Gulu la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni ndi Chiyambukiro Chake Chokhalitsa pa Kumasulidwa kwa Chiŵeniŵeni Kwamakono

Chipani cha Civil Rights Movement of the 1950 ndi 1960s chili ngati imodzi ya nyengo zosintha kwambiri m'mbiri ya Amereka. Chinali nkhondo yowopsa yopitirizabe, yochitidwa ndi Aafirika ndi ogwirizana awo kuchotsa dongosolo lololedwa la kusankhana mafuko, kuchotsapo kugaŵana mafuko, ndi chiwawa zimene zinapitirizabe kuyambira kukonzanso. Pamene kuli kwakuti gululo linapambana pa zalamulo, choloŵa chake chenicheni chili m'makonzedwe amene amakhazikitsa kaamba ka ufulu wa anthu amakono . Ufulu ndi ufulu umene umatetezera anthu ku kulandana ndi kutsimikizira kuchitidwa mofanana ndi lamulo. Kufufuza kowonjezereka kumeneku kumasonyeza zipambano zake zazikulu pa ufulu wa anthu, kuyang'anizana ndi zitoko za malamulo amakono, kuyang'anizana ndi mavuto aakulu amene adakalipo, ndi kuyang’anirira ntchito yofufuza za maphunziro yosatsimikizirika m’kuchirikiza ufulu wa anthu ndi kuchirikiza ufulu wa ufulu wa anthu.

Maziko Amene Anasintha Chilamulo

Bungwe la Civil Rights Movement silinatuluke popanda kanthu. Linamangidwa pa zaka makumi ambiri za kulinganiza udzu, njira yalamulo ndi NaACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, ndi kulimba mtima kwa nzika wamba zimene zinaika miyoyo yawo pangozi. Malamulo otsatira ndi zipambano za lamulo zinasintha kwambiri unansi pakati pa boma ndi nzika zake, kuyambitsa maziko atsopano kaamba ka ufulu wa nzika.

Lamulo la 1964 la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Motsimikizirika chiyambukiro chachikulu koposa cha lamulo la ufulu wachibadwidwe chiyambire Reconstruct, Chikalata cha Chisankho cha 1964 chinaletsa tsankho pamaziko a fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, kapena dziko. Umutwe Wachiwiri unaletsa kuikidwa kwa anthu m'nyumba monga mahotela, malesitilanti, ndi malo oonetsera. Zikalata za VII zinapanga bungwe la Ofessial Oction Option Commission ndi kuletsa ntchito. Zimenezi sizinangothetsa kusankhidwa mwalamulo ku South , komanso zinapereka chiŵiya chovomerezera chalamulo kwa akazi, anthu ochepa achipembedzo, ndipo pambuyo pake LGBTQ+ anthu otsutsa tsankho. [FLD:0] National Archivesbook imapereka malembo ndi mbiri yakale ya lamulo limeneli.

Chikalata Chovomereza Ufulu wa Anthu cha 1965

Pambuyo pa ziukiro zankhanza pa ozembera ku Selma, Alabama, Pulezidenti Lyndon B. Johnson anakakamiza mwa kugwiritsa ntchito Chikalata cha Voting Rights, chimene chinaletsa njira zovotera monga mayeso ofufuza, misonkho yofufuzira, ndi zina zolinganizidwa kutsendereza ovota Black. Chigawo 5 chinafuna maulamuliro ena ndi mbiri ya tsankho kuti apeze malamulo a boma asanasinthe malamulo ovota. Zimenezi zikuchita mochititsa kulembedwa kwa ovota ndi kuimira kwa ndale pakati pa Aafirika, makamaka ku Deedie South. [[FLT: 0] U. Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo la Chilungamo ikufotokoza kufunika kwa nthaŵi ndi kutsalira kwa kachitidwe kachiŵiri.

Lamulo la Kusamalira Nyumba la mu 1968

Ataphedwa patapita Martin Luther King Jr., Fair House Act inaletsa tsankho pogulitsa, pobwereka nyumba, ndi popereka ndalama zochokera ku mtundu, mtundu, chipembedzo, mtundu, ndipo pambuyo pake kuwonjezera kugonana, kupunduka, ndi malo auchiŵanda. Lamulo limeneli likufuna kuthetsa mapangano oletsa ufuko, kubwezera kumbuyo ndi bungwe la Federal Hollas Administration, ndi machitidwe enieni a nyumba zimene anthu a ku Black. Komabe, malamulo otsatidwa a nyumba akupitirizabe kulimbanirana, pamene kumanga nyumba kumakhalako kukupitirizabe m'matauni ambiri.

Kusankhana kwa Sukulu ndi Masukulu Othandiza Anthu

Chigamulo cha Supreme Court mu 1954 Brown v. Board of Education inalengeza kuti “masukulu osiyanasiyana salingana mwachibadwa,” kugwetsa ndi . Ferguson "kamodzi koma] “kanasiyana. chiphunzitso chapadera koma chofanana. Komabe sichinachitike mofulumira. Chinatenga Rock Yaing [[FLT:] Mu 1957], malamulo a khoti, ndi asilikali a boma kuti avomereze. Nthaŵi ina, desewera kuyendera zoyendera zapo (kutsatira Montgomer Buybull ndi ufulu), ma projela, ndi malo ena opambana. Malamulo ameneŵa anakhazikitsa lamulo la anthu onse kuti asiye ufulu wa anthu.

Mmene Gululo Linaperekera Chiphunzitso cha Chiŵeniŵeni Chamakono

Masinthidwe alamulo ndi a chikhalidwe opangidwa ndi Civil Rights Movement sanathere m’ma 1960. iwo anapanga dongosolo la malamulo ndi makhalidwe limene magulu ndi makhoti otsatirapo agwiritsira ntchito kukulitsa kumvetsetsa ufulu wa anthu m’malo ambiri ovuta.

Kufutukula Ufulu ku Magulu Ena Odukizana

Machenjera ndi kukambitsirana kwalamulo kwa Chigwirizano cha Ufulu Wachibadwidwe kunakhala ngati chigamulo cha kutsutsana kwa pambuyo pake. Kuyendetsa kwa ufulu wa akazi kwa 1960 ndi 1970 kunabwereka mwachindunji ku Chikalata cha Chigawo cha zoyenera za Ufulu wa anthu mu 1964 . Chiletso cha Diognome VII cha kuletsa kwa kugonana . Zoyenera za kuntchito zinagwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha anthu a ku America ndi kulema Chikalata cha 1990. LGBTQ+ zoyenera zinatengera kutetezeredwa kofanana kwa Brown [FL:1] m'nkhani yokhudzana mwachindunji za ufulu wa anthu. m'nkhani yofanana ndi [FLT:] Obergefe. Homes . [FLT:] (20], zimene zimavomerezedwa ndi lamulo lalamulo lakusungidwa kwa ukwati.)

Zochitika za Malamulo Zimene Zimatsogolerabe Makhoti

Milandu ya Supreme Court of the Civil Rights ikupitirizabe kuumba malamulo amakono a chigamulo. Lovating v. Virginia [1] (1967) adagonjetsa malamulo oletsa kusokonezeka kwa ufulu, kukhazikitsa kuyenera kwakukulu kwa kukwatira popanda ziletso za fuko, (chitsanzo chotchulidwa m'malamulo a kulingana kwa ukwati. [FLT:]] Kumva kwa Atlantal v. United States (1964]) kuchirikiza makonzedwe a ufulu wa chiŵeniŵeniŵeni a ufulu wa anthu pansi pa ufulu wa Commusclass, kutsimikizira mbali ya boma yotetezera ufulu wa anthu pa makampani opanga milandu. [FL:]

Chikhalidwe cha Kutengera Makolo Abwino

Chikalata cha Chivoligini Rights Movement chinasonyeza kuti anthu wamba . kaŵirikaŵiri achichepere angakonze ndi kusintha popanda kuyembekezera andale kapena makhoti. Kuyendayenda, Freedom Rides, March Washington, ndi kuvota anavomerezedwa, machitidwe apamwamba amene anasonkhezera anthu. Chitsanzo chimenechi cha udzu wochita zinthu motsatira malamulo a m'mabungwe chasinthidwa m'magulu ochokera ku nkhondo yolimbana ndi dziko la South Africa kufikira ku gulu la , limene limatchula bwino za njira za kusamvera kwa anthu, kulinganiza kwa maawiro, ndi kumanga aupainiya mu 1960.

Kuzindikira Kwapamwamba kwa Anthu Kaamba ka Kusalingana kwa Madongosolo

Pasadakhale Civil Rights Movement, azungu ambiri a ku America sanadziŵe kapena kusasamala za kunyazitsidwa kwa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi chiwawa zimene nzika za Black zimayang'anizana nazo. Kuulutsidwa kwa wailesi yakanema kwa nkhanza za apolisi mu Birmingham (1963) ndi ulendo wa Sande wamwazi ku Selma (65) kunadabwitsa mtunduwo. Kudzudzutsa kumeneku kunayambitsa kufunika kosatha kwa kuŵerengera mlandu ndi kuwonekera kwa lamulo ndi boma. Lerolino, makamera a bungwe, makomiti openda anthu a boma, ndi zosonkhanitsa zopereka chidziŵitso pa malo a apolisi zikukula bwino lomwe poyambapo kufuna kutchula choonadi ponena za utundu wa anthu.

Mavuto Opitirizabe a Kumasulidwa kwa Anthu M’zaka za zana la 20

Ngakhale kuti boma laletsa milandu, anthu sanalandire ufulu wokwanira ndipo amalonda a bungweli akupereka mafunso ofunika kwambiri okhudza ufulu wachibadwidwe.

Kunyazitsana ndi Uchimo wa Utundu ndi Apolisi

Kutsata utundu ndi lamulo kukupitirizabe pamlingo wowopsa. Kufufuza kukusonyeza kuti oyendetsa magalimoto a Black ndi Hispanic amaimitsidwa, kufufuzidwa, ndi kumangidwa pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri kuposa madalaivala achiyera. Imfa za George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, ndi ena osaŵerengeka ayambitsa zitsutso ndi kubwerezanso kupempha kwa apolisi. Pamene kuli kwakuti Chivil Rights Act ndi malamulo a boma amapereka mankhwala, njira ya kuchuluka kwa anthu a m’midzi ikuwonjezera nkhaŵa zazikulu ponena za chitetezo cha Demendment of 4 Develoption , komanso kutetezeranso kutetezera kofanana.

Kutsenderezedwa kwa Mphamvu m’Nyengo Yamakono

Pambuyo pa chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu 2013 Selby County v. Hoker , yomwe inachotsa njira yodziŵiratu ya Court Rights Act, maboma ambiri anafulumirira kukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kuvota. Zofunika za wovota wamkulu, kuchotsa mavoti oyambirira, kuchepetsa kusanthula, ndi kutsekedwa kwa malo m'madera ochepa kwachititsa kuyambika kwa ufulu wa kuchotsa ufulu wa anthu. Chonulirapo chapakati cha gululo chinayamba kulinganiza ndi kuletsa kusankhidwa kwa nzika iliyonse. [FOT]

Kuloŵerera kwa Anthu Ambiri ndi Chiweruzo Cholungama cha Apandu

United States imatumiza anthu ambiri pa munthu mmodzi kuposa dziko lina lililonse, ndipo kusiyana kwa mafuko n’koipa. Amuna akuda ali ndi kuthekera koŵirikiza kasanu ndi kamodzi kofanana ndi kwa anthu achiyera kumangidwa. Nkhondo ya pa Mankhwala, zigamulo zofunikira, ndi malamulo atatu apangitsa mtundu watsopano wa tsankho limene limayambukira kwambiri nzika za African America. Malamulo a Civil Rights Movement akugwiritsidwa ntchito kutokosa ndalama, mikhalidwe ya ndende, ndi kutsutsa zigamulo, ndi magulu onga ngati NaCP Lawn Defense Law kutsogolera ntchito.

Kusasankhana M’ntchito ndi m’Nyumba

Ngakhale kumene malamulo amaletsa kukondera, kutsata lamulo nthaŵi zambiri n’kochepa. Kusankhana ntchito n’kovuta; anthu ambiri amene amavutika sadandaula. Kusankhana mwachisawawa ndi olemba malo, mapangano okongola, ndi kuchotsa malamulo. Mfumu ikupitirizabe kukhazikitsa malo opatula. Cholinga cha “kuwonjezera nyumba zabwino . Kulimbana ndi maulamuliro ena. Kulimbana ndi mwayi wofanana wa zachuma, umene Dr. Mfumu inachirikiza m'mabanja ake Osauka, chikupitirizabe kukhala chachangu.

Kupitikiza kwa Malamulo ndi Chikhalidwe cha Gululo

Bungwe la Civil Rights Movement silinali chabe ndawala ya ndale; linali chigomeko chachikulu cha lamulo ponena za tanthauzo la ufulu ndi kufanana. Gululo linamasuliranso masinthidwe a kukonzanso zinthu (pa 13, 14th, ndi 15th) kuika mathayo opindulitsa pa boma kuthetsa tsankho, osati kungolipeŵa. Kumasulira kumeneku ndiko maziko a lamulo lamakono la ufulu wa anthu.

Kusintha Kuchoka pa Kulingana kwa Makhalidwe Kunka pa Kulingana

Pamaso pa Civil Rights Movement, makhoti anawona kulingana kwachindunji: boma silinganene mwachindunji anthu mwa mtundu. Koma gululo linavumbula kuti malamulo ooneka ngati osaloŵerera m’maudindo aufuko angapititse patsogolo. Lingaliro la kulingana kodziimira pa zinthu zina linatulukira: ufulu weniweni wa anthu sumangofuna kusoŵa malamulo a kuphwanya malamulo a boma, koma kuchotsa zopinga zimene zakhala zikuchotsapo magulu a anthu. Lamulo limeneli limalimbikitsa kuvomereza, kuvomereza ufulu wosankha mavoti, ndi kutsutsa milandu ya masiku ano.

Kusamvera kwa Chiŵeniŵeni

Martin Luther King Jr. “Let yochokera ku Birmingham Jail” idakali njira yolimba mtima yotetezera kusamvera kwa anthu monga njira yosungira ufulu wa anthu. Anatsutsa kuti anthu ali ndi thayo lamakhalidwe abwino kuswa malamulo osalungama, ndi kuti kachitidwe kachindunji kamachititsa kutsutsana kumene kukakamiza chitaganya kutsutsa kwake. Nthanthi imeneyi yakhala yotengedwa ndi magulu ochokera ku Kampeni ya Nyuclear Disrhament ku ku kuchirikiza nyengo. Ulamuliro wa makhalidwe abwino wa kusakhala ndi chiwawa umakhala chida champhamvu kwa awo ofuna kukulitsa malire a kulankhula ndi kusonkhana.

Maphunziro Monga Chiyang’aniro cha Ufulu Wolimba

Popanda anthu amene amamvetsa mmene mibadwo yapitayo inamenyera ufulu wa anthu, chitetezo chingakule chifukwa cha mphwayi kapena kuukira kwachindunji kwa ndale.

Kuphunzitsa Mogwira Mtima

Sukulu zambiri zimaphunzitsabe mpangidwe wotsutsidwa wa Chipani cha Magulu Otetezera Ufulu wa Anthu chimene chimasumika maganizo pa atsogoleri aakulu ndi zipambano za malamulo pamene akupeputsa chiwawa, kusiyana kwa malingaliro, ndi kutsutsa kosalekeza. Maphunziro a ufulu wachibadwidwe ayenera kuphatikizapo mbiri ya kubwezera, kupondereza magulu andale Zakuda, ndi mbali ya magulu onga Black Panter Party mu ntchito za chitaganya ndi ntchito za mayanjano. Ophunzira ayenera kudziŵa kuti gululi silinali chochitika wamba koma nkhondo yopitirizabe yomwe imaphatikizapo Montgome Bus Boycott, Missippis Freedom, ndi nkhondo zamakono za ufulu ndi polisi zodziŵerengera mlandu.

Kuyamba Kuganizira Zosayenera za Chilungamo cha Anthu

Maphunziro ayenera kukonzekeretsa ophunzira kupenda zochitika zamakono mwa kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, phunziro la Lamulo la Kusunga Ufulu wa Anthu lingawachititse kupenda malamulo amakono oumirira ndi ovota. Kukambirana za Chivolitiki Rights Act kungagwirizanitse ndi mikangano yamakono yokhudza chitetezo cha kuntchito kwa LGBTQ. Ophunzira kufunsa amene akupindula ndi lamulo kapena malamulo ena kuwakonzekeretsa kukhala nzika zachangu zimene zingadziŵe pamene ufulu wa munthu ukuwopsyikiridwa.

Kuloŵa M’chigwirizano cha Anthu ndi Maphunziro Ochititsa Chidwi

Sukulu ndi mayunivesite angagwirizane ndi mabungwe a ufulu wachibadwidwe a kumaloko kupereka mwaŵi wautumiki: kutengamo mbali m'mavoti ovomerezeka, kufufuza tsankho la kumaloko, kapena kuthandiza zolembedwa za pakamwa. Kutomerana koteroko kumasintha ufulu wosaoneka kukhala wodziŵika ndi kukhala wodzisungira ku chilungamo kwa moyo wonse.

Kupatsa Mphamvu Mbadwo Wotsatira wa Ochirikiza

Pomalizira pake, maphunziro amathandiza kwambiri pa ufulu wa anthu. Pamene achichepere azindikira kuti Malamulo ndi chikalata chamoyo ndi kuti ali ndi mphamvu yofuna kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito mokwanira, amakhala mbadwo wotsatira wa maloya, ochirikiza malamulo, ndi oweruza. Bungwe la Civil Rights Movement linatsimikizira kuti anthu wamba, okhala ndi chidziŵitso ndi kulimba mtima, angabwezeretse lamulo ndi dziko. Maphunziro ndiwo njira imene phunzirolo limapitirizidwa ku mibadwo yambiri.

Kuukira kwa Dziko Lonse kwa Gulu la America

Chisonkhezero cha Chigwirizano cha Chisungiko cha Chisungiko cha ku United States chikufutukuka kwambiri kupyola malire a America. Mawu akuti “Ife Tidzapambana” adaimbidwa ndi otsutsa ku Northern Ireland, otsutsa ufulu wachibadwidwe ku South Africa, ndi ochirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe ku South Africa, ndi ochirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe ku Yuropu. Chikalata cha Universal Declaration of Human Rights ndi zoyenerera za anthu chotsatira chiwonjezo choonjezera ufulu wa anthu. [FLT:] Ufulu wa ufulu wa anthu wa Watch Watch Society of of ageoctive of America, ndi ufulu wa anthu padziko lonse wa kudziŵitsidwa ndi ufulu wa anthu. [FL.]

Kumaliza: Maliro Opanda Kuchotsedwa

Chivomezi cha Civil Rights Movement chinakwaniritsa zimene ambiri analingalira kukhala zosatheka: chinawononga kumanga kwalamulo kwa Jim Crow, kudyetsa anthu Akuda mamiliyoni ambiri, ndi kupereka boma ku chitetezo cha ufulu wa anthu. Komabe kusiyana pakati pa pangano la lamulo ndi kukhala ndi moyo kudakali kwakukulu. Chuma cha fuko chimalekanitsidwa, kuchuluka kwa thanzi, maphunziro, ndi mphamvu ya kachitidwe ka chilungamo cha anthu, ndi kufalikira kwa dongosolo la kachitidwe ka ka ka ka kachitidwe ka upandu kuli umboni wonse wa kupereŵera. Mbadwo uliwonse uyenera wamakono wa kuvota popanda kulephera, kumasuka ku chiwawa, kukhala wopanda tsankho, kulankhula ndi kukumana ndi kutsendewu m’chitsenderezo wa chitsutso. Chiphunzitso cha ufulu cha ufulu wa anthu onse ndicho kupita patsogolo; chimake, chimafunikira ntchito yolimba. Mbadwo chilichonse chiphunzitsochi, chiyenera kuphunzira mbiri cha m'mbiri, ndi kuvomereza malamulo aunyiritsa malonda kwa chigamu, koma sichinga kutsutsa chigamumo cha chigamu. Chiyeru cha chivo cha chivo cha chivo cha chika cha chika cha chika cha chi