Maziko a Mbiri Yakale a Uchifumu wa Fuko ndi Malamulo a U.S.

United States Constitution, yolembedwa mu 1787, inapanga maziko a boma latsopano, koma inasiya malo a mafuko a Eni America osayenera. Panthaŵi ya Convention ya Malamulo, okonza mafomuwo anaona mitundu ya Enibala kukhala yosiyana, yodziimira okha amene boma latsopano likanatsogolera nawo mwa kupanga mapangano. Kumvetsetsa koyamba kumeneku kumasonyezedwa m'malembo a Malamulo, amene amatchula “Indiyani". Nthaŵi zitatu . Malamulo a dzikolo akakhala ndi ulamuliro wa dzikolo m’malo mwa ufulu wa mafuko.

Commerce Claus (Mfundo yoyamba, Chigawo 8, Claus 3) imapatsa Nyumba ya Malamulo “kuyang'anira malonda ndi mitundu yachilendo, ndi pakati pa maiko angapo, ndi mafuko a India. [1] Mwa kuika mafuko a India m'zigamulo zofanana ndi mitundu yachilendo ndi maboma, opanga madesiki anavomereza kotheratu malo awo andale. Komabe, mawu ameneŵa anapatsanso boma ulamuliro wa boma wa mayanjano a zachuma ndi mafuko, mphamvu imene pambuyo pake idzagwiritsiridwa ntchito kulungamitsa malamulo a boma.

.[FLT Claus . (Mapangano a Breaty Claus , Chigawo 2, Claus 2) amalola Pulezidenti kupanga mapangano ndi “uphungu ndi chivomerezo cha Nyumba ya Malamulo.” Kuyambira 1778 mpaka 1871, United States inayamba mapangano oposa 370 ndi mitundu ya Enie. Mapangano ameneŵa anaonedwa kukhala lamulo lalikulu la dziko pansi pa [[FL:2]] kukhazikitsa Classiaste [[FLT]] (Actle VI, Claus 2), amene amalengeza kuti mapangano onse anapanga ulamuliro wa United States akugwira ntchito. Mosasamala kanthu za chitetezo chimenechi, boma la U.S.

Kungokhala chete kwa Malamulo ponena za uchifumu wa mbadwa za Eni . Kunachititsa kuti khoti Lapamwamba likhale ndi malo amene potsirizira pake linadzaze. M'nkhani zotsatizana za milandu yoyambirira, Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall adafotokoza chiphunzitso chimene chikalongosola lamulo la dziko la Indiya kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Johnson] v. McIntosh [1] [1823] Khotilo linakhulupirira kuti nzika za boma sizingagule malo mwachindunji kwa mafuko a Eniweni chifukwa chakuti kutulukira kwa United States kunapatsa dziko lapansi. “DUlendo wa kutulukira zinthu . Mwamwambo umenewu unali ndi ufulu wa kuchepetsa ufulu wa mafuko pamene ankavomereza kuti mafuko akukhala m’dzikolo.

Makonzedwe Aakulu a Malamulo ndi Chiyambukiro Chawo pa Ulamuliro wa Eni Dziko

Kutha kwa Magazi ndi Kutha kwa Malo

Supremacy Claus akhazikitsa kuti, pamene lamulo la boma likhala lapamwamba pa lamulo la boma. Kwa Eni - wini, lamulo limeneli lakhala ponse paŵiri chitetezero ndi lupanga. Kumbali imodzi, limatetezera mafuko ku kuloŵerera kwa maboma . Maboma satha kuyang'anira nkhani za mafuko pa malo. Kumbali ina, pamene Courts ipereka malamulo amene amatsutsana ndi ulamuliro wa fuko, lamulo la boma limagonjetsa ufulu wa fuko. Mwachitsanzo, Major Crimes Act (1885) anapatsa makhoti a boma ulamuliro pa milandu isanu ndi iŵiri yaikulu yochitidwa, ngakhale pamene onse aŵiri oukira ndi mikholerengo anali ziŵalo za fuko. Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza kachitidwe kameneka mu [FLD:] .[FLT: . United States v [FFFP] [5]

Mphamvu ya Malonda ndi Nyumba za Malamulo

Indian Commerce Claus wamasuliridwa kupereka Nyumba ya Malamulo [[FLT: 0] mphamvu yapadera pa nkhani za Enibala [1] mphamvu yaikulu kwambiri kwakuti siikuimiridwa ndi mayeso anthaŵi zonse a Malamulo. [[FLT]] LoverLock v. Hatchcock [1] [[FLT] [1903], Khoti linalamulira kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ikhoza kuikhazikitsa pamodzi, ngakhale dziko lolonjeza lakwathu lakwanu lokhala logwirizana ndi malamulo a mafuko. Chigamuchi chigamulo chowononga ulamuliro wa fuko ndi kutsegula khomo ku nyengo, pamene mamiliyoni ambiri a dzikolo anasamutsidwa ku malo osakhala ndi chuma cha dziko la Nan. Lerolino, mphamvu yotsutsana ndi ziphunzitso za mafuko, yotsutsana ndi mfundo za malamulo a maiko oyambirira.

Pangano la Pangano la Claus ndi Mapeto a Chipangano

Pangano la Pangano la Claus linapatsa mitundu yamphamvu kuti igwirizane ndi Eni America monga olingana. Komabe, mu 1871, Nyumba ya Malamulo inagwirizanitsa wokwerapo ndi lamulo limene linathetsa kupanga pangano ndi mafuko a Aindiya. Kuyambira pamenepo, mapangano ndi mafuko adapangidwa mwa lamulo kapena lamulo la boma, limene lingasinthidwe ndi Nyumba za Malamulo zotsatira. Kusintha kumeneku kunachepetsa malo alamulo a mitundu ya mafuko ndi kuchotsa unansi wa umodzi wogwirizana ndi ulamuliro wa boma. Ngakhale kuti panali kutha kwa kupanga pangano, mapangano amene alipo adakali ogwirizana ndi lamulo, ndipo makhoti akupitiriza kumasulira iwo pansi pa malamulo alamulo.

Chizindikiro cha Mlandu Waukulu wa Bwalo Lamilandu: “Marchy Trigony” ndi Kupyola

Johnson v. McIntosh (123)

Monga taonera, nkhani imeneyi inayambitsa chiphunzitsochi. Ngakhale kuti lamulo loletsa kuyenera kwa Eni America kwa chuma, inazindikiranso kuti mafuko anali ndi “dzina laulemu la Aindiya” limene likanathetsedwa ndi boma la boma / osati ndi maboma kapena anthu. Pambuyo pake lamulo limeneli linapanga maziko a kudalirika kwa boma.

Georgia (1831)]

Cherokee Nation inafuna lamulo lotsutsa Georgia loletsa boma la mafuko ndi kulanda maiko. Woweruza Wamkulu Marshall analamula kuti mtundu wa Cherokee sunali “mtundu wachilendo” pansi pa Article III ya Malamulo, koma“ mtundu wauchifumu wodalira. [1] Liwu lodabwitsa limeneli linavomereza ulamuliro wa fuko pamene linauchititsa kuyang'anira boma. Khotilo linanenanso kuti Cherokee Nation silingaperekere boma m'khoti Lapamwamba /a procedtural la m'bwalo lamilandu lapamwambalo lomwe linasiya fukolo popanda njira ya boma yolithetsera.

[[FULT:0] Worcester v. Georgia (132)

Pachigamulo chapadera, Khoti Lalikulu linatsutsa malamulo a Georgia monga kuloŵerera kwa uchifumu wa fuko. Marshall analemba kuti “mtundu wa Cherokee uli chitaganya chosiyana, uli ndi gawo lake, mmene malamulo a Georgia sangakhale ndi mphamvu.. Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson anakana motchuka kukakamiza lamulolo, kutsogolera ku Mphepo ya Misozi. Komabe, Walcester [1] akhalabe mlandu wa maziko a ulamuliro wa fuko, akukhazikitsa kuti alibe ulamuliro pa nkhani imene ilipo popanda kuperekedwa ndi bungwe la akulu.

United States v. Kagama (1886)

Mlanduwu unachirikiza Major Crimes Act, kupereka ulamuliro wa makhoti a boma pa milandu ina. Khotilo linalungamitsa kuloŵerera kumeneku mwa kusonkhezera chiphunzitso cha malowa . Mafuko amadalira ndipo afunikira chitetezo cha boma. Chigamulocho chinawonjezera kwambiri mphamvu ya boma mwakuwononga madongosolo a milandu a mafuko.

McClanahan .Arizona State Taxis Commission (1973]

M’nkhani yamakono imeneyi, Khoti Lalikulu linatsimikiziranso kuti maboma sangakhoze kulipira Eni America okhala ndi zitsimikizo pokhapokha ngati Nyumba ya Malamulo ilola zimenezo.

Kusintha kwa 14 kwa Lamulo ndi Unzika wa Eni America

Chikalata cha 14 Commission , chomwe chinavomerezedwa mu 1868, chimapereka unzika kwa “anthu onse obadwa kapena obadwa ku United States, ndi pansi pa ulamuliro wake. [1] Mawuwo “kugonjera ku ulamuliro wake” anamasuliridwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba mu . [FLT] Elk v. Wilkins [[FLT] [184] [184] kuchotsa Eni America . Khotilo linakhulupirira kuti anthu a Eniweniweni sanali “obadwa pansi pa ulamuliro wa United States chifukwa chakuti kukhulupirika kwawo kwakukulu kunali ku mafuko awo. Linatengera Chilamulo cha ku Invitution cha 1924 [FFF:5] [F] U. Komabe, Eniversity ikugwirabe ntchito anthu onse a ku Enima America. Komabe, Eniversities adagwiritsira ntchitobe ntchito kutetezera kwa dziko la United States lerolino, ndi kutsutsa lamulo logwirizana ndi kutsutsa lamulo lolamulira.

Chiyambukiro cha kuwongolera ulamuliro wa fuko nchochocholoŵana. Chigawo sichinathetse unansi wa uyang'aniro; mafuko anakhalabe pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma. Ena a mafuko amanena kuti chitsimikizo cha 14 cha “chitetezero cholingana” chimatsutsana ndi ufulu wa fuko wa kusankha kukhala membala kapena kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a fuko mosiyana. Makhoti anena kuti maboma a mafuko, monga olamulira osiyana, samangidwa ndi Amereka a 14 m’njira imodzi monga maboma kapena boma lolamulidwa ndi boma.

Ntchito Yamakono ya Malamulo: Udindo wa Kudalirana kwa Federal ndi Kudzisankhira

Chiphunzitso Chokhulupirira

Malamulo sapanga mwachindunji unansi woikizirana, koma Bwalo Lapamwamba lapereka ntchito ya boma kutetezera mafuko a Enibala ndi chuma chawo chozikidwa pa mapangano ndi chinenero cha chipinda m' Kathama [1] ndi nkhani zina. Ndi mlandu wa Indiyanian-Dminitation ndi Education Act of therective of (ISDEA]) imasintha malamulo a chitaganya cha maprogramu a boma, koma thayo likupitirizabe kuikidwa. Nkhani zonga .[FLD] United States v [FFFF:]

Maulamuliro a Nyumba za Ufumu ndi Lamulo la Chiŵeniŵeni la ku India

Mu 1968, Nyumba ya Malamulo inapereka lamulo lotetezera ufulu wa anthu ku Indian Civil Rights Act (ICRA), limene linagwiritsira ntchito mbali yaikulu ya Bill of Rights ku maboma a mafuko. Ili linali lamulo loyambirira . Khoti Lapamwamba laona kuti mphamvu zake za kuletsa ulamuliro wa fuko m’dzina la kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Komabe, ICRA siliphatikizapo malamulo onse otetezera (m., palibe lamulo lokhazikitsa, palibe kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu m'makhoti a mafuko pamalipiro a boma). Khoti Lapamwamba lanena kuti nthaŵi zonse kuti kuperekedwa kwa anthu opereka chithandizo kwa anthu pa ICRA kuyenera kuchepetsa, kusungitsa ulamuliro wa m'makhoti ya mafuko.

Mavuto a Malamulo a M’nthaŵi Yathu Ino

Ufulu wa Dziko ndi Chiphunzitso cha Kupezedwa

Chiphunzitso chopezedwa, choyambitsidwa m'nthanthi yalamulo ya ku Ulaya ya 15 - century, chakanidwa ndi mabungwe ena apadziko lonse koma chikukhalabe m'lamulo la U.S. kudzera mwa Johnson v. McIntosh. Maiko akupitirizabe kumenya nkhondo kuti adziŵe maina awo oyambirira a dziko, kaŵirikaŵiri mwa kunena kuti malamulo a boma kapena zochita zaudindo amaswa ufulu wa pangano. [FLT] [FT] [FLT] [FGIT] v. [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [FFLT:4] [FF:] [5] [20]) kutanthauza kuti dziko logwirizana ndi malamulo alamulo la . [GUP]

Kulimbana

Chigawenga ndi ulamuliro wa anthu pa zipani ndi kugawana ndi kusokonezeka kwa boma, boma, ndi ulamuliro wa mafuko. Chiwawa cha Kulimbana ndi Akazi mu 2013 chinazindikira ulamuliro wa upandu wafuko wochepa pa zigaŵenga zosakhala za Nazi pa zigaŵenga za m’banja, kuchotsapo ulamuliro wa boma kwa Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe [1788], zimene zinavomereza kuti mafuko sangazenge osakhala a Nazi. Ufuko wa ulamuliro wa dziko ukali wa anthu ukali ukutsutsana mowopsa, ndi kutsutsa kuti kuswa kwake kuyenera kwa 6 decrate yopangidwa ndi “v [FLT]. Ena amatsutsa ulamuliro wa mafuko, monga ngati lamulo lovomereze ulamuliro wa dziko lotere.

Chuma Chachilengedwe ndi Kusintha kwa Malo Okhala

Kugawa kwa Malamulo kwa maulamuliro kwapanganso ulamuliro wa mafuko pa zinthu zachilengedwe. EPA] Serviment monga Boma iloleza mafuko odziŵika mwalamulo kuika miyezo ya madzi abwino pansi pa Deseat Water Act , koma miyezo imeneyi ingawombane ndi zikondwerero za boma ndi za boma. [FLT] [[FLT]] [[FLT]. (20: 5), Bwalo Lapamwamba linachepetsa mphamvu ya EPA ya kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa mafuko pa mabungwe osakhala a anthu a fuko. Mapangano oteteza, kuphanga, ndi kusonkhanitsa, kaŵirikaŵiri kutchula malamulo a ulamuliro wa dziko limodzi ndi malamulo a dziko lonse: [FFT]]

Nkhani Zazikulu za Ulamuliro wa Eni Dziko Lerolino

  • Kuchinjiriza zoyenera zafuko: [[FLT :1] ziwopsezo zopitirizabe kuchokera ku ntchito zamaziko, kuchotsa ziŵiya, ndi kuloŵerera kwa boma. Khoti Lalikulu la McGirt chigamulo cha mafunso a kutsegulidwanso ponena za malire.
  • Kuvomereza ulamuliro wa fuko m'lamulo la boma:[FLT :1] Bureau of Indian Affairs imapatsa chilolezo chocholoŵana cha malamulo, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri Nyumba za Malamulo zimachotsa chivomerezo cha fuko kupyolera mwa malamulo onga 2020 Great American Outboodes Act [.
  • juristion pa milandu ya upandu ndi yachiŵeniŵeni: Makhoti a mafuko alibebe ulamuliro pa oimbidwa mlandu osakhala a Nazi m’nkhani zambiri, kupanga malire a lamulo. VAWA 20222] kulembedwanso kwa unduna wa fuko pa milandu ina, koma kukwaniritsa malamulo kumayang'anizana ndi mavuto.
  • Control pa zinthu zachilengedwe ndi nkhani za malo okhala: Mafuko amafuna ulamuliro umodzi kapena ulamuliro waukulu wa chuma m'magawo awo a makolo, kaŵirikaŵiri kudalira pa zoyenera za pangano monga zitetezero za malamulo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusintha ndi ulamuliro wa zachuma: Kukhoza kwa mafuko kukakamiza msonkho pa mabizinesi osakhala a Auntial pa mabizinesi kuli ndi malire ndi zigamulo za Bwalo Lapamwamba zonga Atkinson Trading Co. v. Shirley (1997]). Kutchova juga, kovomerezedwa pansi pa [[FLT: 4.] Indian Gaming Regatation Act (1988) [FLT:]], kwatsimikizira chiŵinda champhamvu cha zachuma, koma kumakhalabe pansi pauyang'aniro wa boma.

Kuyang’ana Mtsogolo: Kusintha kwa Malamulo ndi Ufuko

Maiko ambiri a Eni America ndi mabungwe a ndale atsutsa kuti Malamulo enieniwo ayenera kupendedwanso kuti atetezeretu uchifumu wa fuko. Malamulo amaphatikizapo kukonzanso kochitidwa ndi lamulo kuti mapangano asaikidwe popanda chivomerezo cha fuko, kapena lamulo la boma lotsimikizira thayo la kuikizira kukhala thayo logwirizana. Congress of American Indian Congress Congress pa nkhani zimenezi, ndipo lamulo la boma likupitirizabe kuyesa malire a mphamvu za boma.

Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, kuzindikira maziko a lamulo la ufulu wa Eni America nkofunika. Malamulo amapereka zonse ziŵiri maziko a ulamuliro wa boma ndi zigomeko zalamulo za uchifumu wa fuko. Kuyesayesa kosaleka kulinganiza malamulo opikisana ameneŵa . Mphamvu za boma, ndi ufulu wa mafuko a kudziimira okha, ndi kulimba kwa malamulo amakono a India. Mwa kuphunzira za kusinthika kwa mbiri yakale kuchokera ku Marshall Trilogy mpaka [FLT: 0] MGIRT , munthu apeza chidziŵitso cha mmene malamulo a m'malamulowo amapitirizi akupitirizira moyo wa Eni ndi ulamuliro wa mitundu yawo.

Zofunika kwambiri pofufuza zimaphatikizapo [[FLT: 0] Nyumba za Malamulo za Andiya a ku America [1] [[FLT :2], [[FLT :3], Zifuno za ku Indiana [. Malingaliro aakulu pa nkhani zofotokozedwa pano [FLT:] [FLT], ndi kusanthula kuchokera ku [FLT:] [FLT:][FLT:] [FLT]] Malonjezo a ku Indicrect [[FL:] [FLT:] [5] [malongosolezo] [ma].] Mafotokozedwe apamwamba a pakati pa mapepala a United States ndi mapepala ofotokoza za pulogalamu a United States.