Gawo la Olamulira: Kukhutira ndi Kuwononga Ufulu

Madongosolo a Electoral apanganso malo oimira mademokrase amene amamangidwa. Ndiwo mabuku a malamulo amene amatembenuza mamiliyoni a mavoti a anthu m’bungwe lolamulira. Pakati pa madongosolo akale kwambiri ndi ovomerezedwa kwambiri ndi Apast (FPTP), odziŵikanso kukhala mbali imodzi ya ulamuliro wa maufumu apadera (SMP). Ogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'maufumu amphamvu monga United Kingdom, United States, India, ndi Canada, FPP amatamandidwa kaŵirikaŵiri chifukwa cha kufeŵa kwake, kugwirizanitsa kwake kwakukulu kwa dziko lapansi kumayambitsa pakati pa ma-639 ndi oimira awo, ndi chikhoterero chake chachikulu cha kutulutsa boma limodzi lokha. Limeneli ndi logwirizana ndi lamulo lalikulu lamphamvu la kugaŵana ndi kuchepetsa kwa mawu apamwamba. Pamene kuli kutsutsana kwamphamvu kwa mphamvu yachikhalidwe lapamwamba, kutsutsana ndi kuyendetsa kwake kwa zandale, ngakhale kwa magulu andale, omwe akufotokozedwa ndi kulongosola kwamphamvu kwa anthu ochepa, kapena kulongosola kwamphamvu kwa anthu a m'mayiko ena, chifukwa chakulongosola, chifukwa cha kulongosola mfundo zazikulu, kwamphamvu, chifukwa chakulongosola mfundo zazikulu, chifukwa chaku

Mmene FPTP Imakhudzira Kutchuka kwa Zandale

Kuti munthu amvetse mmene anthu ochepa amakhudzira anthu, choyamba ayenera kumvetsa mmene andale amavutikira chifukwa cha mmene apolisi amamvera.

Wopambana Atenga Masamu Onse

M'dongosolo la FPTP, dziko limagaŵidwa kukhala chiŵerengero cha chigawo chimodzi. Wovota aliyense amaponya wosankha mmodzi kwa wosankhidwa wake, ndipo wosankha amene amapanga mavoti ochuluka amapambana pampando. Mavoti onse amatayidwa kaamba ka cholinga cha kukhala ndi mpando. Makampani osavuta ameneŵa ali ndi zotsatira zazikulu. Gulu lopambana 40% ya voti mumpando wopambana 100% ya mphamvu mumpandowo. Kwa chivoti, gulu lingapambane otchuka ndi 40% kapena osakwanira a voti yotchuka, monga momwe ikuwonedwa m'nkhani ya UK ndi voti ya Canada. Kugwirizana kumeneku pakati pa voti ndi mpando ndi gawo la kugaŵana kwa olephera kuyendetsa.

Lamulo la Onyenga ndi Chitsenderezo cha Kutsatira

Wasayansi yandale Maurice Duverger anatchuka kwambiri kuti FP imapanga magawo aŵiri. Iye anatulukira njira ziŵiri zothandizira. mphamvu ya kachitidwe ka zinthu n’njakuti zipani zazing'ono zimalangidwa mwadongosolo; zingapambane mbali yaikulu ya voti koma zimalephera kupambana mipando. mphamvu ya kuwonjezera maganizo [ ndi imene imasintha, kuzindikira chilango cha makina, kaŵirikaŵiri kusiya kukonda kwawo "kupanda zoipa ziŵiri" zimene zili ndi mpata weniweni wa kupambana. Kusankha koyenerera kumeneku kutulutsa mawu ena, kupanga mawonekedwe odzisintha.

Kukula kwa Malo a Chigawo ndi Dziko la Mphamvu

FPP imagwira ntchito ndi ukulu wa chigawo chimodzi (mpando umodzi pa chigawo chimodzi). Izi ndizo zoletsa kwambiri. Kuyerekezera ndi zigawo zambiri zogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'madongosolo olinganiza, madera amodzi azigawo amachepetsa kwambiri kuthekera kwakuti ochepa ofalikira m’madera osiyanasiyana angasankhe wowasankha. Ndi ochepa okha amene angapereke chithunzi chotetezeka ku FPTP ndi aja amene ali aakulu ndithu ndi owonjezera kwambiri kwa anthu a m'dziko lonselo.

Kuchuluka kwa Anthu Okhala Pafupi ndi Ana

The exclusionary nature of FPTP is not an accidental bug; it is a structural feature of the system. The impact manifests through several distinct but overlapping mechanisms.

Kutaya Zinthu ndi Kusokoneza Anthu

Chochititsa chimodzi chofunika kwambiri chodziŵira mphamvu ya voti yocheperapo pansi pa FPTP ndicho kugaŵiridwa kwake kwa dziko. Gulu limene limapanga 10% ya anthu a dzikolo koma likufalikira kupyola magawo 100 onse lidzakhala lokhala ndi chiletso. Achilikizi ake ali okhalitsa ang'onoang'ono m'chigawo chimodzi chilichonse, osakhoza kufika pa 35-40% a chigawo chofunika kwambiri kuti apeze ufulu wa anthu. Mavoti awo "aikidwa" pa otayidwa. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, gulu limene lili m'madera aakulu ochepa lingapambane mipando. Mwachitsanzo, gulu la National Party limapindula ndi kugawa kwa malo, pamene Green Party mu UK Rountal . Nthaŵi zambiri amagawana ndi mavoti amodzi. Kusintha kumeneku kumayesedwa ndi mitundu yonga ngati: [FGActal , NW]

Mtundu wa Asilikali

Ofuna kutchuka ochepa amene amayang'anizana ndi kulakwa kwakukulu kwa nyumba: chiyambukiro chowononga. Ofufuza ambiri a m'chitaganya chaching'ono amakakamizidwa mwaukali ndi anthu aakulu ndi ofalitsa nkhani kusiya wobatizidwa wodziimira paokha kapena kagulu kang'ono kuti akachirikize gulu lalikulu "mwachidziŵikire kuwavulaza. Zimenezi zimachititsa kuti osankha ochepa asankhe nthaŵi zonse pakati pa kuvota kodzionetsera (kuchirikiza nthumwi yawo yeniyeni) ndi kusanthula (kuyesa kuletsa gulu lalikulu). Kupanga mavoti a osankhidwa aling'ono kumaphunzitsa magulu aakulu kuti safunikira kupikisana ndi anthu ochepa ochirikiza chitaganya; iwo afunikira kukhala ongosankha moyenerera kusakhala olakwika kwambiri kuposa gulu lina lalikulu.

Kusintha kwa Maselo a M’thupi

Chifukwa chakuti malire achigawo ali ndi mphamvu yaikulu mu FPP, njira yowajambula imakhala chigawo cha nkhondo yosagawanika kwambiri. Imeneyi imadziŵika monga malo ankhondo. Magulu aakulu a mphamvu angachepetse "crack" chitaganya cha anthu ochepa mwa kugawa magawo angapo kumene ali ndi mphamvu zambiri, kapena "kuwaika m'chigawo chimodzi chothamanga kwambiri. Pamene kuli kwakuti kulonga kungatsimikizire mipando yotetezeka imodzi kapena iŵiri yosaopsa, kumachepetsa chisonkhezero cha chitaganya chimenecho mwa kuwachotsa ku zigawo za mpikisano. Ku United States, pamene kuli kwakuti Kuyenera kwa Chilango kunatsogolera ku ku kulengedwa kwa "ormagent-mineo" kuwonjezera kuimira kwa anthu akuda, otsutsa Democracratic, kupanga madera ozungulira Democracratic Republic ndi kuchepetsa chisonkhetso cha kudziko lonse.

Kufufuza za Mlandu wa Padziko Lonse: FPTP Ikugwira Ntchito

Zopinga zongoyerekezera za FPTP zimasonyezedwa m’cholembedwa cha mademokrase aakulu koposa padziko lonse.

Ufumu wa United Kingdom: Pali Chizindikiro Chosonyeza Kuti Zinthu Zachitikadi

Chisankho cha UK chachisawawa cha 2019 chinapereka chitsanzo chooneka bwino cha FPP' kupotoza. Gulu la Conservative linapata 43.6% ya voti ndi 56.2% ya mipando (aunyinji 80). Liberal Democrates adapata 11.5% ya voti koma 1.7% ya mipando 11 . Gulu la Green linapata 2.7% ya voti ndi mpando 1. "kukhoma" chiyambukiro chachikuluchi chimasumika mphamvu m'gulu lalikulu ndi kuchotsapo, mapostrista kapena zigawo zina. Mafuko, chithunzithunziwo amasakanidwa koma amalamulidwa ndi anthu ambiri owonjezereka. Pamene kuli kwakuti chiŵerengero cha mafuko a MPMP chimawonjezeka, kuchokera ku [Foctiverective] [Frectal] [Foctive] proto yosalsesssssssssssssssssssss, chosankhidwa ndi otchuka kwambiri chifukwa cha kupambana kwa anthu ambiri.

United States: Kulimbana Koipa Kodzitsutsa

UNIX ndikale kwambiri pa mavoti a democracy ya dziko lonse ya FPP, ndipo dongosolo lake la mbali ziŵiri liri lolimba kwambiri. Chopinga cha kuloŵa kwa anthu achitatu nchosatheka. Mu 1992, Ross Perot anapambana 18.9% ya chivoti chotchuka cha pulezidenti koma anapambana. Mphamvu imeneyi ya demokrase ya gulu la aŵiri imatanthauza kuti anthu ochepa sapeza phindu lenileni; amatengedwa kokha ngati ali oyenerera bwino m'gulu limodzi la magulu aŵiri aakulu. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mafuko, zotsatirapo zake n’zowopsa. Nyumba ya Oimira Aumessaustrian iri yotchuka kwambiri. Khoti, imene imagwira ntchito pa maziko a dziko lonse opambana, vuto lowonjezereka ndi kuwonjezera, chifukwa chachikulu cha kumadera akumidzilamulira, madera a kumidzilamulira a ku madera akumidzilamulira.

India: Kuyang’anira Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana Chifukwa cha Gulu la Majeretarian Lens

India akupereka nkhani yochititsa chidwi, yocholoŵana. Ndiyo dongosolo la demokrase la dziko lonse ndipo limagwira ntchito m'dziko la FP mwa maftP ofala kwambiri, a mafuko osiyanasiyana, chitaganya cha zipembedzo zambiri . Mosiyana ndi UK kapena U, dongosolo la ku India la FPTP, lalola kuti pakhale dongosolo la magawo ambiri lofala pa dziko ndi dziko, makamaka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu, chinenero, ndi chigawo. Komabe, dongosololi lachititsa kusokonezeka kwakukulu kwa mitundu ya anthu yaing'ono. Kuimira kwa Asilamu m'Lok Saha kwakhala kochepa kwambiri. FPP, pamodzi ndi kukwera kwa gulu la Bhata Partivetic (Chipangano), lamphamvu, lapanganso anthu apamwamba. Anthu ochepa a m'madera ambiri amawononga ufulu wa dziko lapansi, ndipo amawononga ufulu wandale.

New Zealand: Umboni wa Kusintha Zinthu

Chitsutso chosonkhezera kwambiri chotsutsana ndi FPTP chinachokera ku New Zealand, dziko limene linaisiya dala. Pambuyo pa zaka zambiri za kuchuluka kwa kulephera kwa gulu (m' lekuatiso, masankho a 1978 ndi 1981 kumene National Party inapata mavoti ochepa kwambiri kuposa Labour), New Zealand inapanga chikalata chogwirizana ndi bungwelo. MMP imagwiritsira ntchito njira ziŵiri zosinthira kuchokera ku FPPP: imodzi ya MP ndi imodzi ya gulu. Bungwe la dzikolo limavomereza kuti bungwe la Malamulo la Maketepitime-Mberportioneal (MPportal) lotchuka dongosolo lotchuka la akazi, ndi loperekedwa, ndi anthu ochepa.

Zotsatirapo za Makhalidwe Abwino pa Zaumoyo Wademokrase

Kuchepetsedwa kwa timagulu tating’ono ta mu FPTP sikuli kokha chisalungamo chophiphiritsira, koma kumabweretsa zotulukapo zoipa za dongosolo lonse la ndale zadziko.

Kusintha Maganizo ndi Kulephera

Pamene ovota ochepa awona mavoti awo mokhazikika akulephera kutembenuza kuimira, mphamvu ya ndale zadziko ikugwa. Nkuvoteranji mumpando wotetezereka pamene chotulukapo chikhala chomalizira cha ? Nchifukwa ninji kuvotera gulu lachitatu pamene mudziŵa kuti sangapambane? Zimenezi zimawonjezera kayendedwe kowopsa ka kutsika, makamaka pakati pa achichepere ndi ocheperapo. Kubwerera pansi kumawonjezera mphamvu ya wachikulire, woyera, ndi malo osankhidwa oyenerera kwambiri amene amaimira pa kusanthula.

Kunyalanyaza Lamulo ndi Kuchulukitsa kwa Mikangano

Zipani za ndale zadziko, monga opanga, zimavomereza zisonkhezero za voti. Pansi pa FPTP, chisonkhezero chiri kumanga mgwirizano wochepera wa kupambana wa 50% +1 wa mavoti m'mipando yaikulu . Nkhani zimene ziri zozama kwa ochepera 10% koma sizimasonkhezera ofufuza m'manyuzipepala ofufuza m'zigawo za m’mphepete mwa madera amachotsedwa kapena kunyalanyazidwa. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo nkhani zonga ufulu wa dziko lakwawo, tsankho la kusankhana, apolisi ankhanza kwa anthu ochepa, kapena ufulu wachipembedzo. Malamulowo amalemba ang'onong'ono osonyeza zikondwerero za gulu lalikulu, akumasiya anthu ochepa opatuka.

Kuchepa kwa Kukhulupirirana ndi Kugaŵanika kwa Mayanjano

Pamene mbali yaikulu ya anthu alingalira kuti dongosololo limatsutsana nawo, kukhulupirira mabungwe a democracy kukuwonongeka. Zimenezi zimayambitsa malo abwino a populism, styleism, ndi kutha mphamvu. Democracy imene imalephera kuimira mbali zake imawonongeka. Kusoŵa kwa mawu osiyanasiyana m'malamulo kumachititsanso kukhazikitsa malamulo amene sakudziŵika bwino ndi osagwira ntchito, kukulitsanso lingaliro la kupatuka pakati pa anthu oyambukiridwa.

Njira Zina: Madongosolo Opangidwa Kuti Akhale Osagwirizana ndi Malamulo

Nkhani yabwino n’njakuti anthu apanga njira zopangira mavoti zoyenererana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu.

Ranked-Choice Voting (RCV) / Mwadzidzidzi Runoff Voting (IRV)

RCV imalola ovota kukhazikitsa osankhidwa m’njira yoyenerera. Ngati palibe wosankha amene apambana unyinji wa mavoti oyamba osonyezedwa, wosankhidwa womalizira amachotsedwa, ndipo mavoti awo amafalitsidwa ku chosankha chachiŵiri. Njira imeneyi imabwereza kufikira wopambana wambiri apezedwa. Mwa kuchotsa chiyambukiro chowononga, RCV imalimbikitsa kumanga kogwirizana ndi kulola osankhidwa ochepa kuchirikiza choyamba popanda kuopa kutaya mavoti awo. Ingakhale yogwira ntchito makamaka m'zigawo chimodzi, kupanga kuimira kwa kumaloko kovomerezeka. Imagwiritsiridwa ntchito ku Maine ndi Alaska kaamba ka masankho a boma ndi mizinda yambiri kuzungulira US.

Mtengo wa Member (MMP)

Monga momwe kunasonyezedwera ndi New Zealand ndi Germany, MMP imapatsa kulinganizika kokakamiza. Osankha aŵiri ali ndi mavoti aŵiri. Voti imodzi imapita kwa woimira wa kumaloko m'chigawo cha FPTP-style. Voti yachiŵiri imapita ku ndandanda ya chipani. Mavoti a gulu amagwiritsiridwa ntchito "ku pamwamba" mipando ya m'nyumba ya malamulo kutsimikizira kuti makampani onse a nyumba ya malamulowo akugwirizana ndi chisankho cha dzikolo. Dongosolo limeneli lasonyezedwa kuwonjezera kwambiri kuimira akazi ndi anthu aang'ono a mafuko m’palame popanda kugwirizana pakati pa G.

Maute Otumizidwa pa Okha (STV)

STV imagwira ntchito m'zigawo zambiri. Ofuna kupambana pampando. Kuti munthu apeze malo, wobatizidwa ayenera kufika pa chigawo china cha mavoti. Dongosolo limeneli nlogwirizana kwambiri ndipo limapatsa ovota chosankha chachikulu. Limalola oimira ambiri ochokera ku chigawo chimodzi, kutanthauza gulu laling'ono limene limapanga 25% ya chigawo cha mamembala 4 angayembekezere kusankha mmodzi wa ofunsira awo okondedwa. STV imagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Ireland ndi Malta ndi kusankhoti zina za kumaloko ku Scotland ndi Australia. Limachotsa "chigawo chimodzi, wopambana mmodzi" kaŵiri kamene kali kowononga kwambiri kwa anthu ochepa.

Kulankhula ndi Malonda

Otsutsa amanena kuti madongosolo a kulinganiza angatsogolere ku maboma osakhazikika ndi kupereka mphamvu zambiri kwa zipani zazing'ono, zowopsya. Izi ndi nkhaŵa yomveka, koma kaŵirikaŵiri zimatchulidwa . Maboma a chikole ngofala ku Ulaya ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri ngokhazikika ndi ogwirizana. Ndiponso, maupandu a "actrist" angayang'anizane ndi zitetezero zina za boma, monga ngati mapulogalamu osankhidwa (kutenga 3-5% ya voti kuti apeze malo alionse). Chisungiko choperekedwa ndi FPTP kaŵirikaŵiri chimabwera pamtengo wa mawu ang'onoang'ono, amene angagwedere kwambiri m'nthaŵi yaitali kuposa gulu la anthu amene amaphatikizapo malingaliro osiyanasiyana.

Mapeto ake: Malo Oyambira Amakhala ndi Maziko Osiyanasiyana

Kuyamba ndi Kufafaniza Mafuko si kuumirira, chipangizo cha ndale zadziko choŵerengera mavoti. Ndi maluso amphamvu amene amaumba kwambiri malo andale. Imayanja zipani zazikulu, zacentritt ndi kupatsa chilango mawu aang'ono, osiyanasiyana. Magulu ochepa, zimenezi zimatembenuza m'zosasintha zosatha, kugwiritsa ntchito mavoti, kukakamiza machenjera, ndi kunyalanyaza malamulo. Kufufuza kochokera ku UK, US, ndi India kumasonyeza kuti zimenezi sizili zoopsa koma zimakhalapodi. Mosiyana ndi izi, kusintha kwachipambano ku New Zealand kumasonyeza kuti kusintha sikuli kotheka koma kopindulitsa kwambiri kwa democrase mu ultususy ndi ufulu wambiri. Kusankha kwa dongosolo la osankhidwa kuli chosankha chalamulo cha dziko lonse ladziko landale. Chikhalidwe chonse cha nzika zonse zandale zadziko kuyenerera kuti ziyendere bwino, kumbuyo kwake, ndi koyenerera kufalikira kwa dongosolo la kufalikira kwa produkism.