Pankhondo ya War Powers Resolution ya 1973 pali chimodzi cha zigawo zotsutsana kwambiri za malamulo m'mbiri yalamulo la America. Anagwirizana pa Pulezidenti Richard Nixon’s, adakonza kuti aone mphamvu ya pulezidenti yokhazikitsa nkhondo ya U.S. kuti akonzere nkhondo popanda chilolezo. Komabe, chiyambi chake, n’chogwirizana kwambiri ndi mikangano ya malamulo a malamulo a malamulo onena za maulamuliro a pulezidenti oyenera. M’zaka makumi angapo aposachedwapa, nthanthi ya chiphunzitso cha kuyambiriro cha [1] lingaliro lakuti malamulo a m'kachitidwe mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lake loyambirira la anthu panthaŵi ya kukhazikitsa malamulo. Akatswiri, oweruza, ndi opanga malamulo akudziŵa bwino za nkhondo. Nkhaniyi ikupenda mmene nzeru zoyamba za ulamuliro zankhondo zachigamutsira Nkhondo, mfundo za malamulo, ndi kutsutsana kwalamulo, mfundo zalamulo pakati pa ulamuliro ndi ulamuliro wa boma.

Kumvetsetsa Filosofi ya Woyambirira

Filosofi yoyambirira imatsutsa kuti Malamulo ayenera kumasuliridwa mozikidwa pa tanthauzo lakuti anthu olingalira bwino akadalimvetsa kukhala nalo panthaŵi imene linavomerezedwa. Njira imeneyi imagogomezera tanthauzo la mawu oyambirira a anthu ndi mbiri yakale ya nyengo yokhazikitsidwa, kaŵirikaŵiri kutsutsa mafotokozedwe achiweruzo kapena andale omwe amasintha ndi makhalidwe a masiku ano. Chiphunzitso cha Chikhristu si “monoliti; [FLT: 0] chili ndi zolinga ziwiri zazikulu. [Akatswiria] cholinga cha mawu a palembalo chimayang'anitsitsa kwambiri zimene opanga okhawo anafunira, pamene poyambapo tanthauzo lapo la anthu imayang'ana pa mmene nzika yanzeru ikanamvetsetse malemba a pa nthaŵi ya kutchuka. Masiku ano, monga mmene woyambirira Antonin in Sclatinaices, ndi woyambirira watsatsatsatsa Chilungamo chapo, Scle Scle Trence.

Filosofi inapeza mphamvu kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20 monga chivomerezo ku zimene osuliza anawona kukhala ntchito yachiweruzo ndi kuŵerengedwa kwakukulu kwa mphamvu za ulamuliro wankhondo. M'nkhani ya maulamuliro ankhondo, olemba oyambirira amatsutsa kuti malemba a Konsichushoni ndi kapangidwe zimapereka kugaŵana kowonekera bwino, kokhazikika kwa ulamuliro pakati pa Congress ndi pulezidenti. Magawowa, adalinganizidwa kuletsa mtundu wa nkhondo ya munthu mmodzi amene sanalowe m’mbuyo mwake kuti Chigamulo cha Nkhondo chinakhala ndi cholinga cha kulamulira. Mwakumamatira ku tanthauzo lake loyamba, akatswiri oyambirira amakhulupirira, kulekana kwa malamulo alamulo kumasungidwa, ndipo kuŵerengera mlandu kwa demokrase kwa democratiki kukusungidwa m'nkhani za nkhondo ndi mtendere.

Maziko a Malamulo a Mphamvu za Nkhondo

Malamulo a malamulo a maulamuliro ankhondo akupezeka makamaka mu Nkhani I ndi II. Mfundo I imapatsa Nyumba ya Malamulo mphamvu ya kulengeza nkhondo, kukweza ndi kuchirikiza magulu ankhondo, kupereka ndi kusungitsa gulu lankhondo lankhondo, ndi kupanga malamulo a kulamulira kwa magulu ankhondo ankhondo. Mfundo II imasankha pulezidenti kukhala Mtsogoleri wa Gulu la Nkhondo ndi Gulu la Nkhondo, ndi za asilikali a boma pamene anaitanidwa ku utumiki wa boma. Gulu limeneli linali chotulukapo cha kukambitsirana kosamalitsa pa Constitual Convention ya 1787, kusonyeza kusakhulupirira mphamvu ya ulamuliro wosatsendedwa ndi kuzindikira kufunika kwa lamulo logwirizana pankhondo.

Masomphenya a Woyambitsayo

Olemba mbiri akusonyeza kutsutsana kwa Woyambitsayo kuti aŵalitse kumvetsetsa kwawo maulamuliro a nkhondo. James Madison adatsutsa mu Federalist Papers kuti dongosolo la macheke ndi mayeso a Malamulo linalinganizidwa kutsimikizira kuti “mphamvu yolengeza nkhondo” idzakhala yoikidwa m'Mabungwe, pamene prezidenti akakhoza kuyambitsa nkhondoyo. Alexander Hamilton, mu Federalist No. 69, anasiyanitsa pulezidenti wa ku America ndi mfumu ya Britain, akumasiya kunena kuti mphamvu za prezidentiyo monga Mkulu-in-Chieef zinali “zapamwamba kwambiri , makamaka chifukwa chakuti pulezidentiyo sakanatha kulengeza nkhondo popanda chivomerezo cha Congress. Oyambirira anagogomezera kuti oyambitsawo anaona mphamvu ya kuyambitsa ntchito ya chipani cha boma, m'lamulo la bungwe lopanga malamulo.

Malembo ndi Malamulo a Malamulo

Kuchokera ku lingaliro la chiyambidwe, mawu a Malamulo enieniwo ngotsimikizirika. Chigawo 2, Chigawo , Chigawo 8, Classiclaine 11) chimapatsa Congress mphamvu yokha ya “kuyambitsa Nkhondo,” imene akatswiri oyambirira amaimasulira kukhala ndi zilengezo zonse ziŵiri zalamulo ndi chilolezo cha kukhazikitsana kwa nkhondo. Mtsogoleri-in-Chief Claus (Atticle Claus, Gawo 2, Claus (1) amapatsa pulezidenti lamulo pa magulu ankhondo akangoloŵa m’munda, koma satanthauza mphamvu ya kuyambitsa nkhondo. Oyambirira amanena kuti kuŵerengera kulikonse kwa Gulurn-in-Chief Claus kumene kumachititsa preziden kuyamba nkhondoyo mosadalirana kuyambika, kamodzi, kachitidwe ka nkhondo kawo kabwino ka Konsitiko ka Konsitiko kanga kanga kawo.

Chigamulo cha Nkhondo: Kulabadira Ulamuliro

Pankhondo ya pa 1973, Chifuno cha Malo a Nkhondo chinayambika pamapeto pa Nkhondo ya Vietnam, nkhondo imene pulezidenti wa Lyndon Johnson ndi Richard Nixon anachita ntchito zazikulu zankhondo popanda chilengezo chalamulo cha nkhondo kuchokera ku Congress. Chifuno chachikulu cha Chigamulo chinali cha kukhazikitsanso ulamuliro wa bungwe la opanga nkhondo ndi kuletsa mapresidenti a mtsogolo kuchititsa nkhondo popanda chivomerezo cha bungwe. Mapangano aakulu amaphatikizapo:

  • Country: pulezidenti ayenera kufunsa Congress “pambali iriyonse yothekera” asanaloŵetse mphamvu m'nkhondo kapena mikhalidwe kumene kuloŵetsedwamo m'nkhondo kukusonyezedwa.
  • Kusimba: pulezidenti ayenera kutumiza lipoti lolembedwa ku Msonkhano mkati mwa maola 48 a kuyambitsa mphamvu, kulongosola mikhalidwe, ulamuliro, ndi kuyerekezera ukulu ndi utali wa panganolo.
  • Kujambula : Kusiyapo ngati Nyumba za Malamulo zilengeza nkhondo kapena kulola nkhondoyo, magulu ankhondo ayenera kuchotsedwa mkati mwa masiku 60, ndi kuwonjezera kwa masiku 30 kaamba ka chitetezo cha magulu ankhondo.
  • Chigamulo cha nthaŵi zonse:[[FLT :1] poyamba, Nyumba za Malamulo zingafunikire kuchotsedwa kwa mphamvu mwamsanga mwa kukhazikitsa chigamulo chogwirizana, ngakhale kuti makonzedwe ameneŵa anachotsedwa kotheratu ndi chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu 1983 S v. Chachaha[FLT :3], chimene chinanena kuti malamulo anali osakhala a boma.

Chigamulocho chinali chigamulo chachindunji kwa akuluakulu a boma amene anachenjeredwa, koma kuyambira pamene chigamulocho chinatha, anthu akhala akukayikira kuti n’chiyani.

Kupempha kwa Woyambirira wa Chigamulo cha Maulamuliro a Nkhondo

Anthu oganiza bwino za chiyambi cha zinthu akuona kuti nkhani ya zankhondo ya Socience ya pankhondo ndi yokhudzana ndi kuwongolera zinthu zimene zimasokoneza mphamvu zankhondo zimene Malamulo akhazikitsa poyamba.

Kutengera Kulamulira kwa Prezidenti

Olemba nkhani za m'Chigamulo cha Resource atsutsa kuti chikalata cha Resource chimapereka lipoti ndi nthaŵi yochotsa popanda kugamulapo. Chiyeneretso chakuti mphamvu za gulu lizichotsedwa pambuyo pa masiku 60 . Nyumba za malamulo mosalephera zimavomereza kupitiriza kukhazikitsa [1] mosalephera kupereka Nyumba za Ufumu zokhala ndi ntchito zankhondo. Zimenezi zimatsutsana ndi kumvetsetsa koyamba kwakuti pulezidenti amalamulira mphamvu ya asilikali akangoikidwa. Monga momwe Chilungamo cha Scalia chinadziŵikizira kukhazikitsa kwake m'madulev. Rumsfeld [1] (20) (2004) mphamvu ya kuyendetsa asilikali a Chin'a imaphatikizaponso ulamuliro wa kukhazikitsa ndi kupanga zigamu za nkhondo, monga momwe Chigamulo cha Chigamulo cha Boma cha Boma cha Boma la Boma la Boma la pa nthaŵi ya chigawa.

Kulengeza za Nkhondo ndi Tanthauzo la “Nkhondo”

Olemba nkhani za m'Chipangano cha Malamulo amatsutsanso tanthauzo la Resolution la “maupandu. . Chigamulochi chimayambitsa kusimba ndi kuchotsa ziyeneretso pamene mphamvu ziyamba kuyambitsa“ nkhondo zamphamvu” kapena “kusintha kumene kuloŵerera m'nkhondo kukusonyezedwa bwino lomwe ndi mikhalidwe. Olemba za m'malemba oyambirira amatsutsa kuti Malamulo a Proging War Claus (kulimbana) sanalinganizidwira kuletsa kuukira kwadzidzidzi kapena kuchita ntchito zankhondo zochepetsetsa. Madine, mwachitsanzo, pakati pa “nkhondo yopanda malire" ndi“ nkhondo yopanda malire" (kulimbana). Oyambirira amatsutsa kuti Pristitution alola prezidentiyo kuchitapo kanthu mwadzidzidzi kapena kuchita ntchito zankhondo popanda chivomerezo, monga momwe ntchito zimenezi sizikuimira nkhondo yonse. Kugamula kopanda chigamu kwa nthaŵi yoyamba, kulephera kutsutsana kwa kutsutsana kwa kutsutsana kwa kumvetsetsa kwa chidziŵitso choyambirira.

Kulekanitsa Ulamuliro ndi Kudziŵerengera Mlandu kwa Ndale

Woyambitsa winanso wotchuka akufotokoza za kusokonezeka kwa Chigamulo cha kusiyanitsa maulamuliro mwalamulo. Oyambitsawo anatsutsa kuti Oyambitsawo anapanga njira imene nthambi iliyonse ikakhala ndi mphamvu ndi mathayo osiyana, ndi kuti Chigamulo chimasokoneza mfundo zimenezi mwa kukhazikitsa Nyumba za Mabungwe achiŵiri a pulezidenti. Izi zimafooketsa kugamula mlandu wa ndale. Pamene Congress imakakamizidwa kuvomereza kapena kuletsa pangano la asilikali, mamembala a Congress angapeŵe mlandu wa chigamulo choyambacho, pamene preziden wa bungwelo ali ndi mlandu wa nkhondoyo. Oyambirira asankha njira imene prezidenti ayenera kubwera nayo ku Mabungwe asanayambe kuyambitsa nkhondo, monga lamulo loyambirira, lokhala ndi ufulu walamulo, m’malo mwa kuvomerezana kuvomereza mwamwambo.

Kutsutsa ndi Kumasulira kwa Pambuyo Pake

Otsutsa olemba mbiri a maulamuliro a nkhondo . kuphatikizapo akatswiri amene amachirikiza War Powers Resolution .argue kuti tanthauzo loyamba la Malamulo silikuwonekera monga momwe amanenera akatswiri oyambirira. Amatchula kuti Oyambitsawo sanagwirizane ponena za ukulu wa ulamuliro wa olamulira, ndi kachitidwe ka mbiri ka kuyambira kukhazikitsidwa kwa ulamuliro wa pulezidenti kawo kakhala kowonjezera ulamuliro wa kachitidwe ka nkhondo. Mwachitsanzo, Pulezidenti Thomas Jefferson (Barbary Warse) ndi James Polk (Nkhondo ya Amereka-America) onse aŵiri analoŵa m'nkhondo popanda kulengeza kwapasadakhaleko, kukhazikitsa zitsanzo zoyambirira za kaundula waudindo kawini.

Ochirikiza Chigamulo cha Chigamulo amanenanso kuti nkhondo zamakono . Zosonyezedwa ndi kuikidwa mofulumira, machitidwe obisika, ndi uchigaŵenga wapadziko lonse . Otsutsa kwambiri kuyambira pa nkhondo ya 18 yapakati Oyambitsa anawona. Amatsutsa kuti kumasulira koyambirira kwakuti kugamula mopambanitsa kugamula kuti kugamula kwa pulezidenti kuli kosatsimikizirika m'dziko limene ziwopsezo zingachitike modzidzimutsa. Uku ndiko kutsutsana kwakukulu m'kambira: ochirikiza chiphunzitso choyambirira chimavomereza ku malembo alamulo ndi tanthauzo la mbiri yakale, pamene kuli kwakuti otsutsawo amagogomezera kufunika kothandiza ndi kufunika kwa kutengera malamulo a boma.

Khoti Lalikulu lapeŵa kwambiri chigamulo cha lamulo la Maulamuliro a Nkhondo. M' Crocker v. Inonagnal [1984] ndi Campbell v. Clinton [FLT] [2000] [2000], makhoti aang'ono anagamula kuti nkhanizo zinali zopanda chilungamo, kusiya Chigamulo m’boma la kulephera kwa lamulo. Chilamulo chimenechi chalola nthambi za ndale zadziko kupitiriza mpikisano wawo pa maulamuliro ankhondo popanda chitsogozo chomveka bwino cha lamulo.

Chigamulo Chomwe Chikuchitika: Kuchoka ku Ford Kufika ku Biden

Chiyambire kukhazikitsidwa kwake, palibe pulezidenti amene wavomereza Chigamulo cha Nkhondo kukhala chomangitsa mwalamulo. Pulezidenti aliyense kuchokera ku Gerald Ford mpaka Joe Biden wasunga malipoti pansi pa makonzedwe a Chigamulo cha Chigamulo, koma iwo achita tero mosalekeza “kugwirizana ndi” mmalo mwa“ Kulunjikitsa kwa Chigamulo, kusunga chigamulo chawo cha malamulo a boma. Kusintha kumeneku kwapanga chiŵiya champhamvu koposa cha Chigamulocho . (20983), ndi (20186), Libya1, ndi Silm (2017) asanafune chivomerezo cha Boma.

Okhulupirira za kuyambika kwa dziko akhala otsutsa kwambiri za zochita zimenezi. Iwo amanena kuti mapresidenti, mosasamala kanthu za chipani, anyalanyaza tanthauzo loyamba la Malamulo mwa kuyang'anira mphamvu ya kazembe wa ku Khalieeti monga ntchito yoyang'anira kuti agwiritse ntchito mphamvu zawo poyesa kuyenerera. Chigamulo cha Nkhondo, chomwe poyamba chinali ndi cholinga chofuna kuyang'anira khalidweli, chakhala phewa limene mapresidenti agwiritsa ntchito ponena kuti avomereze popanda kubwerera mmbuyo. Malinga ndi kalingalidwe ka anthu oyambirira, Chigamulo chalephera kubwezeretsa kulinganiza kwa malamulo ankhondo, chifukwa chakuti chinakonzedwa ndi malingaliro osakhala oyambirira onena za ulamuliro wapamwamba.

Nkhani Zamakono ndi Mtsogolo mwa Maulamuliro a Nkhondo

Kutsutsana pa nthanthi ya chiyambi ndi Society of Armar Resolution ya Nkhondo ikupitirizabe kuchitika m'makambitsirano amakono. Mbali ziŵiri zofunika kwambiri ndizo kugwiritsira ntchito kwa gulu lankhondo ndi oseŵera opanda boma ndi kudalira kowonjezereka kwa Chikhululukiro kaamba ka Useŵero wa Mausilikali (AMF).

Kumenyana ndi Dothi ndi Kupha Anthu

Obama, Trump, ndi Biden onse achita zigaŵenga zowopsa ndi kuyang'anira kupha magulu a uchigaŵenga m'maiko onga Yemen, Somalia, ndi Pakistan. Ntchito zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimagwera pansi pa “nkhondo” monga momwe zalongosoledwa ndi Nkhondo Yolamulira, ndipo mapresidenti agwiritsira ntchito AUMFs kuyambira 2001 ndi 2002 kulungamitsa. Oyambirira alimbikitsa kuti AUMFs, olinganizidwa poyamba kuyambitsa nkhondo ku Afghanistan ndi Iraq, adakhala opitirira kwambiri tanthauzo lawo loyamba. Zimenezi, amatsutsa, kuletsa lamulo lalamulo lakuti Msonkhano uyenera kuvomereza ulamuliro kwachikhalire. Oyambirirawo amachirikiza kudzipereka kwa maulamuliro a nkhondo oyambawo, kumene kumafuna chivotereko cha nkhondo ina yatsopano.

Kuyesayesa kwa Mabungwe a Kukonzanso Mphamvu za Nkhondo

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, mamembala a Congress kuchokera kwa anthu aŵiri akhazikitsa lamulo la kukonzanso kapena kukonzanso za malamulo ankhondo. Malingaliro ena amafuna kulimbitsa Chigamulocho mwa kuchotsa mphamvu ya pulezidenti yopeŵa kugonjera, pamene ena angachepetse mphamvu yake kulola kukhala prezidenti wamkulu. Akatswiri a m'Chipangano cha Mulungu achirikiza zoyesayesa za kubwezera maulamuliro ankhondo ku maziko a lamulo: kufuna chilolezo cha kukhazikitsa usilikali wankhondo wotsimikizirika, pamene akulola preziden wa dziko kuyankha ku mikhalidwe yeniyeni yatsoka ndi kudziimira. Vuto la kulongosola “kugonjetsedwa kwa ulamuliro” ndi“ kulimba mtima kwa ” mwa njira imene ili ponse paŵiri yothandiza.

Kumaliza

Filosofi ya chiyambi yapereka mfundo yamphamvu ndi yozikidwa pa mbiri yakale ya Chigamulo cha Nkhondo. Mwa kuumirira pa tanthauzo loyamba la Malamulo, akatswiri oyambirira amagogomezera njira zimene masinthidwe a Chigamulo agwiritsira ntchito [1] makamaka nthaŵi ya 60 yochotsa ndi zofunika zofunsirazo zingapose zimene opanga ndi kutsutsa mphamvu za pulezidenti za kutsogolera ndi kutsutsa mphamvu zankhondo. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, akatswiri oyambirira amatsutsa kwambiri njira zimene mapresidenti agwiritsira ntchito potsendereza njira za nkhondo popanda chivomerezo. Chotulukapocho ncho chodabwitsa: Maulamuliro a Nkhondo sanabwezeretse kulinganiza kwa malamulo kumene oyambirirawo kapena kupereka mphotho ya mpikisano wankhondo yamakono.

Pamene United States ikupitirizabe kuyang'anizana ndi mavuto ovuta kusamala . Kuyambira pa uchigaŵenga wa dziko lonse kufikira pa mpikisano waukulu . Funso la amene angasankhe pamene magulu ankhondo a America aloŵa m’njira yovulaza likutsalira. Chiphunzitso cha kuyambirira, ndi kugogomezera kwake pa malembo alamulo ndi kutsegulira, mosakaikira chidzakhalabe liwu lalikulu pa mkanganowo. Ngati chingapereke njira ya ku maulamuliro ogwirizana kwambiri ankhondo [1] kapena ngati chidzakhalabebebe chizindikiro cha nthanthi yosonyeza zimene zolakwika za ulamuliro zimayesedwa ndi kumasulira kwachiweruzo.