

Féderalism siimangokhalira limodzi ndi kugaŵikana kwa maulamuliro . Kumasintha kwambiri mmene nthambi iliyonse imagwirira ntchito ndi kugwirizana ndi ina. Kugawikana kwa mphamvu pakati pa maboma a dziko ndi maboma kumawonjezera kucholoŵana kwa dongosolo locholoŵana la macheke ndi magonthi omwe ali kale ocholoŵana.

Nthambi Yolamulira Malamulo m’Ntchito Yoyendera Mafuko

Chiphunzitso cha ulamuliro wa Congress chopanga malamulo chachepetsedwa ndi lamulo la maulamuliro otchulidwa. Pansi pa malamulo aŵiri, Congress inangoima m'malo ondandalikidwa bwino m'Chigawo I. Komabe, kukula kwa mgwirizano wa boma kufutukulidwa ndi mphamvu ya kumasulira kotakata kwa [[FL:0] Commerce Claus [[FL:1]] ndi [FL:] [FLT] ndi [FLT] [[FLT]] [matanthauzo ake]. Lerolino, malamulo a boma amathetsa malamulo pamene akutsutsana, akuyambitsa ulamuliro wa boma. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, akusunga mphamvu zalamulo pa maphunziro, malamulo a banja, malamulo, ndi a m'dziko, tanthauzo limene lilephera kukhazikitsa malamulo a Supperlinen [FFoct:]

Nthambi Yoyang’anira ndi Mafuko

Ntchito ya Pulezidenti monga mkulu imaloŵetsamo kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma, koma ambiri a malamulo amenewo amaikidwa mwa mabungwe a boma. Mwachitsanzo, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) imakhazikitsa miyezo ya kuipitsa, koma kaŵirikaŵiri imalamulira maprogramu enieni olola ndi osungitsa. Makonzedwe a mgwirizano umenewu amapatsa maulamuliro aakulu a boma chisonkhezero chachikulu, komabe Pulezidenti amasungabe mphamvu yoletsa ndalama za boma kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo ngati maboma alephera kugwirizana. Kulimbana kwa boma pakati pa ulamuliro ndi boma kwakhala kowonekera makamaka m'zaka makumi angapo aposachedwapa pa nkhani zonga kusungitsa kusunthamo, kukhazikitsa kwalamulo, ndi kuletsa kwaumoyo wa anthu. Khoti Lapamwambalo likulephera kukhazikitsa lamulo la kuletsanso lamulo la kutchova juga.

Nthambi ya Chiŵeruzo ndi Mapilo

Chikalata cha boma, makamaka Bwalo Lapamwamba, limachita mbali yofunika kwambiri polongosola malire pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi boma. Mwa kupenda kwachiweruzo, khotilo limasankha ngati malamulo a boma akupitirira mphamvu za Congress kapena ngati malamulo a boma akutsutsana ndi malamulo a boma kapena Malamulo. Nkhani monga [[FLT:] [[FLT] [[FLT:]] [1] MCloch v. Maryland . [185] [18])) anakhazikitsa lamulo la ulamuliro wa boma ndi mphamvu zotanthauza, pamene pakati pa milandu yogwirizana ndi mphamvu yolamulira, pamene [matsutsa milandu yokulira, yokulira, yofanana ndi kutsutsa mphamvu ya mphamvu ya dziko lonse, pamene amatsutsa milandu yofala pakati pa zigamu.

Mphamvu Zogawana ndi Ulamuliro Wanthaŵi Zonse

Federalism imapanga magulu atatu a maulamuliro: yophatikizapo maulamuliro a boma (m’ lekuatiso, kukhazikitsa ndalama, kuchititsa maunansi akunja), mphamvu za boma zopatulidwa [ (m., kuyendetsa masankho, kuyendetsa malonda a boma), ndi kuyendetsa msonkho, ndipo [[FLT:] mphamvu zamakono [zinga] (m., msonkho, kusungitsa, nyumba zalamulo, zomangira). Pamene zonse ziŵirizo zifunikira kugwirizanitsa maulamuliro, ziyenera kuchitika. Mwachitsanzo, boma ndi maboma onsewo amapanga ndalama, koma boma lingasiyane ndi ena. Malamulo ena angawonjeze kugaŵana kwa malamulo a boma. Malamulo: [FF]

Macheke ndi Kulinganizika m’Ndondomeko Yadziko

Kufufuza ndi kulinganiza kwapadera pakati pa nthambi zitatuzo kumachirikizidwa ndi mayeso a boma. Maboma angabwezere kumbuyo kutsutsana ndi kuchenjera kwa boma mwa kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo ena, kusonkhezera Congress, kapena kukana kugwiritsa ntchito maprogramu a boma (njira yodziŵika monga "nullification," ngakhale kuti malamulo ake alamulo apikisanitsidwa). Pulezidenti ndi Congress angasonkherere zinthu kupyolera mwa ndalama zoikika. Makhotiwo amafuna kuti atenge malamulo ena. Ndiyeno amakhoti ayese ngati mikhalidwe imeneyi ili yogwirizana kapena yovomerezeka. MFLD:1] MFLT: [FFF1] Dederation of Independent Business . Pachizo lililonse la boma lingapereke chigamu cha bomalo.

Kufufuza Nkhani Za m’mbiri ya Kugaŵanika kwa Maulamuliro

Ntchito Yatsopano ndi Kusintha kwa Lamulo

New Deal Era pansi pa Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt inafutukula kwambiri ntchito ya boma pa malamulo a zachuma. Nyumba ya Malamulo inakhazikitsa lamulo lokwanira monga National Industrial Recovery Act ndi Agricultural Pact, imene inapatsa nthambi yaikulu ulamuliro wosayerekezereka pa zachuma. Khoti Lapamwamba linagonjetsa maprogramu angapo a New Deal jocle monga kupambana kwa Commerce Commerce Classicale, kutsogolera ku mkangano pakati pa Khoti ndi Pulezidenti. Rooselt inayambitsa "Count-packing" makonzedwe owonjezera chilungamo, kachitidwe kamene kanga kanga kanga kasinthitse kudziimira kwa nthambi yachiweruzo. Potsirizira pake, Bwalo linasintha kumasulira kwake, ndi kutsutsa mphamvu zatsopano za bungwe la boma la boma lachimalikolejini kuti liyang'atse ntchito iliyonse imene inakhudza malonda. Nthaŵiyi ikusonyeza kuti bungwe la bungwe la boma likhalenso lolamulira.

Gulu la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni ndi Kuloŵererapo

Mkati mwa ma 1950 ndi 1960, nkhondo ya kulingana kwa mafuko yoyesedwa ndi kugaŵidwa kwa maulamuliro. Mayiko a Kum’mwera anagwiritsira ntchito chiphunzitso cha ufulu wa maboma kulungamitsa kugawana ndi kutsutsa malamulo a boma. nthambi ya chigamulo inayankha ndi malamulo apadera monga Chikalata cha Chigawo cha ufulu wa anthu cha 1964 ndi Courage Rights Act ya mu 1965, yokhazikitsidwa ndi Maulamuliro a Congress Commerce ndi Generandment. nthambi ya boma, pansi pa Pulezidenti Kennedy ndi Johnson, inagwiritsira ntchito mabungwe a boma ndi asilikali a National Guverset kukhazikitsa malamulo a bwalo lamilandu. Supreme Court, m'milandu yonga . Board ya maphunziro a maphunziro a bungwe la FOLD [FLD:1] (1954), adalengeza kale kutula masukulu atatu a boma.

Nkhani za M’nthaŵi Yathuyi za Kugaŵana ndi Kupatukana kwa Maulamuliro

Kusamalira Thanzi ndi Kuchitapo Kanthu Kosavuta

Affordble Care Act (ACA) ya 2010 idakali chitsanzo cha masiku ano cha mmene boma la boma ndi kugaŵikana kwa maulamuliro. Nyumba yaikulu inapatsira ACA pansi pa Commerce Classia ndi mphamvu zake zosonkhetsa. nthambi ya akulu, kupyolera mwa Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ndi Mautumiki a Anthu, inapereka malamulo ogwiritsa ntchito lamulo. nthambi yachiweruzo inaloŵetsedwa kwambiri: mu [[FL: 0] NFIB v. Sebelius , Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza lamulo la munthu aliyense monga msonkho koma linagonjetsa Médid monga coceriveve. Chigamuchi chosungidwa cha mbali ya maiko (i anasankha kuwonjezera kapena kusagwirizana). [pansi yachiŵirinso, kuphatikizapo: FT.FRIA.[2]

Kusintha kwa Nyengo

Lamulo la malo okhala limaperekanso malo ena kumene ulamuliro wa boma umachititsa kulekana kwa maulamuliro. Cooke Air Act ndi Clean Water Act imalola EPA kukhazikitsa miyezo ya mtundu, koma kaŵirikaŵiri imalamulira kuigwiritsira ntchito ndi kuikakamiza. Pamene boma lilephera kuvomereza, EPA ingaloŵere. Komabe, dongosolo la Trump la malamulo a nyengo limene linachititsa kuti pakhale kuchuluka kwa mabwalo a boma. Chochitika cha mlanducho chikhale chodziŵika ndi [[FL: 0] kukhazikitsa kwa chigawo cha dzikolo [[FLT:] [FLT: 1] monga kuyang'anira ntchito yapamwamba. California, mwachitsanzo, anagwiritsira ntchito chiyero chake cha kuyeretsa kwake kukhazikitsa miyezo yamphamvu ya kutulutsa mpweya, kusonkhezera kuti ulamuliro wa Trump afune kuchotsa. Kusamalira kwa kayendetsekera kwa Suppo, Khoti Lapamwamba mu Virginia: [FF3].[4]

Kusamuka ndi Kupsinjika kwa Boma

Kupatula kuli kwamwambo ulamuliro wa boma wokha, koma maiko afuna mowonjezereka kuchita mbali yake . United States mwa kugwirizana ndi boma (monga mu SB 1070) kapena mwa kuchepetsa kugwirizana (monga m’malamulo a kachisi a California). Khoti Lapamwamba, mu Arizona v. United States [FLD] [202], anaswa makonzedwe angapo a boma kaamba ka kuchotsa, kutsimikizira ukulu wa boma. Komabe, kuyang'anira kwa nthambi yoyang'anira kuyambitsa mikangano. Ulendo wa Brump wa kuletsa ndi malamulo a Beau atsukiridwa ndi mabwalo a boma, ndi kutulutsa lamulo lamphamvu la kugaŵana kwa maboma: kuyang'anira milandu ya boma, pamene kuli kutuluka kwa nkhondo, koyambirira kwa nkhondo.

Tsogolo la Kugaŵana ndi Kupatukana kwa Maulamuliro

Pamene United States ikukumana ndi mavuto a 21 oyambirira monga kusintha kwa nyengo, kufalikira kwa nyengo, malamulo opangidwa, ndi kusalingana kwa ndalama, kugawana kwa boma ndi kugaŵikana kwa mphamvu kudzakhalapobe. Zinthu zingapo n’zofunika kuziganizira:

  • [[FLT: 0] Kusintha ndi Federalism: Magawano aakulu andale zadziko achititsa kuwonjezereka kwa kuyesa kwa malamulo a boma, ndi maboma ofiira ndi a bluu akulandira njira zosiyana za kuchotsa mimba, zoyenera zovotera, kuletsa mfuti, ndi maphunziro. Kugaŵikana kumeneku kungakulitse chigwirizano cha boma monga kupenda kusintha kwa malamulo a dziko, komanso kumaikanso kusokonezeka kwa malamulo.
  • Authority Power and Uneradal Action: [[FLT :1] Maonga a maulamuliro onse aŵiri agwiritsira ntchito mowonjezereka malamulo a akuluakulu, tableranda, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a kapangidwe popanda Congress. Malamulo a boma akhala njira yoyamba yotopetsera machitidwe ameneŵa, kusintha makhoti a boma kukhala ozembera ochenjera. Kulekanitsa mphamvu zamphamvu ndi mayeso a zamalamulo. Tsopano kaŵirikaŵiri kuli ndi mphamvu zoyendera limodzi ndi mayeso a komiti a boma.
  • Kazembe ndi Commerce Claus : [FLT :] Dokotala wa pa Intaneti, chinsinsi cha zinthu, ndi kusokonezeka kwa makompyuta m'mizere ya boma, zikubutsa mafunso ponena za ngati lamulo la boma liyenera kuchotsa malamulo a boma. Mabungwe ayesetsa kukhazikitsa malamulo onse achinsinsi, kusiya maulamuliro monga California kuti ayambe malamulo awo. Khoti Lapamwamba lingafunikire kufotokoza bwino malire a boma m'nyengo ya makono.
  • Chigamulo cha Federal Grants ndi Kuwononga Malamulo: Kugwiritsira ntchito kwa boma kwa mphamvu yowononga kusonkhezera malamulo a boma kukupitirizabe kukula. NFIB [ chigamulo chinaika malire pa mikhalidwe ya kudalirana, koma zochitika zamtsogolo zingafotokozeretu malire. Chikhotererochi chimaphatikizapo manthambi onse atatu: malamulo a nyumba, nduna imapereka chilo, ndi kupenda kwa malamulo ake.

Aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira ayenera kukhala odziŵitsidwa za zochitika zimenezi. Kugwirizana ndi magwero aakulu onga ngati [[FLT: 0] Consitution Annoted ndi zigamulo za bwalo lamilandu lapamwamba nkofunika kuti amvetsetse mmene ulamuliro ndi kupatukana kwa mphamvu zimasinthira m'kupita kwa nthaŵi.

Kumaliza

Unansi pakati pa boma ndi kulekana kwa maulamuliro suli wokha. Ndi kukambitsirana kwamoyo kumene kumatsekerezedwa m'malamulo a United States. Federalis imapereka magaŵano a ulamuliro pakati pa maboma a dziko ndi maboma, pamene kulekana kwa maulamuliro kumapanga magaŵano aakulu pakati pa nthambi zitatu za boma. Zonsezi, zimapanga utoto wovuta wa macheke ndi zipini zimene zimaletsa chinthu chilichonse kuwonjezera mphamvu. Mwa kuphunzira zitsanzo za m'mbiri monga New Deal ndi Chivority Decture Nyengo Yachibage, ndi mwa kupenda nkhani zamakono monga kusamala zaumoyo, malamulo achilengedwe, ndi kusamuka, timapeza chiyamikiro chachikulu kaamba ka mmene malamulo amakhalidwe ameneŵa amagwirira ntchito. Aliyense wofuna kumvetsetsa boma la America, kuzindikira kusiyanitsa pakati pa ufulu wa dziko ndi mphamvu za dziko la dziko lapansi ndi kugaŵana kulibe kwaunzika kwaunzika.