Ma Republic amaimira umodzi wa mitundu yokhalitsa ndi yofalikira ya ulamuliro wa demokrase, wokhudza kwambiri mmene mamiliyoni a anthu padziko lonse amasankhira atsogoleri awo ndi kukhala ndi phande m’moyo wa anthu. Pamapeto pake, lipabuliki ndi njira imene boma limaonedwa kukhala "nkhani ya anthu onse" (] mapepala a maufumu ), ndipo akuluakulu onse amaŵerengera kwa nzika mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi njira zosankhidwiratu. Zimenezi zimasiyana ndi maboma, kumene nzika zimasankha okha malamulo, ndi madongosolo a a a a a authorizimu kumene kuli mphamvu. Kumvetsetsa madongosolo amene amasankha atsogoleri awo oyambirira ku voti yomalizira ndi yofunika kwa aliyense wofuna kudziŵa kukhala woloŵamo m’moyo. Nkhaniyi imafufuza mfundo yachinduna yachitukukire, njira yachikulu, ndi njira yosankha zinthu, ndi yothandiza kwambiri, yoyang'anira ntchito ya makampani amakono.

Kodi Dziko Lopanda Maziko N’chiyani?

Republic kaŵirikaŵiri imafotokozedwa ndi kudzipereka kwake ku lamulo, kuimira, ndi kutetezera ufulu wa munthu. Mosiyana ndi demokrase yachindunji kumene nzika iriyonse imavotera pa nkhani iriyonse, riphabliki imapatsa oimira osankhidwa kupanga zosankha kwa anthu. Kakonzedwe kameneka kanapangidwa kuchepetsa upandu wothekera wa anthu, kutetezera ufulu wa anthu ochepa, ndi kulola kuchepetsa ufulu wa anthu ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo. Mawuwo amachokera ku mawu achilatini [[FLT: 0], kutanthauza "chinthu chofala" kapena "nkhani yaikulu, kugogomezera kuti boma ndilo malonda a nzika zonse, osati chuma cha munthu aliyense.

Maziko a filosofi a malipabuliki amakono anaumbidwa ndi anthu anzeru onga Niccolló Machiavelli, amene analemba za ulamuliro wa Republic mu [[FLT: 0]] Discoes pa Livy, ndipo pambuyo pake ndi Montesquieu, amene malingaliro awo a kupatukana maulamuliro anasonkhezera kwambiri opanga malamulo a United States. James Madison, mu Federalist No. , anatsutsa kuti chigamu cha dziko lingalamulire bwino ngozi za choonadi kuposa democracy yoyera, chifukwa chakuti osankhidwa ndi oimira akakhala oyera ndi ofala. Mizu ya mbiri imeneyi ikali yogwirizana ndi malamulo a dziko lonse lapansi.

Zinthu zofunika kwambiri m’dzikolo ndi izi:

  • Malamulo a Chilamulo: amagwira ntchito mofanana kwa anthu onse, kuphatikizapo aulamuliro. Palibe amene ali pamwamba pa lamulo, ndipo malamulo amaonekeratu ndipo amadziŵiratu.
  • Kumasulira: [1] Nzika zosankhidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma kuti achitepo kanthu pa malamulo, oyang’anira, ndi nthaŵi zina mbali zachiweruzo. Oimira ameneŵa amaŵerengeredwa mlandu mwa masankho a nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi.
  • Ufulu Wachibadwidwe: Lipabuliki imaphatikizapo chikalata cha ufulu kapena chitetezo chalamulo chimene chimatetezera anthu ku chisalungamo cha anthu ambiri. Ufulu umenewu umasungidwa ndi judiary yodziimira payokha.
  • Kugaŵa kwa Maulamuliro: mphamvu ya Boma imagawidwa pakati pa nthambi zambiri [1] monga bwanamkubwa, geni, ndi judge . Kuletsa chinthu chilichonse kukhala champhamvu kwambiri. Dongosolo la macheke ndi malingana ndi liŵiro ndi chizindikiro cha ulamuliro wa Republic.

Kuloŵa mozama m'chisinthiko cha mbiri yakale cha malingaliro a republic, gwiritsani ntchito U.S. National Archives , imene imasunga zikalata zoyambirira zokhazikitsa malamulo ameneŵa.

Kusintha kwa Ulamuliro wa Republican

Pamene kuli kwakuti ma republic ambiri amagwirizanitsidwa ndi nyengo yamakono, lingalirolo nlakale. Rome Republic, yomwe inakhala kuyambira 509 BCE mpaka 27 BCE, ndi imodzi ya zitsanzo zoyambirira ndi zosonkhezera kwambiri. Aroma anasankha oimira boma, otsogolera, ndi atatubune, ndipo anayambitsa njira yovuta yoyendera ndi yoyendera, kuphatikizapo mphamvu ya maveto ya ma tribune. Ngakhale kuti anaimirira ndi miyezo yamakono . Akazi ndi akapolo sanathe kuvota.

Kugwa kwa Roman Republic kunaloŵa m'malo ulamuliro wa boma, koma lingaliro la republic linadzutsidwanso mkati mwa Renaissance m'madera a mzinda monga Florence ndi Venice . Pambuyo pake, akatswiri a Chidziŵitso a m’zaka za zana la 17 ndi 18 anawongolera nthanthi ya Republican, kugogomezera zoyenera zachibadwa ndi mapangano a kakhalidwe. Chipanduko cha America (1775-171783) ndi kupangidwa kwa Religintion ya U.S mu 1787 inakhazikitsa dziko la boma lalikulu lomwe likadzakhala chitsanzo cha mitundu yambiri. Chipanduko cha France chinafunanso kukhazikitsa republic, ngakhale kuti chipanduko chake chinali choopsa kwambiri.

Lerolino, ma republic akukhala ndi madongosolo ambiri: madongosolo a pulezidenti (m., United States), madongosolo a nyumba ya malamulo (mlongo, Germany, India), ndi madongosolo apadera (m., France). Iliyonse imasintha malamulo alamulo ndi malamulo mogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe ndi mbiri yake. Kumvetsetsa chisinthiko kumathandiza ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi kuyamikira ponse paŵiri mphamvu ndi mphamvu za boma la republic.

Mmene Nzika Zimasankhira Atsogoleri Awo: Mmene Zimayendera

Kusankhidwa kwa atsogoleri m'dziko ndi njira yamitundumitundu yotembenuzira chifuniro cha anthu ku ulamuliro walamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo olongosoka amasiyana ndi dziko, malipabuliki ambiri amagawana mbali imodzi yophatikizapo masankho, njira zosankhira, ndi njira zolowera kugwiritsa ntchito.

Ntchito Yaikulu ya Kusankha

Zisankho ndizo malo a lipabuliki iliyonse. Zimapereka njira yanthaŵi zonse, yamtendere kwa nzika kusankha amene adzaziimira m'malo akwanuko, m'chigawo, ndi m'dziko. Zisankho zingachitike pa nthaŵi yoikika , monga ngati zaka ziŵiri, zinayi, kapena zisanu ndi chimodzi zilizonse. Kuchuluka kwa masankho kumachititsa oimira kukhala oŵerengera kwa osankhidwa.

Masankho amakono amalamulidwa ndi malamulo ovuta kukhazikitsa chilungamo. Makomiti a Independent ofufuza, makampani ovomerezeka, ndi njira zoyang’anira nzofala. Komabe, kukhulupirika kwa mavoti kumadalira kwambiri pa kukhulupirira anthu. Pamene nzika zikhulupirira nkhani zawo za voti ndi kuti njira yake siikupotozedwa, iwo amakhala othekera kwambiri kutengamo mbali. Komanso, zinenezo za chinyengo kapena kuloŵerera kwa dongosolo la kayendetsedwe ka zinthu zingafooketse chidaliro mwa dongosolo lonse la dziko la Republic.

2. Kusankha Koyambirira ndi Kusankha

Chisankho chachisawawa chisanachitike, zipani za ndale zadziko zimapanga masankho aakulu kapena zipata zosankhira opitako.

  • Atsegula Oloŵa: Wovota aliyense wolembetsedwa, mosasamala kanthu za chipani, angatengemo mbali m'chigawo chachikulu. Zimenezi zimalimbikitsa mfundo yowonjezereka koma zingagwiritsiridwe ntchito mwa kuvota mwapadera (m., ovotera a gulu lotsutsa lodutsa kuti athandize wodwalayo).
  • Otsekedwa: [[FLT :1] Mamembala a chipani olembetsedwa okha angavote m'chigawo chawo chachikulu. Zimenezi zimalimbitsa gulu la osankha a pa liŵiro koma zingaletse ovota odziimira okha kutengamo mbali m'magawo oyambirira a kusankha ofunsira.
  • [[FLT :0] Sumi- Otseka: Ziŵalo za chipani zolembetsedwa ndi ovota osagwirizana angatengemo mbali, koma ziŵalo za mbali zina sizikuphatikizidwa. Uku ndiko kulolera kumene kumawonjezera kutengamo mbali pamene kukusunga chisonkhezero chachikulu cha chipani.

Kaucuses, mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ndi misonkhano yosadziwitsa kumene ziŵalo za pa chipani zimakambirana ndi oyembekezera kubatizidwa ndiyeno kuvota, kaŵirikaŵiri mwa manja kapena mwa kuonetsedwa kwa chilikizo. Nzochepera lerolino koma zikugwiritsiridwabe ntchito m'maiko ena a ku United States ndi m'mayiko ena. Njira yosankha ili ndi tanthauzo lalikulu: kusankha opita ku mwambo kaŵirikaŵiri kumasankha osankha m'masankhola.

3. Njira Zosankhira ndi Zotulutsira Mabuku

Chisankho chachikulu ndicho mbali yomalizira imene ovota amasankha pakati pa osankhidwa. Njira imene mavoti amasinthidwa kukhala mipando kapena mphamvu ya maulamuliro imasiyanasiyana pakati pa ma republic. Dongosolo lofala kwambiri ndi loyamba lapambuyo pake (FTPP), logwiritsiridwa ntchito m'maiko onga United States, United Kingdom, ndi Canada. Ku FPTP, wosankha wosankha wopambana m'dziko, ngakhale ngati sasunga unyinji wa anthu. Otsutsa FPTP amatsutsa kuti FPP ingatsogolere ku kuimira ndi kusakaza mavoti.

Njira zina ndi izi:

  • Propagation (PR): Seats mu nyumba yoyaluza imagawiridwa mozikidwa pa mlingo wa mavoti amene gulu lililonse limalandira. Dongosolo limeneli limagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'ma republic ambiri a ku Ulaya, monga ngati Germany ndi Netherlands, ndipo limapanga mapangano ambiri.
  • [[FLT: 0] Osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa achotsedwa ndipo osankhidwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo onga Maine (U.S.) ndi masankho a akapita ku Australian Catherine.
  • Madongosolo aŵiri a Ruund : Ofala m'ma repulezidenti monga Falansa ndi Brazil, kumene ngati palibe wobatizidwa angapeze ochuluka kwambiri m'mbali yoyamba, amathamanga pakati pa aŵiri otchuka.

Dongosolo lililonse lili ndi malonda otsata m'njira ya kuimira, kukhazikika, ndi chikhutiro cha wovota. Kaamba ka kufupikitsa kwa madongosolo a sankho, [[FLT: 0] Electoral Reform Society [[[FLT: 1] imapereka mafotokozedwe atsatanetsatane.

4. Misonkhano Yogwirizana ndi Zipani za Anthu

Pambuyo pa masankho aakulu, magawo kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga misonkhano ya dziko kapena kusankhidwa mwalamulo kuti asankhe wobatizidwa ndi kukhala ndi malo a pa parti. Zochitika zimenezi zimagwira ntchito monga kukulitsa komaliza kwa zotulukapo zoyambirira ndi kulimbikitsa anthu. Zikalata za anthu a m'magulu otchuka, magulu achifuniro, kapena anthu akale oimira boma angasonkhezere kwambiri chisankho mwa kupereka chichilikizo chalamulo ndi chichilikizo chachikulu.

Kulankhulana: Ufulu, Njira, ndi Kutengamo Mbali

Kuvota ndi njira yachindunji yoperekera chikalata kwa nzika m’dziko lina, koma kuvotako kumachitidwa ndi malamulo, malamulo, ndi mayanjano amene amasankha amene amavota, mmene angasankhire, ndi kuti ndi nkhani yaikulu motani.

Kuvomereza Ufulu ndi Kupezeka

Universal authont [1] kuyenera kwa kuvotera nzika zonse zazikulu mosasamala kanthu za fuko, thaundi, chuma, kapena malo a anthu . Ndi chipambano chaposachedwapa m'mariphabliki ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mu United States, Chikalata cha Zosankha Zaufulu cha 1965 chinaletsa tsankho la ufuko, ndi Demetrition ya 19 imapereka kwa akazi ufulu wa kuvota. Komabe, mkangano wopitirizabe wonena za malamulo a voti, felon inachotsa lamulo la osankha, ndi kulembetsa chisankho cha chikalata cha kutsimikizira kuti kupezeka kwa unduko kudakali nkhani yopikisana.

Mayiko amakono amayesetsa kupanga mavoti kuti afike msanga povota, popereka mapepala opangira makalata, ndi malo ochitira mafoni. Komabe, zopinga zonga mizere yaitali, zosokoneza mapepala, kapena ziletso pa kuvota, makamaka pakati pa anthu ochepa ndi opeza ndalama zochepa. Kutsimikizira kuti kulibe koyenera ndi thayo la dziko lililonse limene limatsatira mfundo za makhalidwe abwino.

Njira Zopangira Mapeto

Njira iliyonse yovota imabweretsa mavuto ndiponso ubwino:

  • Paper Balots: Mavota amalemba zosankha zawo papepala, zimene kenaka zimaŵerengedwa ndi manja kapena ndi makina oonera. Mapepala amajambulanso malembo ndipo sachedwa kuphwanya, koma kuŵerengera kwa manja kungakhale kochedwa ndi kosavuta kulakwitsa.
  • Makine opangidwa ndi ma pepala (EVM): [[FLT ] Ogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'maiko onga India ndi Brazil, EVM , amalola kuthamanga mofulumira. Komabe, nkhaŵa za chisungiko za kusokoneza ndi kusoŵeka kwa pepala zachititsa maiko ena (m., Netherlands) kuwasiya.
  • Mail-In ndi Absee Voting : yotchuka mowonjezereka, makamaka pambuyo pa mliri wa Chovid-19. Kusanthula makalata kumawonjezera mantha a chinyengo, ngakhale kuti kufufuza kumasonyeza chinyengo choterocho kukhala chosoŵa kwambiri.
  • [[FLT: 0] Internet Voting: Ogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'malo oŵerengeka kaamba ka masankho ochepera (m., Estonia kaamba ka zisankho za palamende). Pamene kuli kwakuti kuli koyenera, kuvotera kwa pa intaneti kumayambitsa upandu wa intaneti umene tsopano umaposa mapindu a malipabuliki ambiri.

Kutengamo Mbali ndi Kubwerera

Voter restaute ndi chisonyezero chachikulu cha thanzi la dziko. Zizindikiro zazikulu zakuti nzika zimalingalira mavoti awo ndi kuti ziri m'dongosolo la ndale zadziko. Kubwerera kwa pansi, kumbali ina, kungasonyeze mphwayi, kugwiritsidwa mwala, kapena zopinga. Malinga ndi chidziŵitso cha International Institute for Democracy ndi Electoral Leating (IA) , wovota wapadziko lonse watembenuka m'masankhoti a dzikolo wachepa pang'onopo pang'ono, ngakhale kuti amasintha kwambiri ndi dziko. Zotsatira zake zimaphatikizapo kupikisana kwa masankho, kusavuta kulembetsa, kujambula, masankho, ndi kugwira ntchito koonekera kwa boma.

Choncho, masukulu ndi mabungwe a m’deralo amathandiza kwambiri kuti anthu ayambe kuvota.

Macheke ndi Kulinganizika: Kutetezera Republic

Kuyenera kwa republic kumadalira osati kokha pa masankho aufulu komanso pa zitetezero za nyumba zimene zimaletsa kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa ulamuliro. Kupatukana kwa maulamuliro kumatsimikizira kuti palibe nthambi imodzi yokha yopha [1] yokha, yolamulira, yolamulira, kapena yoweruza. Mu United States, mwachitsanzo, pulezidenti angapereke lamulo, Congress angapose mavetoes ndi akuluakulu a boma, ndipo Khoti Lapamwamba lingalengetse malamulo osagwirizana ndi malamulo. Malamulo ofananawo alipo m'mayiko ena, ngakhale kuti kulinganiza kwake kumasiyana.

Mabungwe odzisankhira monga makampani opanga mavoti, mabungwe otsutsa ziphuphu, ndi manyuzipepala aulere ndi ofunikanso. Amakonzanso kuonekera bwino, kupenda kusaona mtima, ndi kutsimikizira kuti atsogoleri ayankhe kwa anthu. Popanda zimenezi, ngakhale makampani osankhidwa bwino angasokonezedwe ndi ziphuphu, chiphamaso, kapena kuukira boma.

Mavuto Amene Mayiko Akukumana Nawo

Ngakhale kuti mayikowa akuyesetsa kuti apitirize kuchita zinthu zina, padziko lonse amakumana ndi mavuto aakulu amene amasokoneza ulamuliro wa demokalase.

Kusintha kwa Ndale ndi Kutsekereza

M'ma republic ambiri, zipani za ndale zadziko zakhala zosiyana kwambiri, kuchititsa kugawikana kwakukulu. Zimenezi zingatulukepo kutsendereka kwa malamulo, kumene kuli kosatheka kulolerana, ndipo ntchito za boma zonga kulinganiza bajeti kapena kukhazikitsa zimachedwa. Kusintha kwa dzuŵa kumayambitsanso kusadalirana m'mabungwe ndipo kungachititse ofufuza kukhala osavuta kwambiri kutchula mawu opambanitsa. Zochititsa zimaphatikizapo kugawidwa kwa manyuzipepala, kugaŵanitsa madera otetezeka, ndi chisonkhezero cha ochirikiza ufulu wa ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu m'ma Prime.

Ndalama m’Ndale ndi Ndalama za Mkupiti

Kukwera kwa ndalama za mkupiti ndi chisonkhezero cha opereka ndalama zambiri . "Opereka ndalama, anthu olemera, ndi magulu achiwongola dzanja [1] zachititsa nkhaŵa zimene akuluakulu osankhidwa amayang'anira ndalama mmalo mwa anthu awo. Ku United States, Khoti Lapamwamba Citinisens United [ Courts] chosankha chakuthandiza [2010] kulola ndalama zandale zosamalire, zimene zimachititsa kuti zikhale zowonjezereka za "ndalama zotchingira" ndi zapamwamba za PAC. Mayiko ena ambiri ali ndi malire aakulu kwambiri, koma chikhoterero cha padziko lonse kulinga ndawala za . Zotero zonga ndawala za boma, zopereka, ndi zofunikira za kuonekera kwa anthu ambiri zikutsutsana.

Kusadziŵa Zinthu Molakwika Ndiponso Kusamvana

Nyengo ya magetsi yabweretsa mavuto atsopano: chidziŵitso chonyenga kapena chosocheretsa chingafalikire mofulumira kupyolera m'manyuzi, kufooketsa kupanga zosankha ndi kuchotsa chidaliro m'zosankha. Akanema akunja angayesenso kusokoneza zisankho mwa kufalitsa magawano kapena mabodza. Kulimbana ndi mawu olakwika kumafuna maphunziro a pa TV, malamulo apamwamba a pa pulatifomu, ndi mabungwe ofufuza mfundo zachinsinsi. Anthu amene angapende chidziŵitso mochenjera ali okonzeka bwino kutetezera umphumphu wa dziko lawo.

Kupondereza ndi Kuletsa Majeremusi

Pamene kuli kwakuti marepabuliki akuyesetsa kuchititsa zungulire, m’zochitika zina amayang'anizana ndi zopinga zochepetsera mphamvu yawo yovota. Njira zoponyera zimaphatikizapo malamulo okhwima a ID, kuchotsa pepala la ovota, kuchepetsa maola ovota adakali adakali aang'ono, ndi kutseka malo ofunsira m'madera ochepa. Gerrymering . Kujambula malire a chigawo chimodzi kuti ayanjane ndi gulu limodzi. Zovuta za lamulo ndi magulu a anthu ogwira ntchito yolimbana ndi machitachita ameneŵa, koma amapitirizabe kulimbana ndi ma republictic Republic ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, [FLT:] Brenan Center ya Justice imaperekanso kufufuza kochitidwa pa ufulu wovota ndi wopanga mayenga ku United States.

Kumaliza: Mtsogolo mwa Ulamuliro wa Republic

Madziko a dzikolo si achilendo; amasinthasintha kuti apeze mavuto atsopano, maluso a zaumisiri, ndiponso kusinthasinthasintha kwa zimene anthu akuyembekezera.

Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, pozindikira mmene malipabuliki amagwirira ntchito iri sitepe loyamba la kukhala okangalika mmalo mwa openyerera ongokhala. Mwakumvetsetsa njira zosankhira mtsogoleri, kufunika kwa ufulu wosankha, ndi ziwopsezo zimene zingafooketse njira za demokrase, anthu angathandizire kupanga lipabuliki lawo kukhala lopanda malire, lodziŵerengera mlandu, ndi lolimba. Mtsogolo mwa repabuliki limadalira pa kudzipereka kogwirizana kumeneku.