Kumvetsetsa Unansi Wocholoŵana Pakati pa Mapakesi Osagwirizana ndi Ndalama Zakuda m’Zosankha za ku United States

Kampeni ya zachuma ya ku America ndi ya malamulo ambirimbiri, zozembera, ndi mabungwe osokoneza amene nthaŵi zambiri amabisa magwero enieni a ndale. Pakati pa mbali zambiri zotsutsana ndi ndizo zogwirizana ndi zandale zadziko Makomiti a Chigamulo (PACs) ndi [[FLT]] . Kulimbana ndi ndalama kutsendereza mpikisano wa ndalama . Pamene kuli kwakuti aliyense amagwira ntchito pansi pa malamulo ovomerezeka, kuyambitsa njira yamphamvu ya masankhomo, malamulo, ndi nkhani yaponse. Kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi ochirikiza kuwonekera bwino, kumvetsetsa mmene mphamvu ziŵiri zimenezi ziliri zofunika kumvetsetsa chisonkhezero chamakono ndi kulimbana kopitirizabe kaamba ka ndawala ya ndawala.

Nkhani ino ikupereka kusanthula kokwanira kwa ma PAC ndi ndalama zakuda, kupenda malongosoledwe awo, chisinthiko chalamulo, njira za kudutsana, ndi zotulukapo za democracy za kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwawo pamodzi. Tikuwunikiranso zoyesayesa zaposachedwapa za kusintha ndi kupereka lingaliro la mtsogolo la kuwonekera kwa ndawala ya ndawala.

Kodi Mabuku Opanda Ogwirizana Nchiyani?

Ma PAC ndi makomiti a ndale zadziko olembetsedwa ndi Federal Envotion Commission (FEC) amene amakweza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama popanda munthu aliyense wobatizidwa, chipani cha ndale zadziko, kapena gulu lina logwirizana. Mosiyana ndi mwambo wa PCs . Nthaŵi zambiri amapangidwa ndi makampani, makampani a antchito, kapena mayanjano a zamalonda ndi ma maofesi amene angapemphere [1] Ogwirizana ndi osafuna ndalama ali omasuka kukweza ndalama kwa munthu aliyense kapena gulu popanda kugwirizana ndi wopereka thandizo.

Ma PAC angapange ndalama zodziimira paokha (m’chitsanzo, kusatsa malonda ochirikiza kapena otsutsa) ndi kupereka mwachindunji kwa oyembekezera, ogonjera ku malire a boma . Pac, 2024, PUPUR PACS , yomwe sigwirizanitsidwa ndi komiti ya wobatizidwa ndi kukwera KS $5,000 pachaka ku komiti ya dziko. Komabe, mphamvu yawo yeniyeni imakhala yopanda malire, kaŵirikaŵiri kudzera mwa PCS, imene ili mtundu waung'ono wa komiti yosagwirizana ndi PCs yomwe ingakweze ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zosaŵerengeka kwa nthaŵi yaitali imene sagwirizana ndi ofunsira.

Kukwera kwa masiku a PACIC osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa ku ma 1970 ndi masinthidwe a pambuyo pa Watergate, koma ziŵerengero zawo zinaphulika pambuyo pa chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu la U.S. 2010 mu Citizens United v. FEC . ndi ma projekiti ena otsatizanapo D. . . . . . . . FEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ma PAC amene sanagwirizanitse kaŵirikaŵiri amasumika pa nkhani ya kukopana, ndawala za malingaliro, kapena kuchirikiza slative ya obatizidwa amene amagwirizana ndi malingaliro awo. Iwo angakhale otsutsa kwambiri . Monga ngati paC yopatulidwa ku ufulu wa mfuti, kachitidwe ka malo okhala, kapena chisamaliro cha zaumoyo chosinthirapo, monga aja oimira mayanjano a zamalonda kapena malingaliro a anthu. Chifukwa chakuti iwo sagwirizana ndi munthu aliyense wobatizidwa, iwo amasinthasinthasinthasintha kwambiri m'kutumiza mauthenga ndipo angaloŵetse mu “kutsendereza kukakamiza mavoti kapena kutsutsa woloŵa pa malowo) kapena“ kulimbikitsa mavoti a makampani a malonda kapena kutsutsana ndi malingaliro ena.

Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu: [[FLT :1] PCS yosagwirizanitsidwa iyenera kulembetsa ndi FEC, mafaira a zopereka zolembedwa zondandal'awo zimene zimapatsa ndalama zoposa $200, ndi kugwirizana ndi malire operekera chopereka kaamba ka kupatsa kwachindunji. Zimenezi zimapanga mlingo wa kuonekeratu kwa [1] koma monga momwe tidzawonera, kuonekera bwino kumeneku kungachepetsedwe pamene ma PCs agwirizana ndi makampani a mdima.

Kuzindikira Mkupiti wa Ndalama Zakuda

“ Ndalama za dalar'” imaimira kuwonongera ndalama zandale ndi magulu amene safunidwa ndi lamulo kuvumbula opereka awo. Mawuwa kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito kuthera 501 (c)(4) mabungwe othandiza anthu [, [[FLT]] 501] (6] mayanjano a zamalonda [, [4] 501] (3)) mabungwe a anthu (kuphatikizapo mapangano a ndale). Mabungwe ameneŵa angaloŵetsepo zandale, kuphatikizapo malonda, kuvotera, ngakhalenso kugula, ngakhale ndalama zodziimira paokha, monga momwe ntchito yaikulu yosachitira.

Kusiyana kwakukulu kwa lamulo nkwakuti 501(c)(4) ndi 501(c) (6) safunikira kupereka lipoti poyera opereka awo pansi pa malamulo a Internal Revenue Service (IRS), ndipo iwo kwakukulukulu amamasuka ku ziyeneretso za FEC PRODUC kaamba ka mitundu ina ya ndalama. Zimenezi zimalola anthu, makampani, ndi maukwati kupereka ndalama kupyolera mwa mabungwe ameneŵa popanda kuululidwa kwa anthu. Chotulukapo ndicho “kuchulukitsitsa kwa ndalama za pulogalamu yandale.

Ndalama zowonongedwa zakuda zawonjezeka kwambiri kuyambira . Zimapanga United. Malinga ndi Openset [[FLT :3], ndalama zodabwitsa zolembedwa ndi pafupifupi $1 biliyoni m'masankho a boma mkati mwa kayendedwe ka 202020, ndi 501 (c) kukhala magalimoto aakulu. Magulu ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amatsatsatsa kutchula maina kapena kukambitsirana malamulo, koma chifukwa chakuti amasiya kulongosola mwachindunji “maumboni wa chinenero (so-imatchedwa kuti“iauediccocie , , angapeŵe kuyambitsa ziyenero za FEC.

Chitsanzo chimodzi chotchuka ndicho kugwiritsira ntchito magulu a ndalama akuda [1] amene amapanga ndi kusungunula pambuyo pa chisankho chimodzi, kusiya mndandanda wochepa wa zinthu zimene amapeza. Magulu ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amagaŵana maadiresi, mamembala a m'mabungwe, ndi antchito ndi zinthu zina zosaoneka, kupanga utoto wa mabungwe ogwirizana amene amasintha mphamvu yosadziwika.

Nzofunika kwambiri: Si ndalama zonse zakuda zimene zili zosaloledwa. Malamulo oweruza kuulula zandale ndi ntchito yosagwirizana, ndipo mabungwe ambiri amagwira ntchito m'malamulo omwe alipo. Vuto si magulu enieniwo, koma mipata imene imalola ndalama zambiri kusonkhezera masankho mosadziŵika.

Kuwombana Kwake: Mmene Mapale Opanda Ogwirizana Amakhalira Oyenera Kupeza Ndalama Zakuda

Mapasa a PC ndi makampani a mdima a ndalama ndi kumene kuli kukongola kwa ndalama za mkupiti. PACIPU . Makamaka Osalumikizidwa ndi Opambana PAC . angalandire zopereka zosatha kuchokera ku makampani, maukwati, ndi anthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti Super PACS iyenera kuvumbula opereka awo, pali chidutswa chachikulu: iwo angalandire ndalama kuchokera kwa 501(c)(4) ndi magulu ena a ndalama zakuda, amene savumbulanso opereka awo. Zimenezi zimadziŵika monga ndalama zopitira kupyola [1] kapena [FLD:]“ ndalama zotsala ndalama zochokera ku [1]

Mwachitsanzo, munthu wolemera amene akufuna kusonkhezera chisankho mosadziŵika angapereke $11 miliyoni ku gulu la 501(c). Gulu limenelo, pansi pa kuonekera kwa ubwino wa anthu, kenaka likuthandizira ndalama zokwana madola 1 miliyoni ku Super PAC. Lipoti la Super PaC la propution lidzandandalika 501 (c)(4) monga woperekayo .

Mchitidwe umenewu ngwofala. Kufufuza kwa Center ya Chilungamo kunapeza kuti zambiri za ma PACIFUP aakulu koposa zikulandira ndalama zawo kuchokera ku magwero a ndalama akuda. Mkati mwa 2022, ma PACITC aŵiri aakulu koposa pa kagulu kena kalikonse, Sate Leadership Fund (Republican) ndi [[FLT: 4.] Sanate quality PAC[FL:5] (Democratic]) (Democratic ) [1] Makumi a mamiliyoni ambiri kuchokera ku mamedia .

Planotion imachitika pamene ma PAC adaloŵa mu “issue advocacy” imene njosiyana ndi kulongosola kusinkhuka. A 501(c) (4) ingayendetse malonda oukira mbiri ya wofunsira, pamene kuli kwakuti PC yogwirizana yosagwirizanitsidwa imapititsa patsogolo mdani. Chifukwa chakuti 501(c)(4) samanena molunjika kuti “kutsutsana, [1] imapeŵa kuvumbula , [1] imakhala chiyambukiro chogwirizana chimene chili ndawala yosinthana ya kuvontation.

Malamulo ogwirizanitsa [[FLT :1] kaŵirikaŵiri amatchulidwa kukhala khoma lopimira kugwirizana kwachindunji, koma m’zochitika, anthu akale ogwira ntchito, ogulitsa, ndi mabodi ogwirizana amasokoneza njira. FEC sinkafuna kutsata njira zosungitsira mgwirizano, kusiya malo ambiri abwinja kumene ma PC ndi timu za ndalama zakuda zimayendera m'matanthwe popanda mapangano alamulo.

Nthaŵi zina, anthu amodzimodziwo amalamulira zonse ziŵiri 501 (c)(4) ndi PC yosagwirizanitsidwa. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la ndale zadziko lingapeze gulu la ndalama zodekha kuti lipemphe ndalama zosadziŵika ndi MPUNDA kuti ziwononge. Mabungwe aŵiriwo amagaŵana malo a ofesi, antchito, ndi njira, koma chifukwa chakuti ngosiyana mwalamulo, lamulo limawasiyanitsa. Makonzedwe ameneŵa amakulitsa mphamvu ya kulinganiza ndalama zobisidwa m'PC pamene akusunga chiwonekezo cha kugonjera.

Zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko lapansi zikuchuluka. MaAmericani a Chuma, ochirikizidwa ndi abale a Koch, amaphatikizapo 501 (c) (4) ndi Super PC (pa) ndi kulola kuti pasawonongeke ndi osasinthika. Mofananamo, [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] USA [[FLT]]] [[FLT]]] [FLT USA , [[FLT]] [3] (a Democ POC)) ndi Majeria yosaleka Kutsogolera ndi kuthandizira zamakono. Malamulo ameneŵa akhala njira yogwirira ntchito yothandiza ndi kuyendetsa zinthu.

Mavuto Okhudzana ndi Malamulo Ndiponso Malangizo

Gawo la malamulo lamakonoli nlokonzeka mopereŵera kuyang'anira misewu ya ma PAC ndi ndalama zakuda. FEC imatsekeredwa ndi gulu lofera, ndi akuluakulu oimira boma kaŵirikaŵiri osagwirizana pa zochita za lamulo. IRS, imene imayang'anira 501(c)(4) kugonjera, kwakhala kochepetsedwa kwambiri ndi kudula ndalama ndi kuloŵerera m'zandale, kulekeka kwa ntchito za ndale zadziko ndi magulu a za kakhalidwe ka anthu.

Mafunso angapo ofunika a m’khoti sayankhidwa:

  • Kuvumbula kaamba ka 501(c)(4)s. Pamene kuli kwakuti IRS imafuna kuti mabungwe ameneŵa apereke lipoti la mafomu a msonkho wachinsinsi, sikumapanga chidziŵitso chimenecho kukhala chitaganya. Zoyesayesa kulamula kuululidwa kwa anthu zasungidwa m'Mabungwe.
  • Malamulo osankha pakati pa ma PAC ndi magulu a ndalama osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa. Mafotokozedwe a FEC a “kulankhulana kopambanitsa" ngochepa ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amalephera kuwona zenizeni za kugwirira ntchito ndi njira zogwirira ntchito pamodzi.
  • Makhoti a Zigamulo za Zimake za United jurispuldence . mwachisawawa aona kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zandale kukhala zotetezedwa, ngakhale zitachokera ku magwero osadziŵika. Chigamulo cha 2014 cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Mccheon v. FEC [1] "machepetsa kwambiri malire a zopereka, kufutukula malo a PACICCS.
  • Kutsanulira masuti a “atsatsa malonda a nyukiliya” amene akufuna kutchedwa. Pansi pa lamulo lamakono, kokha kusatsa malonda ogwiritsa ntchito “mawu amatsenga” (m’chitsanzo, “kusintha,” kumavumbula bwino lomwe. Makalata amene amakambirana zolembedwa za wochita kafukufuku popanda mawuwo ali oletsedwa, ngakhale ngati cholinga chake chili chomveka bwino.

Maboma ena aloŵerera m'mene boma la boma silinachitepo kanthu. Mwachitsanzo, California, New York, ndi Illinois akhazikitsa malamulo okhwima odziŵira magulu a ndalama akuda ogwirira ntchito m'masankho a boma. Komabe, lamulo la boma limatsekereza malamulo a boma a ndawala za boma, chotero zoyesayesa zimenezi zimagwira ntchito kokha kumaloko. Kuyesayesa kwa malamulo kumapanga munda woseŵera wosalingana ndi kulola oyendetsa a savvy kudyerera maulamuliro ofooka kwambiri.

Vuto lina ndilo kukwera kwa mabungwe a zaumoyo wa anthu amene amagwira ntchito monga makina andale. Muyezo wa IRS wa 501(c)(4) n’ngwakuti mabungwe ayenera “kudziloŵetsa mwangozi” kupititsa patsogolo ubwino wa anthu, osati ndale. M’zochitika, magulu ambiri amawononga ndalama zawo zoposa theka pa ntchito zandale ndipo sayang'anizana ndi zotsatira. Kusoŵa kwa IRS koyesa cholinga chachikulu cha IRS kwasintha kuyesa kwa kalembera kopanda ntchito.

Kufuna Demokalase

Kuphatikizana kwa ma PAC ndi ndalama zakuda kuli ndi zotulukapo zazikulu kwa oimira demokrase. Pamene ndalama zambiri zotsala zosalandirika, malamulo aakulu a demokrase amawonongeka:

  • Kusintha ndi kuvota kodziŵitsidwa. Makampani sangaone zolinga za kusatsa malonda andale ngati sakudziŵa amene akuwapereka. Kuukira kochitidwa bwino kungalipidwe ndi munthu mmodzi wachuma, chikondwerero chachilendo (maiko akunja amaletsedwa kupatsa), kapena makampani oyesa kufooketsa malamulo [1] koma popanda kuulula, ovota angasiyidwe mumdima.
  • Umboni wa akuluakulu osankhidwa. Ngati wandale apindula ndi ndalama zamdima, nkovuta kwa ogwirizana kudziŵa amene wandale zadziko angakondweretse. Zimenezi zimabala kusuliza ndi kuchepetsa chidaliro mwa boma.
  • Kufanana kwa chithunzi. Kukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito mosadziŵika kumachititsa anthu olemera kwambiri ndi makampani kuchotsa nkhaŵa za nzika wamba. Monga momwe wasayansi wandale Martin Gilens wasonyezera, malamulo amayendera limodzi kwambiri ndi zofuna za anthu olemera kuposa za anthu onse.
  • Kupereka ndi chisonkhezero. Pamene kuli kwakuti kusaona mtima kwachindunji kwa chigawo chimodzi kuli kovuta kutsimikizira, lingaliro la ziphuphu nlowononga. Mamembala a Congress amawononga mbali yaikulu ya nthaŵi yawo yopereka ndalama, kaŵirikaŵiri kuchokera ku makampani a mdima omwe amachirikiza ma PAC. Izi zimapanga njira imene imagulitsira kufikira ku kampani yaikulu koposa.

Kusoŵa kwa kuonekera kwathandizanso kuloŵerera kwa maiko ena. Ngakhale kuti maiko akunja amaletsedwa kupereka ndalama ku masankho a mdima wa kampani ya United States, iwo angapereke ndalama kudzera m'magulu a ndalama mwa kupanga zopereka ku mabungwe a zigoba zachitsulo amene kenaka amapereka ku ma projekiti aakulu. Kufufuza kwavumbula kuti makampani a maiko akunja agwiritsira ntchito njira imeneyi kusonkhezera masankho ndi masankhoti a kumaloko.

Zoyesayesa Zowonjezera Kusintha Zinthu

Ngakhale kuti pali mavuto, gulu lalikulu lokonzanso ndalama za polisi likupitirizabe kulimbikitsa anthu kuti adziwe zimene zikuchitika ndiponso kuti adziimbe mlandu.

  • Lamulo la DISCLOSE (Ulamuliro wa Chilamulo Umalimbikitsidwa ndi Kuika Kuunika pa Kugwiritsira Ntchito Ndalama m'Chisankho). Choyamba kuyambitsidwa mu 2010 ndipo kubwezedwanso mobwerezabwereza, lamulo limeneli likufuna kuti mabungwe onse owononga ndalama zoposa $100,000 pa denga la chisankho chimodzi aulule opereka ndalama zoposa $10,000. Ilo likalamulanso kuti ma PAC ndi magulu a ndalama zakuda aulule ndalama zawo zazikulu m'kutsa malonda awo. Msonkhetsoyo yapita pa Nyumba koma yayang'ana ndi jinibilu mu Nyumba ya Malamulo.
  • Malamulo otsatizana ndi kachitidwe ka lamulo. Pulezidenti Biden anapereka lamulo lauyang'anira mu 2021 kulangiza mabungwe a boma kupenda kuwonekera kokulira kaamba ka makampani a boma ndi kuthera m'masankho a boma. Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) yalingalira kukhazikitsa malamulo ofuna makampani a anthu kuvumbula ndalama zimene awononga, ngakhale kuti palibe lamulo lomalizira lavomerezedwa.
  • Kusintha kwa mlingo wadziko. Madziko onga California, Connecticut, ndi Maryland akhazikitsa malamulo ofuna kuti mabungwe osapanga phindu athe pa zisankho za boma kuvumbula opereka. Malamulo ameneŵa atsutsidwa m’khoti, koma ena achirikizidwa. Kupambana kwa masinthidwe a boma kumapereka chitsanzo cha kachitidwe ka boma.
  • [[FLT: 0] Magulu ofufuza ndi okakamiza nzika. monga OpenSET , Brennan Center ya Justice , ndi [FLT:] Campagign Legin Center [ kuvumbula ndi kukakamiza ndalama zokhala ndi kusungitsa. Chidwi chaponse m'kuwonekera chatsogoleranso kugaŵana malingaliro a makampani ofuna kugula ndalama zandale.
  • [[FLT: 0] Zokonza za Malamulo. Ena ochirikiza, otsogozedwa ndi magulu onga Melika Lonjezo , adaitanira kukonzanso kwa lamulo kuti agubudule [[FLT:] Citazens United ndi kutsimikizira kuti ndalama sizolankhula. Pamene kuli kwakuti kukonza kwayang'anizana ndi chiwiya chapamwamba kwambiri, gulu limachititsa kuti nkhaniyo ikhale yosaimbidwa ndi anthu onse.

Ntchito ya maphunziro siinganenedwe mopambanitsa. Pamene ophunzira azindikira mmene ma PAC ndi mapangano a mdima amagwirira ntchito pamodzi, amakhala ogula a chidziŵitso cha ndale zadziko ndi owonjezereka kuloŵerera m'kufuna kusintha. Kositimenti yomwe imaphatikizapo mamoubitala pa kampani, chiyambukiro cha Citazens United, ndipo ntchito ya PC imapangitsa kuti asankhidwe odziŵa bwino amene angapangitse akuluakulu a boma kukhala ndi mlandu.

Njira: Kulimbitsa Malo Otsekemera ndi Kukakamiza

Kuti pachitike kusintha kwabwino, pakufunika kusintha kwa nyumba zingapo. Choyamba, Nyumba ya Malamulo iyenera kukhazikitsa lamulo lokwanira loletsa 501(c)(4) ndi magulu ena a ndalama kubisa opereka. Kungofuna kuti mabungwe ameneŵa aulule anthu amene apereka ndalama zawo potsatsa malonda andale kudzakhala njira yaikulu.

Kachiwiri, apolisi a FEC ayenera kusintha kuti athetse vuto lawo lopuwala lapakalipali.

Chachitatu, IRS iyenera kupatsidwa chuma ndi malangizo kwa apolisi a ntchito za ndale zadziko za magulu ochotsera msonkho. Kubwezeretsa kuŵerengera kolimba kwa 501(c)(4) ndi kuchotsa msonkho wa awo amene mwa njira yoyambirira akuswa mayeso a cholinga chachikulu akaletsa kupangidwa kwa magulu a anthu osoŵa thandizo.

Chachinayi, makhoti ayenera kupendanso ukulu wa Citaminis United [1]. Pamene kuli kwakuti chosankha chenichenicho sichingagwetsedwe mwamsanga, makhoti aang'ono angachepetse kufikira kwake mwa kufuna kuululidwa monga mkhalidwe wa kuwonongerapo zinthu. Chinthu china chimene Khoti Lapamwamba linalimbikitsa m’chiganizo chake.

Chomalizira, ovota iwo eni angafune kuwonekera mwa kuchirikiza oyembekezera kukana ndalama zakuda ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zida zonga ngati OpenSecrets “wofufuza wachinsinsi” kutsatira ndalama. Chitsenderezo cha anthu kuchokera kwa nzika yodziŵa bwino kaŵirikaŵiri chiri chosonkhezera champhamvu kwambiri kaamba ka kusintha.

Kumaliza

Kudutsana kwa ma PAC ndi mpikisano wa ndalama wakuda kuli mbali imodzi ya ndalama zovuta kwambiri za kampani ya projekiti ya America. Mwa kulinganiza, makwalalawa amalola chuma kuloŵa m'ndale popanda kuonekera bwino, kutsutsa mfundo yakuti osankha ayenera kudziŵa amene akuyesa kusonkhezera zosankha zawo. Komabe kumvetsetsa njira zimenezi ndi njira yoyamba yochitira nazo.

Aphunzitsi ali ndi mwaŵi wapadera wokonzekeretsa mbadwo wotsatira ndi chidziŵitso chofunikira kuyendetsa [1] ndipo pomalizira pake kusintha malo ocholoŵanawa. Mwa kuphunzitsa ophunzira mmene ma PC agwirira ntchito, mmene ndalama zimaululira, ndi mmene magulu aŵiriwo amapangira zisonkhezero zamphamvu zobisika, timachirikiza kulingalira kotsutsa ndi kugwirizana kwa anthu. Kuwona mtima kwabwino, sikuli kosangalatsa; ndiko maziko. Nkhondo yopitirizabe kuunikira madera amdima a ndawala ya chigawo cha ndawala ndiyo nkhondo ya kukhulupirika kwa iumwini.

Kuti muŵerenge mowonjezereka, tikulimbikitsa kufufuza zinthu zoperekedwa ndi . Opencha tsamba la Ndalama Zakuda , [[FLT:] Brennan Center’s Money in Politics jours , ndi [[FLT ] FUDAL ... Commission ya ma data alamulo a pa PCC Recuption ndi Reficiation lipoties.