Kulinganiza Ufulu wa Malamulo

United States Constitution, yomwe inavomerezedwa mu 1788, inakhazikitsa dongosolo la kulamulira limene linali losakwanira. Okhazikitsa Makalata anamvetsetsa kuti chikalata chosasintha sichingayembekezere chitokoso chilichonse cha ufulu wa munthu. Kukonza kwawo m'Chigawo V kunakonzedwa monga njira yomasulira mtunduwo kuti ukonze njira, kuwonjezera chitetezo, ndi kuvomereza ku kusinthira makhalidwe abwino ndi chikhalidwe. Pa zaka 230 zapitazo, kutha kwa malamulo a m'malamulo kwakhala chipangizo chachikulu chomasulirira ufulu wa anthu, kusintha chikalata chomangidwira poyamba pa kulolerana ndi ukapolo ndi kuchepetsako, kuwonjezera malamulo amene, kuyenera kwa anthu onse a ku America.

Nkhani ya ufulu wa anthu ku America si imodzi ya kupita patsogolo kwa mzera koma ya nkhondo zopinga, mavuto a malamulo, ndi kufutukuka kwa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi kumene kunatsatira magulu aakulu a kakhalidwe ka anthu. Kuyambira kupekedwa kwa Bill of Rights mu 1791 mpaka kutsutsana kopitirizabe kwa zachinsinsi m'nyengo ya manambala, kusintha kulikonse kwasonyeza kusokonezeka kwa nyengo yake pamene kuli kukhazikitsa miyezo yatsopano ya ufulu. Kumvetsetsa chisinthiko nkofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kudziŵa mmene ufulu wa Amereka walongosoledwa, kutsutsidwa, ndi kufotokozedwanso kwa mibadwo yambiri.

Mlandu wa Ufulu: Kupeza Chitetezo ndi Malire Ake Oyambirira

Kusintha koyambirira khumi, kotchedwa Bill of Rights, kunavomerezedwa mu 1791 monga kuyankha mwachindunji kwa Anti-Federasts ponena za ulamuliro wapakati. Kusintha kumeneku kunakhazikitsa malo a kudzilamulira amene boma la boma silikanalanda. Komabe, Bill of Rights inagwiritsira ntchito poyambirira ku boma la boma, osati ku maboma, ndipo chitetezo chake chinali chochepa kwambiri kuposa mmene zinenero zamakono zingaperekere.

Kulankhula, Chipembedzo, ndi Msonkhano Wachigawo

First Amendment inamanga chipupa pakati pa boma ndi chikumbumtima cha munthu payekha, kuteteza mawu, chipembedzo, nyuzipepala, msonkhano, ndi kuyenera kwa kupempha. Komabe, m'zaka zake zoyambirira, Sedition Act ya 1798 inasonyeza mmene zitetezero zimenezi zingakhalire zopanda mphamvu, kutsutsa boma. Khoti Lalikulu silinayambe kukhazikitsa malamulo otetezera Oyamba Kukhazikitsa Malamulo mpaka zaka za zana la 20, ndi milandu yofanana ndi [FLT: 0] Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)) kukhazikitsa kuti kulankhula kukhoza kuletsedwa kokha ngati kusonkhezera kuswa lamulo. Lerolino, Commost Reformation Reformation ikupitiriza kuteteza, ndi makhoti a makhoti otsutsa nkhani zokhudza mapulogalamu, ndi chidani cha za kampani.

Kufufuza ndi Kulanga

Second Amendment ’ kuyenera kwa kusunga ndi kunyamula zida kwayambitsa mkangano waukulu, makamaka pambuyo pa Supreme Court &squo; zigamulo mu Heller of Columbia v. Helper (2008) ndi [FLT]] McDonald v. Chigono [Chicago [] [2020:3]], chimene chinazindikira kuyenera kwa kukhala ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mfuti ndi kuigwiritsira ntchito ku maboma. Desclementmentmentals &quo; chitetezero kufufuza kosalingalira ndi kugwidwa ndi kugwidwa ndi ziwawa zamakono, ndi mayankhoswe owonjezereka, ndi mafotokozedwe operekedwa motsutsana ndi boma. California . [FLPF:] [F:]

Kukonzanso Malamulo: Kuchepetsa Unzika ndi Kulingana

Nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni ndi zotsatira zake zinakulitsa ufulu walamulo kuyambira pa Bill of Rights. Malamulo a Egypt, 145, ndi 155, anavomerezedwa pakati pa 1865 ndi 1870, kusokoneza kwenikweni mgwirizano wa malamulo wa munthu ndi ufulu. Kusintha kumeneku kunachotsa ukapolo, kukhazikitsa ufulu wa munthu, kutsimikizira chitetezero chofanana pansi pa lamulo, ndi kuletsa tsankho la fuko posankha.

Kusintha kwa Gawo la 13 ndi Kusatumikira Mopanda Ufulu

Demendulo ya 13 inachita zambiri kuposa kungothetsa ukapolo . inachititsa Nyumba ya Malamulo kukhazikitsa lamulo la kuchotsa “ mbadges ndi zochitika zaukapolo . Chigamulo chimenechi chagwiritsiridwanso ntchito kuchirikiza malamulo a boma oletsa kudana ndi boma ndipo, motsutsana kwambiri, kuyang'anira mitundu yamakono ya ntchito zokakamiza ndi kugulitsa anthu. Malamulo a Amendement ’ kusiya kwa &lquo; ukapolo wodzifunira ” monga chilango cha kuukira kwa upandu chaperekedwanso kulungamitsa ntchito zandende, makonzedwe amene akupitirizabe kukonzanso zoyesayesa za kusintha.

Mpando Wa 14 Wakuti Adzilamulira Uli ndi Mphamvu Yosintha

Demetrition ya 144 ndi yofunika kwambiri kukonzanso ufulu wa anthu amakono. Chitetezo Chake Cholingana ndi Chisungiko chakhala maziko a malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe, kuchokera ku Brown v. Board of Education [ (1954]), imene inawononga sukulu, ku [FLT:] ku ufulu waukulu womwe boma likuchita. Homes [[FLT]] (2015], umenenso u'''''''''''''''''. Mkhalidwe wa Clauscrea wagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphatikiza mbali yaikulu ya Bill ya ufulu wolimbana ndi maboma, tanthauzo lake, boma lino liyenera kulemekeza ufulu wofunika m’boma. Superst Classsssssss; Frect; Frected Ad T. [FD]

Kusintha kwa Zakumwa ndi Kumenyera Ufulu wa Anthu

Demendment inaletsa kukana voti yozikidwa pa fuko, koma lonjezo lake linanyalanyazidwa mwamsanga ndi mayeso a kulemba ndi kulemba, misonkho yofunsira, malamulo a agogo, ndi chiwawa. Linatenga pafupifupi zaka zana limodzi (ndiponso Court Rights Act of 1965). Supreme Court’ zitsimikizo zinaikidwa mwatanthauzo. Supreme Court ’ zigamulo mu Shelby County v. Raker [1] (2013), zimene zinagonjetsa makonzedwe aakulu a ufulu wa Volting Act, zakhala ndi kutsutsa chisankho ndi kuletsa kuletsa &quo; zikupitirizabe.

Nyengo Yopita Patsogolo ndi Kufutukuka kwa Demokrase

Kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20 kunali kusintha kochitidwa ndi lamulo kosonkhezeredwa ndi gulu lopita patsogolo.

Kusankha Koyenera Atsogoleri ndi Msonkho

Seventeenth Amendment (1913) inasintha kwambiri mmene oimira boma anasankhidwira, kuchotsa kusankha boma ndi masankho otchuka. Kusintha kumeneku kunachepetsa ziphuphu ndi kupangitsa Nyumba ya Malamulo kuvomereza kwambiri ovota. Kusintha kwa 16, kunavomereza chaka chomwecho, kupatsa boma msonkho wa ndalama, kupereka ndalama zimene zikathandizira kuwonjezera maprogramu a boma ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe m’zaka makumi angapo zotsatira. Kusintha konseku kunasonyeza kuchepetsa kwa maulamuliro a ku America.

Akazi A’ Amatsutsa ndi Kukonza Malamulo kwa Chikhumi ndi Chiŵiri

Demendment ya 19th Amendment, inavomerezedwa mu 1920 pambuyo pa zaka makumi ambiri za kuvomereza ndi kulembetsa konga Susan B. Anthony ndi Alice Paul, inaletsa kukana voti pamaziko a kugonana. Imeneyi inali kuwonjezeka kwakukulu koposa kwa voti m'mbiri ya America, kuchotsa mamiliyoni a akazi. Kusintha sikunachotse mwamsanga zopinga zonse kwa akazi a ku ’ kugawana kwa ndale zadziko kupitirizabe kuyang'anizana ndi kupondereza [1] koma kunakhazikitsa lamulo lalamulo lakuti chisembwere sichingagwiritsiridwe ntchito kuchotsamo anthu pa kugawana kwa democracy. Kusintha kwa ufulu wamakono kwa ufulu wa kuchirikiza ufulu wa munthu mmodzi kukupitiriza nkhondo imeneyi.

Nyengo ya Ufulu wa Chiŵeniŵeni ndi Kusintha kwa Malamulo

Mabungwe a ufulu wachibadwidwe a m'zaka za m'ma 1900 anakakamiza America kuyang'anizana ndi kusiyana pakati pa malonjezo a lamulo ndi zochitika zenizeni. Pamene kuli kwakuti gululo linapambana kwambiri mwa lamulo la 1964 Act ya Civil Rights ndi Voting Rights Act ya 1965 .Constitualial amentimentments zinathandizanso.

Mpukutu Wachinayi Wowonjezera ndi Kupanga Malo

Mu 1964, Adminifta ya 20 - Fourth Amendment inachotsa misonkho ya kufunsira m'masankho a boma. Misonkho ya kukolo inagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m’mayiko a Kum’mwera kuchotsa voti a ku Africa ndi azungu osauka. Chisinthiko chinaimira yankho lachindunji ku njira yapadera ya kutsendereza wovota ndi kusonyeza mmene kusintha kwa malamulo kungathetsere zopinga kuti munthu aloŵetsemo. Khoti Lapamwamba linawonjezera lamulo limeneli ku chisankho mu Harper v. Virginia Board of EFoctes (1966).

Lamulo la 20 Lowonjezera ndi Ntchito ya Achinyamata

Demetrisement ya makumi aŵiri ndi sixth Amendment, yomwe inavomerezedwa mu 1971, inachepetsa zaka za kuvota kufika pa 18 pa masankho onse. Kusinthako kunasonkhezeredwa ndi nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Vietnam kuti ngati achichepere anali achikulire mokwanira kuti alembedwe, anali aakulu mokwanira kuvota. Inadutsa ndi liŵiro lodabwitsa kwambiri. Inangopitirira miyezi itatu kuchokera pa chilolezo cha kuvomereza kuti ayesetse kutsata mwamsanga kwa ndale zadziko. Kusinthako kunakula ndi anthu mamiliyoni ambiri ndipo kwasintha nkhani ya ndale chiyambire.

Nkhondo Zachiŵeniŵeni Zamakono ndi Lamulo la Malamulo Losaletsedwa

Chiyambire pamene kusintha komaliza kwa malamulo kunavomerezedwa mu 1992 (Ambala ya Makumi Aŵiri ndi Yachisanu ndi chiŵiri, ponena za malipiro a bungwe), ufulu wa anthu wapitirizabe kusinthika makamaka mwa kumasulira kwa Khoti Lapamwamba, malamulo a boma, ndi kusintha kwa boma. Palibe kusintha kwatsopano komwe kwawonjezeredwa, koma tanthauzo la zimene zilipozo lasinthidwa kwambiri.

LGBTQ+ Ufulu ndi Kumasulira Koikidwiratu

Supreme Court’ imavomereza ukwati wa kugonana womwewo mu [FLT: 0] Obergefell v. Hodges . (2015) (momwemo, adazikidwa pa 144th Constemplete ’ Access and Semetic Classies, osati pa kukonzanso kwatsopano. Khotilo linaona kuti ukwati ndi ufulu wofunika kwambiri umene sungakanizidwe kwa okwatirana amodzimodzi. Bhoschockb v. County . Clahton County [[FLT:] (20]) inakhulupirira kuti mutu wa VII&squo; kuletsa kugonana pa kusiyanitsa ntchito m'malo a kugonana ndi kusonyezedwanso, kumasulira lamulo la malamulo a LTB (malamulo a Chikhalidwe chachikhalidwe) omwe alipo.

Kudziimira pandekha, Zaluso, ndi Kusintha kwa Kane

Asayansi akhazikitsanso malamulo oteteza zinthu za boma kuti ateteze anthu ofufuza zinthu zosayenera. Oyambitsawo sanaganizire kuti anthu a m'bwalo lalikulu lamilandu lapamwamba lotchedwa Court’ chigamulo mu Carpater . United States (2018)) adakhulupirira kuti boma limafunikira chilolezo chopezera malo a foni, pozindikira kuti anthu ali ndi chiyembekezo choyenera cha kukhala obisika m’njira ya makono imene amapanga. Nkhanizi zimasonyeza mmene malamulo alamulo a m'lamulo angagwirizanirane ndi mikhalidwe yatsopano popanda kutumiza, ngakhale kuti zikalata zachinsinsi za makono zikupitirizabe kuitanira kaamba ka chitetezo koonekeratu.

Kulephera Kukwaniritsa Zoyenera ndi ADA

A America omwe ali ndi Chilango cha Kupunduka cha 1990, ngakhale kuti sali lamulo la malamulo, agwira ntchito monga kuwonjezera ufulu wa anthu okhala ndi ulema. Lamulo lakuti ’ kufunidwa kwa malo okhala ndi malo opezeka ndi anthu onse kuli ndi chiyambi chake m'Chikalata cha 14ne7 Demendment ’ Scial Protection Clause ndi Congress ’ mphamvu yosungitsa zitsimikizo za lamulo. ADA’ mawu amatsatira zaka za ntchito ndi ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu olumala amene anatsutsa kuti kulekana ndi moyo wa anthu onse anali mtundu wa tsankho umene malamulo ayenera kuletsa.

Kusintha Zinthu: Chifukwa Chake Kusintha N’kovuta

Kuvuta kwa kukonzanso malamulo ndi chitetezero cha ufulu . Ndicho chopinga ku kukula kwake. Mfundo V ikufuna mavoti aŵiri mwa atatu m'nyumba zonse ziŵiri za Congress ndi kukongoletsa ndi matanthwe atatu a maboma, chiletso chapamwamba chomwe mwadala chimatsimikizira kuti malamulo aakulu asintha. Kuyambira 1789, zobweza zopitirira 11,000 zakhala zikulinganizidwa m'Malamulo, koma 33 okha zatumizidwa ku maboma, ndipo 27 okha ndi amene avomerezedwa. Vuto limeneli likutanthauza kuti kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa ufulu wa anthu kumachitika mwa kumasulira kwalamulo kapena malamulo mmalo mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo.

Mfundo imeneyi ili ndi ubwino komanso kusokoneza. Pambali ina, pepala lapamwambali limaletsa mphamvu zandale zongosinthasintha kuti zisalowetse m'lamulo la malamulo. Komanso, zimatanthauza kuti chitetezo china chapom'ono polimbana ndi kusankhana mitundu ndi ukazi, monga mmene zinakhalira ndi mibadwo kuti ithe kutsimikizira bwinobwino. Nkhani yakuti kaya malamulo a boma ayenera kukhala osavuta kutha, ndipo akatswiri ena amanena kuti njira yamakonoyi ndi yovuta kwambiri kuthetsa mavuto amakono.

Lamulo la M’dziko Lomwe Lilipo ndi Nkhondo Yopitirizabe

Kuwonjezereka kwa ufulu wa anthu kupyolera m'kusintha kwa malamulo sikuli nkhani imene inatha mu 1971 kapena 1992. Ndi njira yopitirizabe ya kumasulira, kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu, ndi kulimbana kwa ndale zadziko. Kusintha kwa malamulo kumasonyeza zochitika zazikulu ku America ’ kuyendera ulendo wautali kuti aone ufulu wonse, koma si mawu omalizira. Mbadwo uliwonse uyenera kusankha ufulu umene umatanthauza mogwirizana ndi nkhani yakeyawo, kaya umaphatikizapo kuteteza ufulu wobereka, kuonetsetsa kuti apeze, kuteteza malo achinsinsi a foni, kapena kuweruza anthu.

Cholembedwa cha mbiri yakale chimasonyeza kuti kusintha kwa malamulo kumachitika pamene magulu a kakhalidwe alinganiza, pamene makhoti ali ofunitsitsa kusungitsa malonjezo a lamulo, ndipo pamene atsogoleri andale abuka pa chochitikacho. Bill of Rights, Reconstructives, Demendment ya 19th Demendment, ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe zonsezo zinasintha chifukwa chakuti anthu anafuna kuti malamulo a m’malamulo agwirizane ndi mfundo zake. Nkhondo imeneyi ikupitirizabe lerolino, monga momwe amanenera ufulu wosankha, kusintha chilungamo, LGBTQ+ kulingana ndi kulingana kwa ufulu wa ku America.

Kumvetsa zimene zakhala zikuchitika m’mbuyomu n’kofunika kwambiri kwa anthu amene akufuna kukonza mmene adzachitire zinthu m’tsogolo.

Kuŵerenga Kowonjezereka ndi Ziŵiya

  • National Archives imapereka mbiri yathunthu ndi yowonetsa ya zokonza 27 zonse pa archives.gov.
  • Laibulale ya Congress imapereka magwero aakulu a Reconstructives ndi mbiri yawo pa c.gov .
  • Chidziŵitso chalamulo pa milandu ya Khoti Lalikulu lomasulira kukonza ufulu wa anthu chikupezeka kudzera ku Cornell ’ S Legal Information Institute ku [FLT: 0] law.corell.
  • American Civil Liberties Union imalondola nkhondo za ufulu wa anthu zopitirizabe pa [[FLT: 0] aclu.org [1]
  • Pew Research Center imapereka chidziŵitso cha mmene anthu amaonera nkhani za ufulu wa anthu pa [[FLT: 0] phewrest. org