Kuloŵerana kwa Kukhala Wekha ndi Kutulukiridwa

Luso lakupeza chidziŵitso chosungidwa pa zipangizo zaumwini monga mafoni, matable, ndi malaptop lakhala nkhani yofunika kwambiri m'nkhani yachiŵeniŵeni. Ndi kuchuluka kwa kutumiza mauthenga aumwini ndi a bizinesi, chipangizo chingakhale ndi umboni wokhudza nkhani (kuchotsa mauthenga a m'makope ndi a pa foni ndi a pulogalamu. Komabe, malamulo ovomerezeka olamulira kufika kwa anthu otero samveka bwino. Chimalepheretsa ufulu wachinsinsi wokanikana ndi kufunika kwa umboni woyenerera, kaŵirikaŵiri kufunikira kuyendetsa mosamala kwa malamulo a malamulo a malamulo, ndi chitetezo a malamulo a malamulo a malamulo a pulogalamu.

Nkhani ino ikufotokoza zofunika ndi malamulo ena amene amagwira ntchito pamene anthu akufunafuna chidziŵitso kuchokera ku ziwiya zaumwini panthaŵi ya kutsutsa kwa boma. Tidzapenda malamulo a malamulo, lamulo lalikulu, ntchito ya Suld Communications Act, kupatulapo, ndi njira zothandiza kwa maloya. Kumvetsa malamulo ameneŵa nkofunika kutsimikizira kuti umboni wasonkhanitsidwa movomerezeka ndi kuti ufulu wa eni ziŵiya zamagetsi umalemekezedwa.

Malamulo: Kusintha kwa Kachinayi kwa Chiŵerengero cha Anthu

Chikalata chachinayi cha Kusintha zinthu ku Malamulo a United States chimateteza anthu kuti asafufuzidwe mopanda nzeru ndi kugwidwa ndi boma. Nthaŵi zambiri kumafuna lamulo kuti apeze chilolezo chozikidwa pa chifukwa chomveka asanafufuze katundu wa munthu. M’zaka khumi zapitazi, Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira kuti zipangizo za magetsi zimapereka nkhaŵa zapadera zachinsinsi. Chifukwa chakuti foni ingathe kusunga chidziŵitso chachinsinsi chochuluka, Khotilo lanena kuti kulowa m'zo popanda chilolezo kuli kosamveka bwino, ngakhale m’mawu ake otsatsalirapo mawu kumene kungaloledwe kufunafuna zinthu za m’thupi.

Mu . California . (2014, Khoti Lalikulu linagwirizana kuti apolisi ayenera kupeza chilolezo asanafufuze foni ya m’manja yogwidwa ndi mlandu. Khotilo linagogomezera kuti zipangizo za magetsi ndi “zotumiza zinthu zokhala ndi chidziŵitso choposa chilichonse chopezeka m’thumba, ndi kuti zikondwerero zachinsinsi zimene zili pamtengo zili zotsimikizirika. Ngakhale kuti Riley anali mlandu waupandu, malingaliro ake asonkhezera kufalitsa kwa anthu, makamaka pamene boma lili chipani.

Mofananamo, mu Carpeenter v. United States[FLT :1] (208), Khoti linafuna chilolezo cha kulowa m'makalata a mbiri yakale a malo osungidwa ndi onyamula zinsinsi zachitatu. Khotilo linazindikira kuti pempho la boma la masiku 127 la zolembedwa za malo linali kufunafuna pansi pa Demendimenti ya Four Amendment. Chigamulochi chikusonyeza kuti ngakhale chidziŵitso cha olembedwa ndi antchito chikhoza kuchititsa chinsinsi, ndipo lasintha ziyembekezo za kutulukira kwa anthu okhala ndi malo kapena chidziŵitso cha boma.

Ngakhale kuti zosankha zimenezi zimasamalira mwachindunji malamulo a boma, milandu yachiŵeniŵeni imakhudza anthu a m'gulu. Nkhani zachinayi zowonjezera sizimagwira ntchito kwa anthu opanga mafilimu. Komabe, malamulo ake afalikira monga lamulo la Zikalata Zolankhulana ndi malamulo a magetsi, amene amakhazikitsa zofunika ngati zilolezo zogwiritsa ntchito njira zolankhulirana ndi magetsi zosungidwa. Komanso, pamene boma lili gulu lofanana ndi gulu la anthu osungitsa lamulo la Securities ndi Exchange Commission kapena Federal Trade Commission , Refective imagwira ntchito yotulukira makampani a foni aumwini.

Kusiyanitsa Apandu ndi Kupitirizabe kwa Nzika: Mbali ya Malamulo Opezedwa

Pa mlandu wa boma waumwini, Oppendment yachinayi siiletsa mwachindunji zimene zifunidwa ndi zipani zotsutsana. Mmalomwake, kutulukira kumalamulidwa ndi Federal Malamulo a Chigawo kapena malamulo a boma ofanana. Lamulira 26(b)(1) imalola kupezedwa kwa chinthu chilichonse chopanda ufulu chimene chikugwirizana ndi zimene chikufuna kapena kuteteza munthu ndi kulingana ndi zimene mlanduwo ukufunika.

Pamene chipani chifuna kupeza chidziŵitso cha ziŵiya za munthu wina, nkhani zazikulu nzabwino ndi zolemetsa. Makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amafuna kusonyezedwa mfundo zenizeni zosonyeza kuti chipangizochi chili ndi umboni woyenerera. Malo osodza anthu saloledwa. Ndiponso, nkhaŵa zachinsinsi zingayambitsedwe mwa njira yotetezera pa malamulo 26(c). Makhoti ali ndi nzeru kuchepetsa kutulukira munthu kuti atetezedwe, manyazi, kutsendereza, kapena kulemedwa kopambanitsa. Mwachitsanzo, khoti lingalamu lingalamulire kuti kufufuza kwausilikalidwe ndi katswiri wosatenga mbali za , kuti kokha magulu ena a chidziŵitso afufuzidwe, kapena kuti kulankhulana kwabwino kuchenjezedwe ndi gulu la anthu osokoneza zinthu.

Kusiyana pakati pa boma ndi zochita zaumwini nkofunika kwambiri. Ngati gulu lofuna chidziŵitsocho ndi bungwe la boma limene likugwira ntchito m'zochitika za boma, Chimaletsa chachinayi chimagwira ntchito. Izi zikutanthauza kuti bungwelo liyenera kupatsidwa chilolezo chochirikizidwa ndi chochititsa chothekera kusiyapo ngati chimagwira ntchito. Komabe, mabungwe a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito zida zina, monga ngati kufufuza (CID) kapena kuyang'anira, zimene sizifunikira kuchititsa koma kugonjera ku malire ena. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zipangizo zotero kukakamiza kulowa m'manja chachinayi, makamaka pambuyo pa [[FLT: 0] [FLT:]]

Pamene Pafunikira Wogwira Ntchito: Boma Lipeza M’chiŵeniŵeni

Chochitika cholunjika kwambiri chofuna chilolezo cha boma ndicho pamene bungwe la boma . "federal, boma, kapena maloko afufuza mwachindunji chipangizo cha boma monga mbali ya kufufuza kwa boma kapena kutsatiridwa kwa lamulo. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo kufufuza za kukhoma msonkho, kufufuza za kusungidwa kwa zikalata za kubanki, kapena loya wamkulu wa boma amene amaonetsetsa kuti anthu atetezedwe. M’milandu yotero, bungweli liyenera kugwirizana ndi malamulo a Wene Amend Repution.

Kuti apeze chilolezo, boma liyenera kusonyeza chochititsa chothekera kuti chiwiyacho chiri ndi umboni wakuti chiwiyacho chiri ndi kuswa. Chilolezocho chiyeneranso kukhala chapadera, kulongosola mwatsatanetsatane zolembedwa zimene ziyenera kutengedwa ndi malo ofufuzidwa. Chilolezo cha Kazembecho ndi mtundu umene Kukonzanso kwachinayi kunalinganizidwa kuletsa . Izi zikutanthauza kuti boma silingangolanda chipangizo ndi kuchifufuza mowoloŵa pansi; chiyenera kulongosola motsatsa mawu pakati pa chonenedwa kukhala cholakwa ndi chidziŵitso chimene chinafunafuna.

Boma likafuna chidziŵitso osati mwachindunji kuchokera kwa mwini kampani ya magetsi koma kuchokera kwa wopereka magawo atatu (monga ngati wosunga mameseji kapena kampani yosungira mabomba), Treed Communivations Act (SCA) imagwira ntchito. Pansi pa SCA, boma lifunikira chilolezo cha zolankhulana zamagetsi zosungidwa kwa masiku 180 kapena ochepera. Zolemba zakale, zingagwiritsire ntchito sebapoena yokhala ndi chidziŵitso kwa wolembetsa. Komabe, opereka ntchito ambiri tsopano amafuna chilo chilichonse, ndipo maboma ena akhazikitsa malamulo amene amalamula chilolezo cha boma kaamba ka pempho la za magetsi. Mwachitsanzo, njira za California zolankhulana ndi kompyuta zimafunika kuti boma lizindikire chikalata chilichonse cha makompyuta kapena malo opangika, ndi makompyuta olephera, osati a foni.

Kusiyanitsidwa ndi Lamulo la Kulimbana ndi Milandu ya M’dziko

Ngakhale pamene boma likuchita zimenezi, pali zinthu zina zimene sizingatheke kuti anthu apeze ndalama zokwana.

  • Mikhalidwe yotsimikizirika: Ngati pali chiwopsezo cha mwamsanga ku moyo kapena chisungiko, kapena ngozi ya kuwonongedwa kwa umboni, boma lingachitepo kanthu popanda chilolezo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati chiwiya chakuchifafaniza, lamulo losungitsa lingachitenge ndi kuchita kufufuza koikidwiratu kuti chisungikire. Komabe, milandu ya anthu kaŵirikaŵiri imaphatikizapo kufulumira koteroko; makhoti akufufuza mosamalitsa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Commony : Ngati mwini chiŵiyacho avomereza dala kufunafunako, palibe chilolezo chofunikira. Kuvomereza kuyenera kuperekedwa mwaufulu, osati mokakamiza. M'nkhani za boma, chipani chingavomereze monga mbali ya pangano lotulukira, koma makhoti adzatsimikizira chivomerezocho kukhala chidziŵitso ndi modzifunira.
  • Chiphunzitso choonekeratu: Ngati kufufuza kwalamulo kwa chipangizo kuvumbula umboni wina wotsutsana ndi lingaliro lomvekera bwino, kuti umboni ungakhale wothekera. Komabe, kuloŵerera koyamba kuyenera kukhala kololedwa, ndipo mkhalidwe wochititsa uyenera kuwonekera nthaŵi yomweyo. Chiphunzitso chimenechi sichimagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kufufuza: Pambuyo pa kugwidwa kwa chiŵiya choikidwiratu, lamulo losungitsa lingapange kusanthula kwa kumaso kwa chiŵiyacho (m., kuyang'ana pa kanema) kutetezera zinthu zotayika. Koma kufufuza zamkati za chiwiyacho kungaposa ukulu wa kusanthula kwa ndandanda ya zinthu.

Kuli kofunika kudziŵa kuti makhoti ambiri anena kuti chilolezo chimagwira ntchito mwamphamvu m'machitidwe a boma, makamaka ngati chiŵiyacho sichikuchitika kuti munthu amangidwe. Chilingaliro cha Riley [1] [1] [1] kuti zikondwerero zazikulu zachinsinsi m'makompyuta zimafuna uyang'aniro wa juli , [1]

Kulankhulana kwa Pamalo Osungira Zinthu ndi Kupezedwa kwa Anthu

Chikalata cha Slave Communications Act (SCA), 18 U.S.C. 76 2701-2712, ndi lamulo la boma loletsa boma ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamagetsi zimene zasungidwa. Kukambirana za m'dziko, SCA ili ndi zotsatira ziwiri:

  • Kufikira kwakale: Monga momwe kwatchulidwira, SCA ifuna chilolezo kaamba ka zophatikizidwa za kulankhulana kwamagetsi (monga ngati ma email kapena mauthenga aumwini) m'kusunga kwa masiku 180 kapena ochepera. Kwa zolembedwa zakale, boma lingagwiritsire ntchito chigawo cha subpoena kapena dongosolo la khoti ngati lipereka chidziŵitso chapasasa kwa wolembetsa. Komabe, malo ambiri tsopano amafuna chilolezo cha zonse, ndipo makhoti ena anena kuti muyezo wa SCA sangakhale woyenerera kukambitsirana kwakale kwambiri pambuyo Karbatenti.
  • Kufikira kwa chipani: SCA imaletsa zopereka kuchokera ku kukhazikitsa dala zophatikizidwa ku makampani osakhala a boma, kuphatikizapo zigawo zaumwini m'nkhani zalamulo. Kuti apeze zophatikizidwa kuchokera kwa wopereka, gulu liyenera kupeza chilolezo cha wolembetsa, gwiritsirani ntchito chikalata chokhala ndi chidziŵitso kwa wolembetsa, kapena pezani dongosolo la khoti pambuyo posonyeza "Mbali ndi mfundo zolembedwa bwino" kuti zimene zilimo ndi zofunika ndi zinthu. Muyezo uli wotsika kuposa chochititsa chothekera koma woposa chosonyezedwa pa Ulamuliro wa 26.

Kufikira kwa chipangizo (motsutsana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira yopezera ndalama), SCA simagwira ntchito mwachindunji pokhapo ngati chipangizocho chagwiritsidwa ntchito kusunga mauthenga pa pulogalamu ya wopereka ndalama. Komabe, SCA nthaŵi zambiri imakhala yofunika pamene anthu akufuna kukakamiza mwini foni kuti apereke zikalata zoimira munthu pa Intaneti, kapena ngati fakitaleyo yakonzedwanso ndipo mfundozo zasungidwa m’mitambo. Counse ayenera kudziŵa kuti SCA ikupanga zopikitsira zina zowonjezereka kuti apeze chidziŵitso cha magetsi kwa anthu achitatu.

Kugwirizana pakati pa SCA ndi Demendment Yachinayi n’kovuta. Mwachitsanzo, ngati boma lapeza chilolezo cha zimene lili nazo kwa wolipirira, lamulolo liyenera kukwaniritsa zonse ziŵiri Demendment Yachinayi ndi SCA. Ngati boma limagwiritsira ntchito popena pa zinthu zakale, likhoza kuswa chiyembekezo cha Kukonzanso Kolamulira cha Malonse chodziŵika Kazarete [ngakhale ngati SCA ilola zimenezo.

Kusiyana kwa Mayiko ndi Boma

Ku United States, malamulo okhudza zachinsinsi amasiyanasiyana kwambiri ndipo mayiko ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo awoawo oletsa zinthu zina pa Intaneti.

  • California Communications Act (CalECPA): Nthaŵi zambiri pamafunika chilolezo cha boma kuti lipeze chidziŵitso cha magetsi kapena chidziŵitso cha malo, ndi kuchepetsa zinthu zamwadzidzidzi kapena kuvomereza. Imagwira ntchito ku boma ndi kusungitsa lamulo, komanso ku mabungwe a boma ogwira ntchito ku California ngati afuna chidziŵitso kwa wopereka kapena wokhalako.
  • Utah Electronic formation or Datasciption Act: yofanana ndi CaleCPA, imafunikira chilolezo chakupeza chidziŵitso chamagetsi chosungidwa popanda chilolezo.
  • ndi Illinois: Ali ndi malamulo amene amafunikira mitundu ina ya zolemba zamagetsi zopezedwa kuchokera kwa opereka.

Kuwonjezera apo, bungwe la European Union’s General Data Protection Regculation (GDPR) limakhazikitsa malamulo okhwima otsatizana ndi kutumiza makompyuta a m'm'mphepete mwa malire. Ngati munthu wa ku United States afuna kuti apeze masamu amene amakhala pa EU, GDPR ingaletse kuti asamuke pokhapokha ngati pali maziko ovomerezeka. Malamulo ogwirizana pakati pa malamulo a kutulukira zinthu za ku United States ndi malamulo oteteza a kumayiko ena angayambitse mikangano yaikulu. Makhoti a ku United States nthaŵi zina amalamula kuti atulutse mfundo zosemphana ndi malamulo achilendo, koma amayesa kuyesa kwambiri zolinga zopikisana ndi kupeza zinthu zimene zingatulutse popanda kuswa lamulo lachilendo.

Kwa mapangano a boma a mitundu yonse, maphwando ayenera kulingalira kaya ngati Hague Convention on the Active Abrand imapereka njira yopezera chidziŵitso, ngakhale kuti siigwiritsidwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo za magetsi. Mofala, mamembala ayenera kudalira pa mapangano alamulo othandizana (MLAT) kapena njira zovomerezeka zodziŵira, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi malamulo otetezera kuti athe kuyankha nkhani zachinsinsi.

Kusamalira Akatswiri Oona za Malamulo

Kukhazikitsa malamulo oyenerera ndi opezera zipangizo zaumwini kumafuna njira zanzeru.

Kufunafuna Mfundo za Pakompyuta

  • [[FLT: 0] Kuzindikiritsa maziko alamulo: Sankhani ngati mukuchita ndi kachitidwe ka boma (kofunikira) kapena pempho laumwini lotumbidwa (Rule 26). Ngati nkotheka, pezani chivomerezo kapena gwiritsirani ntchito kapena.
  • Kupereka pempho lochepa: Makhoti ali othekera kwambiri kupatsa khomo ngati pempholo liri lotsimikizirika / Mwachitsanzo, kufunafuna kokha ma email ogwirizana ndi malonda a tsiku lodziŵika, mmalo mwa mbali iriyonse ya chidziŵitso pa chiwiyacho.
  • Gwiritsirani katswiri wosaloŵerera m'zandale: Kuchepetsa mtolo ndi kulemekeza malo achinsinsi, kufunsira wopima wa assensic amene adzachotsa kokha chidziŵitso choyenerera ndi kusanthula chidziŵitso cholemekezeka kapena chosafunikira. Timu ya maathomu ingapende zotulukapo zisanazitulutse kwa gulu lopemphalo.
  • Ganizirani lamulo loikizidwa: Ngati onse aŵiri agwirizana pa malamulo, khoti lingavomereze. Malamulo operekedwa angasunge nthaŵi ndi kuchepetsa mikangano.

Kwa Oloŵa Malo Opezera Chipangizo Chopezera

  • Asuntha kaamba ka lamulo lotetezera: Pansi pa Lamulo 26(c), munganene kuti pempholo nlovuta mopambanitsa, osati lakulinganiza, kapena kuloŵerera kwachinsinsi. Sonyezani umboni wa chidziŵitso, kuthekera kwa kulankhulana kwapadera, ndi njira zina zoloŵetsedwamo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Malamulo achinsinsi: [[FLT :1] Ngati kampani yopemphayo ili bungwe la boma, mungatsutse kuti Kusintha kwa Foursed kumafunikira chilolezo. Tchulani Rile [ ndi [FLT] Karpert [[FLT ] kaamba ka mfundo imene chiwiro cha magetsi chimafuna chifukwa chake.
  • Ufulu wa kutumiza [1] Konzekerani kudziŵikitsa zikalata zakutizakuti zimene zapatsidwa mwaŵi (m’chitsanzo, kulankhulana kwa loya). Khoti lingafunikire kulembedwa kwa mwaŵi ngakhale ngati chipangizocho sichikufufuzidwa mokwanira.
  • Unyinji wa pulogalamu: [[FLT :1] Ngati muloledwa kulowa, kambiranani malamulo amene amachepetsa kufufuza mawu akutiakuti, deti, ndi osunga. Kupempha kuti antchito opanga IKO atsogolere kufunafunako mmalo mwa kupatsa gulu lotsutsalo kupezeka kotheratu.

Kumaliza

Ziyeneretso zofunikira zopezera chidziŵitso cha munthu mwini zosungidwa pa ziwiya za boma panthaŵi ya kukambirana kwa chinsinsi, chilungamo, ndi chilungamo chogwira ntchito. Mpando wachinayi umapereka chitetezo chachikulu pamene boma lifuna kufufuza chipangizo chaumwini, kufuna chilolezo chozikidwa pa chifukwa chothekera. Nkhani zonga Riley v. California . ndi [FLT:] Carpert v. United States yakhazikitsa lamulo lakuti chidziŵitso cha makono chikhale chofunikira kupendedwa. M'nkhani zachinsinsi, kutulukira malamulo onga ngati Federal Laul Game, kukhazikitsa muyezo la kupempha, pamene malamulo onga ngati ma Cederation Active Activess.

Zipangizo zamakono zikamasinthasintha komanso makhoti akapitiriza kukonza njira zawo, akatswiri a zamalamulo ayenera kukhala tcheru. Njira yothandiza kuti mlanduwo ukhale wovomerezeka komanso kuti ukhale wodalirika.