Chikalata cha Figate Protection Claus, cholembedwa m'Chigawo 1 cha Kusintha kwa 14 ku United States, chili chimodzi cha malamulo osintha kwambiri m'mbiri ya America. Chikuvomerezedwa mu 1868 mkati mwa nyengo ya chisokonezo ya Nyengo, chimalengeza kuti palibe boma limene liyenera "kudalira munthu aliyense wokhala ndi ulamuliro wake kutetezera malamulo mofanana. Chigamulo chimodzichi chakhala maziko alamulo ochotsera tsankho la dongosolo la zinthu, kufutukula ufulu wa anthu, ndi kubwezeretsa unansi pakati pa nzika ndi boma lawo. Pazaka 150 zapitazo, chiganizo chakhala nkhani yaikulu ya kutetezera malamulo, nthanthi, ndi kukonza mayanjano monga momwe zinaliri lerolino m’kuchitika kwa nkhondo yachiweniweni cha chiweniweni.

Nkhani Zake: Kuyambira pa Kukonzanso Zinthu Kukafika pa Jim Crow

Chitetezo cha Actal Protection Claus chinali chivomerezo chachindunji ku kupanda chilungamo kwa ukapolo ndi Malamulo Olabura omwe anatsatira kulembedwa. Olemba ake anafuna kutsimikizira kuti anthu omwe kale anali akapolo adzatetezedwa ndi lamulo mofanana ndi nzika zachiyera. Komabe, ulendo wa mawuwo kuchokera ku lonjezo lapepala ku zinthu zenizeni wakhala wokha. Mkati mwa Reconstantion, boma linapasa Chikalata cha ufulu wa Civil Rights cha 18666 ndi Endment Acts, koma iwo anayang'anizana ndi chitsutso choopsa kuchokera ku maiko a Kummwera kwa dziko lotsimikiza kusungitsa ulamuliro wa azungu.

Ndi mapeto a Reconsoletion mu 1877, Khoti Lapamwamba linayamba kuchepetsa kufikiridwa kwa lamulolo. M'chaka cha 1883 Civil Rights Cases , Bwalo linagamula kuti Kukonzanso kwa 144 kunkaletsedwa kokha, osati tsankho lapatokha. Zimenezi zinasiya khomo lotseguka la malamulo a boma la Southern Congation kuti akhazikitse Jim Cyrow malamulo amene analamulira fuko m'mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa anthu. Chigamulo cha mbiri yoipa 1896 Plavess. Genforson[FLD:3] adachirikiza chiphunzitso cha "odetsati koma chofanana, kulingalira kuti malamulo a Claussis asanakhalepo. M'ka, iwo sanachitepo chigamu chachikulu cha kuyang'onong'onong'zo cha lamulo.

Kumasulira mwa Malamulo: Ziyeso za Kufufuza

Malamulo a bungwe la Auncime Protection Claus ayamba ndi njira yoyendera milandu yokonzedwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu.

Kupenda Kolimba

Kusanthula kwenikweni kuli muyezo wokhwima kwambiri, wogwiritsiridwa ntchito ku magawo ozikidwa pa fuko, chiyambi cha dziko, ndi, m'nkhani zina, kulekana . Kuti apulumuke kusanthula kosamalitsa, boma liyenera kusonyeza kuti lamulolo limatumikira chikondwerero chokakamiza ndipo limakonzedwa bwino kuti lipeze chikondwerero chimenecho. Muyezo umenewu unatuluka kuchokera ku Korimatsu v. United States (194444), kumene Khoti linachirikiza chigawo cha ku Japan ndi ku America [1] Koma pambuyo pake mazikowo anakhala chida champhamvu cha ufulu wa anthu.

Kupenda Kogwirizanitsa

Kufufuza kokhudzana ndi magawo ozikidwa pa kugonana ndi kuyenerera. Pansi pa muyezo umenewu, lamulo liyenera kukhala logwirizana kwambiri ndi chikondwerero chofunika cha boma. Ilo linatchulidwa koyamba mu Craig v. Boren [1997], mlandu wokhudza kusiyana kwa amuna ndi akazi pa msinkhu wogula mowa. Mlingo umenewu wagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsa tsankho la amuna ndi akazi, kuphatikizapo ntchito ndi maphunziro.

Kupendanso Maziko a Kudziikira Pangano

Chiphunzitso cha kubwereramo ndi chosiyana ndi malamulo ambiri a zachuma ndi a chikhalidwe cha anthu. Lamulolo limalingaliridwa kukhala loyenera ndipo lidzachirikizidwa ngati lili logwirizana ndi chiwonjezeko cha boma. Komabe, Bwalo Lamilandu lagwiritsira ntchito nthaŵi zina "mpangidwe wofufuza bwino" wa maziko oyenera oyambira pa milandu yokhudza kukondera LGBTQ+ anthu kapena anthu olumala, makamaka mu . Evans (19696) ndi [FLT] Cleburne Center of Cleburne v. Cleburne Center [FLT] [FT] [85]. [1985]

Milandu Yaikulu ya Khoti

Chitetezo cha Active Claus chakhala maziko a zigamulo zina za Khoti Lalikulu koposa m'mbiri ya America. Milandu imeneyi yafutukula mlingo wa mawuwo ku magulu atsopano ndi mawu apatsogolo ndi apambuyo, kusinthiratu mwambo wa chitaganya cha America.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Brown v. Board of Education motsimikizirika ndilo chosankha chofunika koposa cha ufulu wa anthu m'zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri. Khoti linzake linagonjetsa kusankhidwa kwa fuko m'masukulu a anthu onse, kukana "kusiyana koma kulingana" chiphunzitso cha Plavy. Woweruza Wamkulu Earl Warren analemba kuti "zipinda za maphunziro n’zosalingana kwenikweni," chifukwa chakuti imachititsa "kudziona kukhala wotsika monga malo awo a m'mudzi amene angakhudze mitima yawo ndi maganizo awo m’njira yosayembekezereka kuchotsedwapo. Chigamulo cha malamulo ndi choperekedwa cha malamulo kaamba ka zopinga za nyumba, ndi nyumba za anthu oyenda.

Long v. Virginia (1967)

Mu yopalamula ndi Virginia , khoti linaswa malamulo a boma oletsa kukwatirana kwa mafuko. Lovings, mkazi wa Black ndi mwamuna wachiyera wokwatiwa ku Washington, D.C., anaimbidwa mlandu ku Virginia chifukwa cha kuswa lamulo loletsa kukwatira kwa boma. Khotilo linagamula kuti "ufulu wa kukwatira, kapena kusakwatira, munthu wa fuko lina amakhala ndi munthu ndipo sangaswedwe ndi Boma. Chigamulo chinatha kuswa malamulo ofanana ndi zinenero 16 ndi kutsimikizira kuti malamulo aufuko aufuko afunikira kuyang'aniridwa kwakukulu.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Pafupifupi theka la zaka zana pambuyo pa [[FLT: 0] Kuchoka, Khoti linagwiritsira ntchito malamulo aulemu ndi chitetezo chofanana kwa okwatirana a kugonana. bergefell v. Hodges, Khoti linasunga kuti lamulo liyenera kulola ndi kuzindikira maukwati pakati pa anthu aŵiri a chisembwere. Woweruza Anthony Kennedy anagogomezera kuti "kuyenera kukwatira ndi kuyenera kwapadera kwa munthu" ndi kukana kuti mwamuna ndi mkazi wake "amene amatetezera aŵiri, amene amasunga malamulo awo amakhalidwe awo ndi zosankha zawo za kugonana. Chigamu chachikulu chinali chigamu cha zaka makumi ambiri ndi Lct BGG.

Malamulo Ena Ofunika

Madenti a University of California v. Bakke . Bakte . adalemba za kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mafuko m'kachitidwe kovomereza, kulamulira kuti pamene kuli kwakuti fuko lingalingaliridwe kukhala chinthu chimodzi chochititsa kulowa, ziŵerengero zokhwima zoswa Chitetezo cha Claus. [. Bollinger . [2003] adatsimikiziranso kuti kusiyana kwa maphunziro ndi chinthu chofunika. Posachedwapa, [[FLT: 4.] Nthano za Factstions . Harvard v.[FLD5:] [2]

Chiyambukiro pa Malamulo

Nyumba ya Malamulo yakhala ikupempha mphamvu zake zosungitsa lamulo pansi pa Gawo 5 la Demetriment ya 14 kuti akhazikitse malamulo amene amateteza anthu ku tsankho / / ndipo amathandizanso anthu kuti asamasalidwa.

Mlanduwo wa 1964

Zikalata za Udindo II za Chikalata cha Chisungiko cha Chisungiko cha 1964 zimaletsa tsankho m'malo ogona a anthu onse ozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kapena mtundu. Zida VII zimaletsa tsankho la ntchito. Ngakhale kuti ntchitoyi imadalira makamaka pa Commerce Claus, Actal Protection Claus imapereka maziko a makhalidwe ndi a lamulo. Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza lamulo lake lokhudza malamulo mu Atlantal . United States (1964).

Kuvomereza Chiletso cha Ufulu wa Anthu mu 1965

Voting Rights Act ya 1965 cholinga chake chenicheni kusungitsa Chikalata cha Demendment cha 15 . Chitsimikizo chakuti ufulu wa kuvota sudzakanidwa chifukwa cha fuko. Komabe, maziko ake a Kutetezera Khirisimasi N’ngosatsutsika. Chigawo 2 cha kachitidweko chimaletsa njira zosankha zimene zimayambitsa tsankho, mwambo womveka wotetezera jurisprudence. Kumeneku kunachititsa kuti anthu asiye kuvomereza ku kampani ya Black ovota ku South. Komabe, khoti Lapamwamba la 2013 mu [FLT: 0] County . Shelby County v. Haker .

Mutu wa nkhani ya Malamulo a Maphunziro a 1972

Iwotit IX imaletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa kugonana m'maprogramu a maphunziro oyendetsedwa ndi boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti cholinga chake choyamba chinali chakuti akazi aphunzire ndi kuthamanga, kumasulira kwake kwakula m'kupita kwa nthaŵi. Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira kuti Thetwet IX kaŵirikaŵiri imagwirizanitsa ndi Exct Protection Claus, makamaka m'nkhani zokhudza kuvutitsa akazi ndi kubwezera.

Anthu a ku America Amene Analemala mu 1990

ADA imaletsa tsankho kwa anthu olumala pantchito, m'malo ogona, mayendedwe, ndi m'mafoni. Ngakhale kuti bungwe la Aclimate Protection Claus siliona kuti ndilo gulu lokayikira, ADA imasonyeza mzimu wa lamulo wotsimikizira kuti anthu onse atetezedwa mofanana. Makhoti atsatira mfundo zomveka zonena za tsankho, koma ADA imapereka njira yabwino kwambiri yochitira zinthu mogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma.

Nkhani za M’tsogolo ndi Kusathetsa Mikangano

Ngakhale kuti pali mbiri yaitali, bungwe la Expand Protection Claus lidakali pa likulu la nkhondo zina za malamulo ndi zandale zamphamvu kwambiri ku America.

Kachitidwe Kotsimikiza ndi Atsogoleri Aufuko

Chigamulo cha Bwalo Lapamwamba 2023 mu Ophunzira Fair Adgicts . Harvard mokhutiritsa ntchito ya kuvomereza kwa mpikisano m’maphunziro apamwamba. Ambiri anakhulupirira kuti maprogramu a Harvard ndi UNC sanazindikiridwe mokwanira ndi zolinga zopitirizidwa, kuswa chitetezo cha Actal Claus. Chigamulo chimenechi chachititsa kale kuyambitsa njira zovuta za kupikisana kwa ntchito ndi kuipeza, kudzutsa mafunso onena za mmene pepalalo limafikira ku chigamulo chaumwini.

Kupatsa Ufulu ndi Kulingana kwa Malo

Pambuyo pa Selby County v. Hoker , maboma angapo amene amakhazikitsa malamulo a wovota, madera osankhidwa, ndi kuchotsa ovota mndandanda wa madera amene mwachisawawa akhudza kwambiri anthu ochepa. Mafuko atembenukira ku Selby County Claus kuti ayesetse machitachita ameneŵa, kutsutsa kuti iwo amaika mtolo ku ufulu ku kuvota umene sulungamidwa ndi chiwongola cha boma. Chigamulo cha 2019 mu Ruchv. Chifuno chachidziŵitso chachiya. , chimene chinakhulupirira kuti gerryman ndi funso landale la boma loposa makhoti, lavuta kupambana.

LGBTQ+ Ufulu Woposa Ukwati

Pamene kuli kwakuti [[FLT: 0] ofesefe [1] adatsegulira ukwati wofanana, mafunso akukhalabe ponena za tsankho pantchito, nyumba, ndi malo ogona. Chigamulo cha 2020 mu Bostock v. Clayton County yomasulira Dipoti ya Dipoti kuti iletse kusankhidwa kozikidwa pa mkhalidwe wa kugonana ndi kudziŵika kwa mwamuna. Komabe, Khoti Lapamwamba silinawonjezerebe bwino chiphunzitso chofanana cha anthu m'madera ngati a zaumoyo, maseŵera, ndi malamulo a ndende. Kuzemba kwaposachedwapa kwa malamulo oletsa kupezeka kwa achichepere pa kugonana ndi kusamala kwa amuna kwachititsa mavuto atsopano.

Kunyazitsa Utundu ndi Chilungamo Chaupandu

Chitetezo cha Actleal Protection Claus chimapereka maziko a lamulo loletsa kutsutsa ufuko mwa kusungitsa lamulo. Komabe, akatswiri amayang'ana kumbuyo kowonekera bwino: ayenera kusonyeza tsankhu ladala, osati chiyambukiro chokulira. Kulephera kutsimikizira kugamula mlandu kwachepetsa mphamvu ya mawu m'nkhaniyi. Akatswiri ena amatsutsa kuti Bwalo liyenera kuchepetsa chiyeneretso kapena kuzindikira chikhoterero monga mtundu wa tsankho.

Kusalingana Zachuma ndi Kulinganiza Chuma

Chitetezo cha Active Claus sichimatetezera mwachisawawa ku madeti a chuma. San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez [1] [77]), Khoti linakana chigomeko chakuti kusagwirizana kwa ndalama za sukulu pa misonkho yokhudza katundu kukana chitetezo chofanana, poona kuti maphunziro si ufulu waukulu pansi pa malamulo. Chigamulo chimenechi chathandizira kuchepetsa kusiyana kwa anthu pasukulu polipirira mayiko. Ochirikiza mfundo za kuchirikiza kumasulira kokulira kumene kungavomerezetse chilungamo chachuma monga chotetezera chofanana.

Choloŵa Chokhalitsa cha Chitetezo Chofanana ndi cha Claus

Kuchokera ku chiyambi chake m'nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni kufikira ku mbali yake m'mikangano yamakono yonena za kulingana kwa ukwati ndi kuvomereza, Chitetezo cha Agent Claus chatsimikizira kukhala makonzedwe olimba ndi amphamvu a lamulo. Chagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuchotsa kuchotsa, malamulo opanda pake amene amasankhana pamaziko a kugonana, ndi kusungitsa kuyenera kwa kukwatira okwatirana amodzi. Komabe ntchito yake siitha. Chinenero chachikulu cha Chingelezi chakutetezera malamulo "" chakhala kumasulira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yatsopano ya tsankho imene opanga maftware sakanatha kuilingalira.

Kumvetsa mlingo wa Kuteteza Claus n’kofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kudziŵa mfundo za lamulo la America. Ndi chitetezero kwa boma lochenjerera ndi lupanga la chilungamo cha anthu. Pamene dziko likupitirizabe kulimbana ndi tsankho la m’dongosolo la anthu, kusalingana kwa akazi, ndi malire atsopano a ufulu wa anthu, mawuwo mosakayikira adzakhalabe mbali yaikulu ya nkhondo yalamulo ndi yandale. Matanthauzo ake sakhazikika koma amasonkhezeredwa ndi mfundo za ochirikiza, malamulo a makhoti, ndi zofuna za ufulu wa anthu.

Kuti muŵerenge, fufuzani zolembedwa zonse za Kutetezera Claus pa Légical Information Institute [[FLT: 1] , pendani mbiri ya [[FLT:] Brown v. Board of Education [[FLT:]] pa Oyez, ndi kuŵerenga Chigwirizano cha American Libectures [[FLT:]] [4] Chithunzi cha Chitetezo cha Claus . Chuma chowonjezereka chimaphatikizapo [[FLT:] Constitution Center yothandiza [[FL:]] [FLT]] ndi [FLT] malingaliro [F:]