Kufotokoza Chiyambi cha Dziko Monga Filosofi

Umboni wa kuyambika kwa tchalitchi ndi sukulu yomasulira mfundo za malamulo zimene zimanena kuti tanthauzo la Malamulo limaikidwa panthaŵi imene akhazikitsidwa. Kwa akatswiri oyambirira, mawu a Konsichushoni amatanthauza zimene anazilingalira kukhala zotanthauza ndi awo amene analemba ndi kuvomereza. Kalingaliridwe kameneka kamasiyana ndi ziphunzitso za "malamulo amoyo," zimene zimalola tanthauzo la malamulo a malamulo kusintha pa nthaŵi. Pa maziko ake, chiphunzitso choyambirira chimafuna kutsendereza nzeru zachiweruzo, kutsutsa kuti oweruza sayenera kupeputsa malamulo awoawo m'malamulo. Mmalomwake, iwo ayenera kuchita zinthu monga otsutsa mfundo za malamulo, kugwiritsira ntchito tanthauzo loyamba la mawu a m'malembawo kuti ayambe kutsutsana kwa masiku ano.

Matanthauzo Aŵiri Oyambirira: Osiyana Koyambirira

Pansi pa ambulera ya chiyambi, pali sukulu ziŵiri zoyambirira. Matembenuzidwe akale, otchedwa [[FLT: 0] cholinga choyambirira, amasumika pa zimene olembawo akupanga okha mwachinsinsi pokonza makonzedwe. Osuliza amazindikira kuti njira imeneyi njovuta chifukwa chakuti olembawo anali gulu losiyana ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri sagwirizana. Mabaibulo amakono ndi amphamvu kwambiri ndi tanthauzo lapoyera lachiyambi , lochirikizidwa ndi Woweruza Antonin Scalia ndi ena. Kulingalira kumeneku kumafunsa zimene wolankhula bwino kapena woŵerenga chinenero chachingelezi panthaŵi ya kutchuka amamva mawuwo. Kugogomezera tanthauzo lapo la mawuwo, kulephera kutembenuzidwa kwa chinsinsiku kuchitika. Chipanganochi chachi ndi cholinga cha kumasulira kwa tchulira kwa pulogalamu yachiyambi.

Mlandu wa Chiyambi: Kukhazikika, Kulamulira, ndi Ulamuliro wa Chilamulo

Ochirikiza chiphunzitso choyambirira amapereka zigomeko zingapo zamphamvu. Choyamba, amatsutsa kuti chiyambi chimapereka kuthekera [[FLT: 0]. Malamulo ndi lamulo lalikulu la dziko; ngati tanthauzo lake ndi masinthidwe a oweruza kapena malingaliro a anthu, limaleka kugwira ntchito monga maziko okhazikika a ulamuliro. Olamulira ndi opanga malamulo amafunikira kudziŵa chimene lamulolo liri lero ndi chimene lidzakhala maŵa. Oweruza oyambirira amalimbitsa lingaliro lakuti malamulo a boma ayenera kubwera kuchokera kwa anthu kudzera m'Chigawo cha V, osati kuchokera ku ku ku kumasuliranso kwachiweruzo. Chachiŵiri, kumanga kwa oyambirira kumapanga [FL: 2] kuwonjezera tanthauzo la m'zankhunkhunkhunkhuli [FF:3] [FT.] [FT.] Oweruza khumi sagwirizana bwino ndi moyo. Iwo angaperekenso lingaliro loikidwa m’chisankhomo. Pamene amagamu la chigamu cha chigamulo chachigamu cha chigamu chachimo choikidwa choikidwa choikidwa choikidwa choikidwa choyambirira. [maikidwa choyambirira cha lamulo choyambirira chachigamu.]

  • Kuzengedwa mlandu: Tanthauzo loikidwiratu limalola anthu ndi mabizinesi kulamulira zochita zawo popanda kuopa kuti khoti la m'tsogolo lidzasintha malamulo a lamulo.
  • Umboni wa Democratic Accouty : Kusintha ku Konsichushoni kuli kwa anthu moyenerera kupyolera mwa kusintha, osati ku zoweruza zochepa.
  • Judicial Barent: [[FT:1] Kutsata kumangofuna kuti oweruza asunge nthambi za demokalase pokhapo ngati tanthauzo loyambirira la Malamulo likunyalanyaza chosankha cha bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo.

Vuto: Kufunika Kosintha ndi Kusintha kwa Anthu

Ngakhale kuti pali mphamvu zake, kulimba kwake kuli ndi kusuliza kowopsa. Chitsutso chofala kwambiri nchakuti anthu akhala akusintha kwambiri kuyambira pa nyengo yokha. Miyezo yonga kuyang'anira kwa pakompyuta, luntha lopanga, ndi luso lamakono lakubala sikunakhalepo / ndipo ngakhale makhalidwe ambiri a anthu amene timawaona kukhala oyenera, monga ngati kulingana kwa ufuko ndi ukazi pansi pa malamulo. Otsutsa atsutsa kuti njira yoyambirira yoyambirira ikhoza kutulutsa zinthu zimene zili zosamveka bwino kapena zosalungama kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsira ntchito tanthauzo la Kukonza kwa Kayendetsedwe kachinayi ku magetsi kukanachititsa kusoŵa chitetezo chochepa, chifukwa chakuti oyambitsawo satha kumvetsa za boma kumvetsera mpanda malinga. Mofananamo, njira yoyambirira inagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthaŵi yaitali kutetezera ndi kuletsa ukwati wapakati pa zaka zapakati pa zaka zapakati. Akatswiri oyambirira anatsutsa kuti malamulowo akutsutsana ndi tanthauzo la kutsutsana ndi kukambirana kwa zaka khumi zoyambirira za mbiri.

Pamene Kuyambirira Kuoneka Ngati Kutsutsana ndi Chiweruzo Cholungama

Chitsanzo chapadera chosonyeza kubwezera ndi Brown v. Board of Education (1954). Olemba mafomu a 144 Demendment analola mwachindunji masukulu ovomerezedwa (Akulu omwe analinganiza kukonzanso kukonza kokhalako kwa masukulu ku Washington, D.C.). Kuŵerenga kokhwima kochokera ku ku kuŵerengera koyambirira kwa "kutetezedwa kwa malamulo," kukanachirikiza mwachidziŵikire. Komabe Aamereka ambiri akondwerera [[FLT:] Brown [FLT:] monga chilakiko cha chilungamo. Oyambirira amayankha m’njira ziŵiri: zina zodziŵikirapo za kulingana ndi njira ya kulingana kwa anthu (a'katenga malo ena) pamene akuvomereza kuti agwirizana ndi kuchirikiza kutsimikizira koyenera kwachikhalidwe kwa anthu. Komabe, kuyankha koyenera kwa kuwonjezera kwa kulongosola kwa kulingana kwa kufalikira kwa ufulu kwa makhalidwe kwa makhalidwe. "F.Foptiontion: "freverset]

Kusonyeza Kulinganiza: Chizoloŵezi Chambiri, Chiyambi, ndi Chiyambi

Oweruza ndi akatswiri ambiri amatsatira chiphunzitso choyambirira chosinthasintha kwambiri. Chimazindikiranso mphamvu ya kuyambirira kwa nthaŵi yaitali ndi mikhalidwe yosinthasintha. Njira imeneyi nthaŵi zina imatchedwa n'kuyambirira ndi chitseko cha chitetezo" kapena [[FLT]] yoyambirira yosamveka bwino [[FLT]] kapena [imene imachititsa kuti malamulo akhale okhazikika . Imakhulupirira kuti tanthauzo loyamba la malamulo ndilo maziko a kumasulira ndipo ayenera kupatsidwa mphamvu yaikulu. Komabe, pamene tanthauzo loyamba lioneka kuti n’losamveka bwino, kapena pamene likutsutsana kwambiri ndi malamulo opangidwa pa nthaŵi imene (monga ulamuliro), oweruza angadalire pa njira zina zofotokozera mfundo yoyenerera.

Ntchito ya Nyenyezi Yowononga Zinthu m’Ntchito Yoyambirira

Chiphunzitso choyambirira chimaphatikizapo kuvomereza mwamphamvu kuyang'ana. M’malo mwake, mfundo yakuti makhoti ayenera kutsatira zosankha zawo zoyambirira. Woweruza Scalia iyemwini analemba kuti iye anali "wosati woyambirira wokha" pamene chinakhala chitsanzo. Anatsutsa kuti kuchotsa chigamulo chilichonse chimene chinasiya ku luntha la poyamba chingakhale kulephera. M’malo mwake, anagwiritsira ntchito muyezo wapamwamba wa decis, woposa pa milandu yawo yoyambirirayo pamene tanthauzo lake linali lomveka bwino ndipo chitsanzo chake chinali chosagwira ntchito kapena chosagwirizana ndi malamulo oyambirira. Zimenezi zimalola kuti chiwongoletso cha pang'onopang'ono chisagonjetsedwe ndi lamulo lokhazikika. Chigamu chachikulu ([FF. Foct:]) Chigamu chachikulu chaposachedwapa chingakhalenso. [FFFF] ndi cholakwika cha m’chimopeto chachikulu cha m’chimo. Chigamu chachikulu cha m’chimo. Chofunika kuti chisinthiko cha m’ponse chakulephera kulephera kugawa: [FF:]

Kuumirira M’kachitidwe: Milandu Yaikulu ya Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu

Kuzindikira mmene kusinthidwira kumagwira ntchito panthaka, nkothandiza kupenda milandu yambiri yosintha zinthu. Mu Hellaner . Helter . (2008), Khoti Lapamwamba linagwiritsira ntchito tanthauzo lapoyera kumasulira kuyenera kwa Second Conformation "kusunga ndi kukhala ndi Zida" monga munthu woyenerera, osati chabe wogwirizana ndi utumiki wa asilikali. Chiweruzo cha Scalia [malingaliro ambiri] chinapenda kwambiri kuyambika kwa mitu ya zinthu , manyuzipepala, kugamula kuti munthu wodziŵika bwino adziŵe mmene angamvetsere lembalo. Lingalirolo linakana lingaliro lachindukire kuti tanthauzo la malamulowo linakhala loyambiriralo nthaŵi yaitali. Pa kutsutsa, Steven adasonyeza kuŵerenga kwake koyamba kuti sikumapatsa yankho limodzi. [FFFoctive] [2]

Nkhani ina yaikulu ndiyo New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen [202], imene inafutukula Heller [ ndi kukhazikitsa chiyeso chatsopano cha mavuto a Second Reformation: boma liyenera kusonyeza kuti malamulo ake ndi "kugwirizana ndi mwambo wa dziko wa malamulo a mfuti. Kuyesa kumeneku kumaika kulemera kwakukulu pa kusanthula mbiri yakale, kukufuna kuti oweruza akhale olemba mbiri yakale. Kuyesa kwa Bruen kuli chitsanzo chotsutsana ndi kuyambitsidwa kwa kuyambika chifukwa chakuti kumafuna mlingo wapamwamba wa kukhulupirika kwa m'mbiri, ndipo otsutsa amatsutsa lamulo m'kayikireni ku ku ku kulongosola kusungidwa kwa kusungidwa kwa kusungidwa kwa kusungidwa kwa kakhalidwe kawo pa kusungidwe kapo kapo kamodzi. [FF] [Ft] [F]

M'nkhani ya ulamuliro wa akuluakulu, kuyambirira kwakhalanso kosonkhezera. Trump v. Mazars USA, LLP (2020), khotilo linafunsa funso lokhudza mabungwe a mabungwe a zachuma. Zoweruza zosiyanasiyana zolembedwa ndi mapulani opangira malamulo, koma malingaliro ambiri pomalizira pake anagwiritsira ntchito mayeso othandiza, kusonyeza kuti tanthauzo loyambirira silikutha kusokoneza nthaŵi zonse. Chiphunzitso cha m'malemba alamulo ndi tanthauzo lake loyamba n’chomveka bwino; pamene zili zomveka bwino, oweruza ayenera kubwerera kumbuyo pa njira zina zomasulira.

Kugwirizana Kowonjezereka kwa Kuŵerenga Kowonjezereka

Oŵerenga amene akufuna kufufuza kwambiri za kuyambika kwa Baibulo angafunsenso zinthu zotsatirazi:

  • [[FULT:0] Cornell Legal Information Institute: Expository – Mafotokozedwe achidule alamulo ndi zilozero.
  • [[FLT: 0] Center yofufuza ya Pew: Scalia ndi Breyer on Originalism vs. Constitution of Life – Kujambula kosasiyana kwa mkanganowo.
  • NPR: Living Constitution vs. STrinity - Kuyang'ana kolinganizika pa mmene mafilosofi aŵiriwo amaseŵerera m’lingaliro la anthu.
  • Likulu la Unyinji wa Dziko: Constitutionctive – Malo ofufuzira tanthauzo loyambirira ndi nkhani za mbiri yakale za chigawo chirichonse.

Konsichushoni Yamoyo Monga Njira Yoloŵera

Palibe kukambitsirana kwa chiyambi cha chiyambi chokwanira popanda kuyerekezera ndi nthanthi yopikisana ya malamulo amoyo. Ochirikiza malamulo a kachitidwe ka zinthu, monga Jasitisi, akutsutsa kuti Konsichushoni iyenera kutembenuzidwa ndi kulongosola miyezo ya chikhalidwe ndi zofunika zamakono. Amagogomezera malamulo aakulu mmalo mwa matanthauzo a mbiri yakale. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a Althh Conformation pa "mulust" amamvedwa kukhala ndi tanthauzo kuchokera ku miyezo ya ulemu, osati kuchokera ku zimene zinalingaliridwa kukhala zankhanza mu 1791. Njira imeneyi imalola kusintha kwa masinthidwe, koma osuliza imalephera kwambiri mfundo za makhalidwe ndi nzeru m’manja a oweruza. Kusintha kwa moyo kungatsogolere kuyankha mofulumira ku zigamu za anthu (kwa chitsanzo, kutchuka kwa kutchuka kwa ukwati wofanana: [Freefred]. [31]

Mfundo Yapakati: Lamulo Lofala Lokhudza Lamulo

Kaimidwe kena kalamulo kofala ndi kalamulo kofala. Lamulo lofala limavomereza kuti oweruza angagwirizane ndi lamulo, koma mkati mwa kulephera kwa malamulo ndi mwambo. N’kovuta kukhazikitsa malamulo a m’zochitikazo koma kosiyana ndi kuyambika kwa malamulo enieni. Oweruza ambiri, mwina popanda kutchula mawu apamwamba, amatsatira njira imeneyi. Chifukwa chapakatichi chimayesa kulinganiza kukhazikika (kulemekeza chitsanzo ndi chitukuko) ndi kusintha (kulola lamulo kukula mwa kulingalira kwapamwamba). Kukambitsirana kwa malamulo ameneŵa kumatsimikizira kuti malamulo apindulitsa ndi nzeru za mbiri yakale ndi nzeru.

Mapeto ake: Mgwirizano Chifukwa cha Kusagwirizana

Kulimbana pakati pa kuyambirira ndi kufunika kwa kulolera sikuli kulakwa; kuli mbali ya dongosolo la malamulo abwino. Kutembenuza kumaletsa lamulo kumlingo wotsimikizirika, kumapereka kukwaniritsidwa ndi njira za demokrase. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, Konsichushoni ili ndi chinenero chotakata ndi malamulo amene amalola kukonza zinthu. Ngakhale oyambirira amazindikira kuti tanthauzo loyamba nthaŵi zina limafuna kutchula za mikhalidwe yamakono. Woweruza wanzeru ayenera kuteteza "kusindikiza zinthu zosindikiza" mowonekera bwino ku intaneti ya nyukiliya ngakhale ngati oyambitsawo sanaganizirepo za intaneti. Mfunguloyo ingakhale ngati kusinthika ndi kumvetsetsa koyambirira kwa lamulo, kapena ngati amaimira kujambulanso kosiyanasiyana kwa mawu. Chosankha chanzerucho chidzakhala chothandiza, ndi zotsatirapo ndi kukhazikika kwa anthu. Chiyeruziretsa choyambirira chanzeru chamakonocho, ndi kukhoza kukwaniritsa kukwaniritsa kuyang'anizana ndi kuyerekezera kwa kuyerekezera kwa anthu.