Good Wear Agreement, yodziŵika movomerezedwa monga Belfast Agreement, inamaliza pa 10 April 1998 pambuyo pa zaka za kukambitsirana. Cholinga chake chachikulu chinali kuthetsa nkhondo yachiwawa yodziŵika monga Mavuto, yomwe inapha anthu oposa 3,500 kuyambira kumapeto kwa 1960. Pamene kuli kwakuti panganolo limachitidwa mofala chifukwa cha kukhazikitsa mtendere ndi boma lolamulira, chiyambukiro chake pa ndale za opanga mapangano a ku Northern Ireland chinali chachikulu ndi kukhalitsa. Ilo linasinthanso malamulo a ovota, linayambitsa njira zatsopano zovotera, ndi kupanga dongosolo la ndale zadziko limene limakhalabe gwero la mtendere ndi kutsutsana ndi kusintha kwa nkhani za mtendere. Kuzindikira kumeneku kumafuna kuti kuyang'aniridwa kwa mtendere kwa anthu a m'masankhoti, mmene magulu, ndi mmene anthu a mpikisano wa ndale zadziko.

Zimene Zinali Kuchitika pa Lachisanu

Njira yopita ku Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu inali yaitali ndipo inali yamantha. Pambuyo pa zaka makumi angapo za chiwawa champatuko, ponse paŵiri asilikali a republic ndi okhulupirika adalengeza kutha, kutsegula windo la kukambitsirana kwa ndale zadziko. Chipangano chinakambirana pakati pa maboma a Britain ndi Ireland, ndi asanu ndi atatu mwa mabungwe khumi a ndale zadziko ku Northern Ireland, kuphatikizapo SDLP, UUP, Sinn Féin, ndi Alliance Party. Makonzedwe a kukhazikitsa kwa Northern Ireland msonkhano wokhala ndi ulamuliro wa geocticment, Komiti yamphamvu ya Administration (kanet), ndi mabungwe khumi opitira kumbuyo ndi kuchirikiza kuukira kwa dziko la Ireland. Cruly, adalamuliranso kusintha njira yosanthula, kuchoka ku njira yoyamba yoyendetsera kudziko la Northern Ireland (Ount STst ST) ndi kupititsa patsogolo chisankhoti chapadera chakunja chakunja, ndipo inalimbikitsa kuukira kumbuyo kwa nkhondo, ndipo inalimbikitsa kuukira njira ya kumbuyo kwa Ireland.

Kusintha kwa Ndale Zandale

Pasanafike 1998, ndale za Northern Ireland zinafotokozedwa pafupifupi ndi zigawo ziŵiri za chigwirizano ndi chipani. Dongosolo la pulogalamu ya kusankhidwa la zaka zoyambirira (FPTP) linatulutsa maukulu ogwirizana kwambiri ku Westminster, pamene zigamulo za kumaloko zinagwiritsira ntchito mtundu wa STV koma ndi zigawo zazing'ono zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zinasiya zigawo zazing'ono zopatulidwa. Magulu a bungwe la Good Wendaleverday Reformation anasintha mphamvu imeneyi mwa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za mphamvu za mphamvu za ulamuliro monga lamulo la ulamuliro. Msonkhano watsopano, wosankhidwa ndi STV, ukhoza kupanga gulu lapamwamba ngati maukwati aakulu ndi ogwirizana a dziko lonse agwirizana pamodzi. Ziyeneretso zimenezi zokakamiza kwambiri ndi za mgwirizano ndi za dziko lapansi la dziko lonse la anthu.

Kuyambitsidwa kwa STV kaamba ka msonkhano wonse ndi masankho a kumaloko (ndi ukulu wa chigawo wa asanu kufikira mipando isanu ndi iŵiri) kunali ndi ziyambukiro zingapo za mwamsanga. Kunapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kwa zipani zazing'ono ndi odziimira, monga momwe ovota anaikira oyembekezera kulowa m'zigawo. Chinalimbikitsanso magulu kuthamanga ofunsira ambiri m'chigawo chilichonse, kulimbikitsa mpikisano wa mkati ndi mpikisano wa oloŵa m'gulu la oloŵa m’dziko. Kuwombera kwa mtanda wa ofufuza malo ndi mavoti ena ofunika kwa onse aŵiriwo amafuna kuti ambiri atsate ogwirizana ndi a m'dzikolomonse. Pambuyo pake, zimenezi zinatsogolera ku kukwera kwa magulu amene anakana mamenti ampatuko, monga Alliance ndi Green Party, ngakhale kuti kukula kwawo kunali kogwirizana kwambiri.

Kubuka kwa Mipando Yatsopano ya Zandale

Chisankho chapadera koposa cha pambuyo pa 19998 chinali kulowa mmalo kwa mapwando achikatikati omwe adalamulira dongosolo la mtendere . . pa chipani cha Ulster Union Union (UP) ndi pa pa party ya Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) (SDP) ndi pa chipani cha anthu ambiri osankhidwa ndi Democratic Union (DUP) (Din) ndi Sinn Féin. Pamsonkhano wa 1998, UP unapata mampa 28 ndipo SDLP 24 anatsogolera masupale aakulu kwambiri m'chigawo chilichonse. Pofika 2003, gulu la Azungu ndi Sin Fiin adagonjetsa adani awo, kusonyeza kusokonezeka ndi kuyendetsa mapangano ndi kubwezera chipani cha anthu onse ogwira ntchito ndi dziko la United States. I Supner inachirikiza kuchirikiza kuukira kwa anthu onse, ngakhale kuti adapindula ndi chivomezire, chivomezi cha chivomezi cha chivomezi cha chija, chimene chinachirikiza chija chinachirikiza chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha

Kutha kwa nkhondoyi kunapitirira zaka zoposa 10. Chipani cha Dupu chinakhala chachikulu kwambiri ndipo, pambuyo pa 2017, chipani chachikulu kwambiri pa msonkhanowo. Sinn Féin anawonjezera kuvota kwake, makamaka pambuyo pa kuphulitsa mabomba kwa 1998 ndi kuchotsa zida za IRA pang'onopang’ono. Kukwera kwa magulu aŵiri ameneŵa kunatanthauza kuti mphamvu ya magetsi ikhale ukwati wofunika pakati pa “Abale a Chiccuckle" kuyambira 2007 mpaka 2008. Kugwirizana kumeneku kunasonyeza kuti boma likhoza kuyendetsa bwino nthaŵi zambiri, ngakhale kuti kunali kodabwitsa kuti anatha kulamulira limodzi ndi mtsogoleri wa Dupus Paisley ndi Sin Fiin yemwe anali Martin McGins.

Njira ya Electoral System ndi Kulimbitsa Mphamvu

Komiti ya Vote Yogaŵidwa Mmodzi, yolamulidwa ndi Agreement, ndi maziko a ndale zatsopano zosankhidwa. Osankha apamwamba m'malo osankhidwa pa chigawo cha anthu ambiri. Okhoza kujambula amafikira chigawo chogwirizana ndi mavoti onse ovomerezedwa ogawidwa ndi chiŵerengero cha mipando yophatikizapo imodzi, kuphatikizapo imodzi. Osankha osankhidwa amasamutsidwira ku zokonda zotsika, ndipo amachotsa ofunsirawo amasinthanso. Dongosololi lili ndi zotsatirapo zingapo zofunika ku Northern Ireland:

  • Propeciation : peresenti ya mipando imene chipani chimapata imagwirizana kwambiri ndi mlingo wake wa mavoti oyamba, kupanga msonkhano kukhala woimira wosankhidwiratu. Magulu aang'ono onga Green Party, People At Magnificity, ndi Siraditional Unionist Voice onse apambana mipando.
  • Chilengezo cha commony: Chifukwa chakuti ovota angaike ofunsira ku zipani zosiyanasiyana, maphwando a dongosolo amene angakope zikondwerero zachiŵiri ndi zachitatu kuchokera kwa ovota a chitaganya china. Chipani cha Alliance, makamaka, amapindula ndi zimenezi, kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala chinthu chachiŵiri kapena chachitatu kwa ogwirizana ndi aunyinji ambiri oyenera ndi autundu.
  • Ndawala zosumikidwa bwino: Mastivanti amatsogolera oyembekezera ambiri m'chopimira chirichonse, kuwakakamiza iwo kusiyanitsa oyembekezerawo pa mbiri yawo ndi nkhani za kumaloko mmalo mwa kungolemba dzina la mapwando. Zimenezi zimalimbikitsa kukhazikitsa pangano la udzu ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu ya makampani a zipani zapakati.
  • Kukhazikika kupyolera mwa mphamvu zoyendera: Dongosolo limayendera limodzi ndi njira ya d’Hondt yoperekera mipambo ya utumiki. Gulu lalikulu m'maudindo a mudzi uliwonse (Union, unist, ndi “omwe ,") limakhala loyamba kusankha, ndiyeno lalikulu kwambiri, ndi zina zotero. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti Ukulu ndi mgwirizano wa magulu aakulu, komanso zimatanthauzanso kuti gulu lalikulu kwambiri m'chigawo chilichonse likhoza kutsekereza kapena kuchedwa kutsogolera ku mapangano opotopetsa.

Chifaniziro cha mphamvu yothandiza kuchepetsa zinenero sichinakhale chopanda mavuto. Mabungwe oletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo agwa katatu: kuyambira 2002-2002007 (onenedwa kuti amagwira ntchito ya IRA), kuyambira January 2017 mpaka January 2020 (pansi pa manyazi otha kuyambitsanso kutentha ndi kusagwirizana kwa ufulu wa chinenero cha Ireland), ndipo posachedwapa kuyambira February 2022 mpaka February 2024 (makonzedwe a malonda a kumbuyo kwa Br exit, Northern Ireland Protocol ), . Malamulo alionse anasonyeza kuti pamene dongosolo la osankhoma lingatulutse boma lokhazikika pamene magulu a anthu akugwirizana, sangathe kukakamiza. Mlembere wa Boma la Northern Ireland adatenga lamulo lachindulo kuchokera ku Westernern Ireland, koma dongosolo losankhidwa ndi gulu la osankhidwalowera, lokonzeka kubwezeretsanso kudalirananso chikhulupiriro.

Ziyambukiro Zokhalitsa pa Ndale Zadziko

Chikalata cha Malamulo a Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu chakhala ndi chiyambukiro chosatha ndi chocholoŵana pa malo osankhidwa a Northern Ireland. Pambali imodzi, chapereka kwenikweni zimene chinalonjeza: kuchepetsa chiwawa cha ndale zadziko, kutenga nawo mbali kochuluka m'mabungwe a democracy, ndi dongosolo limene limalola anthu onse kukhala ndi mawu. Zisankho tsopano zikulimbana ndi malamulo ndi kulamulira, osati kokha. Kusintha kwa zaumoyo, maphunziro, nyumba, ndi mbali ya za za chuma kuwonekera kwambiri m'gulu, kumbali ya malamulo a boma. Mwachitsanzo, masankhoti a Sin Féin, anaona Sin Féin kukhala mbali yaikulu ya nthaŵi yoyamba, kupambana mipando 27 ya DUP ku , kupambana kwa ntchito yopanga mapangano 25. Kusintha kumeneku sikunatengedwe ndi kusintha kwa ufulu wa dziko lonse, koma kudalirana kwa Sin, ndi kukwera kwa ntchito yaumoyo, pamene kuli koyenera kutsutsa kopambana kwa chipani cha ufulu cha ufulu.

Komabe, magaŵano aakulu adakalipo. Kupitirizabe kwa Msonkhanowo monga mgwirizano wokakamiza kumatanthauza kuti boma lililonse limaphatikizapo magulu onse aŵiri odzipereka ku Union ndi zipani zodzipereka ku Ireland . Kupsinjika kumeneku kumamangidwa m'dongosolo ndipo nthaŵi zina kwachititsa kuyendetsa. 2017-2020 kugwa pa lamulo la Irish Language Act, ndi 2022-2024, ndipo 2024 lagwa pa Lamulo la Pangano, kunasonyeza kuti pamene gulu limodzi lachipembedzo laleka, bungwe lonselo limatseka. Ndiponso, dongosolo la osankhidwalo lalola mawu owopsa kuimira [1] Traditional Union Volution (UV), imene imatsutsa chigwirizano chonse, inapambana mpando umodzi mu 20222, ndi minda imene imakana mphamvu za dziko lonse. Pambali pa chivomerezo cha anthu ochepa apambana ufulu wa dziko lonse.

Kugwirizana kwakhala kochepa kwambiri m'masankho a msonkhanowo kuposa zaka zambiri pambuyo pa Chipangano, poyerekezera ndi pafupifupi 55-65% mu 1998. Osankha achinyamata, amene sakumbukira za Mavuto, kaŵirikaŵiri amaona ndale kudzera pa wailesi ya malensi, koma amalingaliranso kuti sagwirizana kwambiri ndi mwambo. Osankha akuzindikira kuti “osati ali mgwirizano kapena wa dzikolo" akula pang'onopang'ono, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa gulu la Alliance Party, kumene kunayamba kuchokera pa 7% mu 2016 mpaka 2022. Mkhalidwe umenewu umasonyeza kuti, ngati amachedwa, amachoka pa kusankhidwa. Anast ndi osankhidwawo kusankhidwa kuti afike pa mfundo [Flectal] [Foctive] [F]

Chikalata cha osankhidwa cha nthaŵi yaitali chimadaliranso pa kusintha kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu. Chiŵerengero cha 2021 chinasonyeza kuti kwa nthaŵi yoyamba, chiŵerengero cha Akatolika (amene ambiri amadziŵikitsidwa kukhala autundu) chinaposa Aprotesitanti (amene ambiri amatchula kuti ndi ogwirizana) ku Northern Ireland. Zimenezi zachititsa anthu ambiri kuti kupenda kogwirizana kwa dziko la Ireland kukhale pakati pa zaka khumi zotsatira, monga momwe kuperekedwa ndi Mapangano Abwino. Komabe, kuŵerengera kwa anthu si chizindikiro chokwanira cha khalidwe la kuvota, ndipo Akatolika ambiri sasankha mtundu wina, pamene ena Aprotestanti akuchirikiza Chipani cha Alliance. Chiyambukiro cha anthu ameneŵa pa ndale zosankhidwa zosankhidwa ndi zosankhidwa ndi za anthu osankhidwa ndi zachuma. Komabe, sichiriponso kaimidwe kake kamodzi kabwino ka ka ka ka ka ka kakhalidwe ka ka ka ka ka kakhalidwe ka .

Chiyambukiro china chofunika cha pangano la Chipangano chakhala kukhazikitsidwa kwa oweruza ndi kuwongokera kwa nthaŵi zonse m'kulembetsa ndi kubwereranso pakati pa magulu otsika. Kuyamba kulembetsa achichepere ndi awo ochokera ku mafuko aang'ono (kuphatikizapo chiŵerengero cha anthu osamukira ku madera ena omwe sali oyera) kwachirikizidwa ndi Electoral Commission . Kugwiritsira ntchito STV kwatsogoleranso ku ntchito yosankha anthu ovuta kwambiri, monga momwe magulu akudziŵa kuti kuthamanga kwa anthu ambiri odzipereka mwamphamvu m’chigawo china nkofunika. M'chisankho cha 20222, oposa 250 anapikisana ndi mipando 90 kudutsa 18 contituties, kupereka votation yochuluka ya zosankha.

Openyerera a kunja awona kuti dongosolo la Northern Ireland liri chitsanzo cha chipambano cha kulinganiza mphamvu yapambuyo pa kugaŵikana kwa magetsi kumene kumagwiritsira ntchito kuimira kwa . Mabungwe a mitundu yonse onga International International Institute for Democracy ndi Electoral Consolation (IDEA) laiphunzira monga chitsanzo chothekera cha magulu ena ogaŵanika kwambiri. Komabe, otsutsa amatsutsa kuti magulu ankhondo ogwirizana okhala ndi zolinga zosiyana m'boma, amayambitsa kusakhazikika. Kuswa mphamvu zomangira ndi Pangano la Alliance [1] kumene kumadziŵika bwino monga “kusintha kwa mgwirizano, ndipo sikugwirizana ndi kakonzedwe kodabwitsa, monga mfungulo zina za bungwe la Com zimafuna kuti“ chigwirizano china cha gulu la ogwirizana chigwirizano chigwirizano.

Ngakhale kuti pali mavuto amenewa, chisankho cha pangano la Chipanganocho chakhala champhamvu. Pambuyo pa kuchotsedwa kwa zaka ziŵiri kumene kunatha mu February 2024, Msonkhano unagwirizananso ndi Dupu ndi Sinn Fiéin win kachiŵirinso kugawana mapepala apamwamba. Mtsogoleri watsopano wa DuP, Gavin Robinson, adadzipereka kupanga mphamvu zolamulira, pamene Sinn Féin’n O’Neill amakhala Nduna Yaill, woyamba kuyang'anira malowo. Kupitirizabe kumeneku kumasonyeza kuti dongosolo la osankhidwa, lobadwa kuchokera ku Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu, tsopano lakhala lopangidwa ndi anthu a ku Northern Ireland. Ilo limapereka njira yosonyezera mawu a democracy, kutsutsa chiwawa, ndi kugawa kwa kugaŵikana kwaunitsa kopanda ungwiro.

Kuyang'ana kutsogolo, ndale za ku Northern Ireland zidzapitirizabe kusinthika pansi pa mthunzi wa Brein, kusintha kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu, ndi kuthekera kwa kugawira malire. Malamulo ndi ntchito ya Windsor Frame yasintha kale mpikisano wa gulu, kupatsa DUP malo oonekera bwino otsutsa ku malonda ndi kusonkhezera Sinn Féin kukambirana kwa mgwirizano womakula. Kusintha kwenikweni kwa nkhani zimenezi kudzaoneka m'nkhani yotsatira yosankhidwa, podzafika 2027, koma nyumba ya pansi pa malo a Chipangano Chachisanu , mphamvu za , dHen Friend, dhont , commony , comption .

Kufufuza kowonjezereka pa choloŵa cha Good Lachisanu Agreement ndi chisonkhezero chake chosalekeza pa ndale za Northern Ireland, fufuzani kuchokera ku BBC Northern Ireland ndi kufufuza kwatsatanetsatane kofalitsidwa ndi Nsonga ya International Borders Research [[FLT:]] pa Yunivesite ya Queen Belfast. Kumvetsetsa chiyambukiro cha Chivomereki ndicho chofunika kwa aliyense wofuna kudziŵa mphamvu zamakono za ndale zadziko za chigawocho.