Affordble Care Act (ACA), yosainidwa m'lamulo mu 2010, yakhala imodzi ya mbali zotsutsidwa kwambiri za malamulo a boma m'mbiri yamakono ya Amereka. Chiyambire kukhazikitsidwa kwake, Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu lapima pa malamulo ake m'nkhani zingapo. Ulusi wapakati womayendera pazigamulo zimenezi ndi ufilosofi womasulira [[FLL:0] wa kuyambitsa [FLY:] lingaliro lakuti malamulo alamulo ayenera kumvedwa monga momwe analembedwera ndi kuvomerezedwa. Njira imeneyi yaumba kwambiri mmene chilungamo imapendera malemba a ACA ndi kugwirizana kwake ndi malamulo monga ngati mapangano a Claus, Masheya, ndi kugulitsa Claus. Chifukwa chake, kumvetsetsa malamulo a zauk ndi kuwona lamulo la United States ndi kuchirikiza lamulo la zaunika lamulo la ufulu.

Kuyambirira sikuli chiphunzitso chachibadwidwe. Mkati mwa Bwalo Lapamwamba, limawonekera mosiyanasiyana kwambiri cholinga choyambirira (chimene ma frames anali nacho m’maganizo) ndi tanthauzo lapoyera [ (monga mmene munthu wololera panthaŵi ino akanatha kumvetsa malemba alamulo). Kusiyanitsa chifukwa chakuti amapanga umboni wodalira pa: mikangano ya Konsichulidwa kuchokera ku Constitution, Federaly Paration, spricture, spritry, ndi machitidwe oyambirira a boma. Kuposa zaka makumi atatu zapitazo, chiphunzitso choyambirira chakhala chochokera ku chiphunzitso cha maphunziro otchuka chapamwamba, makamaka pakati pa chilungamo. Chisonkhetso chake chimapereka umboni chotsimikizirika chakufufuza bwino cha kulongosola kwa kulongosola kwaumoyo kwa anthu, kutembenuzatsa chiwo.

Kodi Kukhulupirira Zoyamba N’kutani Ndipo N’chifukwa Chiyani Kuli Kofunika?

Pamaziko ake, kuyambirira kumavomereza kuti tanthauzo la Malamulo limaikizidwa panthaŵi ya kutembenuzidwa. Kusintha kulikonse kwa tanthauzo limenelo kuyenera kubwera kupyolera m'kukonzanso, osati kumasuliranso kwachiweruzo. Ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti kutsendereza koyambirira kumaletsa oweruza, kuwaletsa kukhazikitsa malamulo awo ndi kusunga kuŵerengera kwa demokalase. Monga momwe cholembedwa chapambuyo pa Justice Antonin Scalia, wotsogolera woyambirira, wotchuka, analemba kuti: "Malamulo simpulutso siiri cholembedwa chamoyo; ndi chakufa, cholembedwa chakufa, cholembedwa chakufa, chakufa. Komabe, otsutsa, amatsutsa kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira chingatulutse zotulukapo zopo mowonekera bwino kuchokera ku makhalidwe amakono ndi kuti mbiri yakale kaŵirikaŵiri njosatsimikizirika. Mosasamala kanthu za mkangano, kutsutsana kwa lamulo ndi nkhani za lamulo lachikhalidwe lamilandu.

Kukula kwa chiphunzitso choyambirira kutchuka pa Bwalo lamilandulo kunagwirizana ndi kuikidwa kwa Woweruza Scalia mu 1986 ndi zitsimikizo za Zoweruza Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito, Neil Gorfore, Brett Kavanuugh , ndi Amy Coney Barrett , amene amazindikira ndi mtundu wina wa kuyambirira kwa Chikhristu. Mu nkhani za ACAA, zimenezi zatanthauza kusanthula kolimba kwa malemba, kukayikira kwa kuŵerenga kwakukulu kwa mphamvu ya boma, ndi kusumika maganizo pa tanthauzo loyamba la mawu onga "merce," ndi "msonkha, ndi "moke, ndi "moyenerera" magawo otsatira mmene woyambirira anaseŵerera m'mawonetsera m'mabungwe atatu aakulu ku ACA.

Kuyamba Kulankhulana ndi Mulungu Kukuchitika: Nkhani Zazikulu za ACA

National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) v. Sebelius (2012)

Kuyesa koyambirira kwa lamulo la ACA kwa maziko a inshuwalansi [[FLT: 0] kwa lamulo laumwini [1] [1]. Chifuniro chakuti Aamereka ambiri asunge inshuwalansi ya thanzi kapena kulipira chilango. Boma linatetezera lamulo pansi pa Commerce Claus, kutsutsana kuti chigamulo cha kuletsa inshuwalansi ya dziko lapansi chikuyambukira kwambiri malonda. Komabe, unyinji wa achilungamo asanu, anakana kutsutsana ndi mfundo imeneyo. Woweruza John Roberts, kulemba za Khoti, adakhulupirira kuti Commuko, Samapatsa mphamvu anthu kukakamiza anthu kuchita malonda; imangolamulira ntchito yomwe ilipo. Malingaliro ameneŵa anali ozikidwa kotheratu m'ziyambiriro: Kumvetsetsa kwa "Memerce" pansi pa "Effeurce" kapena "detra" kuphatikizapo Roberts Formage. Malamulo a pulogalamu a m'makulu a polisi a m'makedzana a za mbiri yakale, monga momwe amachitira m'Chikalata choyambirira cha Malamulo cha Boma. [F]

Jasitisi Scalia, wogwirizana ndi Jasitisi Kennedy, Thomas, ndi Alito, anapereka kutsutsana kosiyana komwe kunatenga kaimidwe kolimba kwambiri ka kukhazikitsa. Anatsutsa kuti lamulolo silinali msonkho (kulungamitsa kwina koperekedwa ndi boma) chifukwa chakuti liwulo “lopereka” m'malemba a ACA linapereka cholinga cha kubwezera m’malo mwa kubwezera ndalama zothandizira. Wolemba mabukuyu anakakamiza boma kudalira mphamvu ya Mtengo wa Malamulo monga chothandizira. Potsirizira pake, Woweruza Roberts anachirikiza lamulolo lovomerezeka ngati kuyendetsa kwa ulamuliro wopereka msonkho, chigamulo cha osuliridwa ndi cholinga choyambirira cha “matsutsa chisonkhetso. [F:] NFFFF: FUM [1]

Mfumu Burwell (2015)

Mu King v. Burwell, khoti linalingalira ngati ndalama zovomerezeka za boma za inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo zogulitsidwa kupyolera mwa kusinthana kwa boma (motsutsana ndi kusinthana kwa boma). Mawu a lamulo onenedwawo anali opezeka kaamba ka makonzedwe ogulidwa “kupyolera ku Exchange yokhazikitsidwa ndi Boma. [1] Otsutsa anatsutsa kuti tanthauzo la mawu oletsa kusinthidwa pa kusinthana kwa boma. Boma linatsutsa kuti kuŵerenga mawuwo mu mozungulira [1] kulembedwa ndi kapangidwe ndi cholinga cha ACA .

Woweruza wamkulu Roberts kachiŵirinso analemba kaamba ka ambiri, koma lingaliro lake panthaŵi ino linakana njira yolimba ya kuyambika kwa mawu yoyanja kuŵerengera kowonjezereka. Anavomereza kumveka kwa mawu a malemba koma anamaliza kuti mawuwo “oikidwa ndi Boma” ayenera kumasuliridwa molunjikitsa zolinga za ACA’s. Kupeza, iye analemba, kuti“ angagwiritsiritse malonda a inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo wa munthu mmodzi . ndi kutulutsa zotulukapo zopanda pake: mawu amene amalephera kukhazikitsa kukambitsirana kwawo. Malamulo otchukawo a SCTCweeast, Thomas, ndi Alto , adalembedwa kwa oyambirira, akutsimikiza kuti ngati malembawo ali omveka bwino, ntchito ya Khotilo limatsatira monga momwemo. Mosanjika. [A.]

California v. Texas (2021)

Chitokoso chachikulu chaposachedwapa cha ACA, California v. Texas , adabwerera ku lamulo la munthu aliyense ndi "*] koma m’malo atsopano. Mu 2017, Congress inalemba chilango cha kulephera kusunga inshuwalansi, kukhazikitsa ku $0. Oweruzawo anatsutsa kuti popanda msonkho (msonkho unasungidwa monga msonkho), lamulolo silingalungamizidwenso pansi pa Mphamvu Yopereka Chisonkhetso ndipo chifukwa chake ASAA yonse iyenera kugwa. Khoti, mu 7.2, imakana mlanduwo chifukwa cha kusoŵa, kuchititsa kuti oweruzawo sanavulaze. Koma zoweruza zambiri zinalemba pa zija, ndi kusiyanitsa ndi kuyenera kwa anthu ambiri.

Chilungamo Thomas, chomwe chinaloŵa m'chiweruzo chokha, chinatsutsa kuti lamulo la munthu aliyense, ngakhale popanda chilango, limaposa mphamvu zotchulidwa za Congress. Iye anafufuza tanthauzo loyambirira la Commerce Claus, Moyenerera ndi Moyenerera Claus, ndi Mphamvu ya Malamulo, akumaliza kuti anthu okakamiza kugula chinthu "sanamvedwe kukhala mphamvu ya lamulo loperekedwa ndi Malamulo. Iye anatsutsanso unyinji chifukwa cha kulephera kufikira zabwino, akumapereka lingaliro lakuti chiphunzitsocho chimafuna kumveka bwino ngakhale pamene nkhani yagonana ndi nkhani yandale. Chilungamo Alito, pogwirizana ndi Chilungamo Gor Gore, chinapitirizanso, kutsutsa lamulo losakhala lopanda lamulo mosasamala kanthu za chilango. Kupenda kwawo kwakukulu pa tanthauzo loyamba la "reguast" ndi "bugzigle. Chilungamo choyambirira chikusonyeza mlandu cholungama cha chilungamo choyambirira chikanetsekereze modzi cha lamulo lothandiza kwambiri chifukwa cha lamulo loyambirira, ngakhale chiganizo cha lamulo loyambirira. Chilamulo chochepa chimakhala chokhudza lamulo cha lamulo cha lamulo cha boma.

Mmene Kuyambirira Kwasinthira Ulemu wa Khotilo

Nkhani zitatu zimavumbula njira: zoweruza zoyambirira zimafufuza mokhazikika mphamvu za boma kupyolera m'malere a tanthauzo la mbiri, kaŵirikaŵiri zimafuna kulondola kwa malemba ndi kutsutsa ku zifuno zokulira. NFB . , Chiphunzitso choyambirira chinapereka maziko a nzeru oikako dongosolo la Commercial Classia. [[FLT:] mu [FLT] v. Burwell [[[FLT:]], chiphunzitso choyambirira (kapena chibale chake) chinadziŵitsa kusemphana kwamphamvu kumene kukanachotsa ACSIdy. [FLT:] mu choyambirira, chimene chimapanga njira yosiyana. [FLT] [FFF].[5]

Kulimbana kumeneku kumagogomezera mkangano waukulu m'nthanthi yoyambirira. Olemba mbiri ena, monga Jasitisi Scalia ndi Jasitisi Gorfo, amavomereza malembo monga mnzake: tanthauzo la lamulo lomveka likulamulira, ndipo Khoti silifunikira kufufuza zolinga za lamulo. Ena, monga Jaji Thomas ndi Judge Bork (woyambirira woyambirira wolingalira), akugogomezera tanthauzo loyamba la malamulo a malamulo ngakhale pamene atsogolera ku zotulukapo zotsutsana ndi malamulo amakono. Nkhani za AA zimasonyeza kuti Chipangano choyambirira sichimatulutsa zotulukapo za kuletsa lamulo; mmalo mwake, chimapereka makonzedwe a kumasulira kuti chilungamo chosiyana chikhoza kukwaniritsa zigamulo za bungwe lalamulo, chisonko, mphamvu ya kuyang'anira msonkho, ndi kubwereranso kwa chiweruzo.

Zochita ndi Zonamizira

Chiphunzitso cha kuyambika kwa umulungu chili ndi mbali yake ya osuliza pa benchi. Zolungama za Breyer, Kagan, ndi Sotomayo kaŵirikaŵiri zimachirikiza [FLT: 0] chiphunzitso cha lamulo cha malamulo chimene chimasintha malamulo a malamulo a malamulo kuti asinthe miyezo yachikhalidwe. Mu AAAlitaigigation, iwo anatsutsa kuti Commerce Claus ayenera kuŵerengedwa momasuka kulola Nyumba za Malamulo kusamalira mavuto a dziko monga kusamala zaumoyo ($_problessss progremsssssss sakhoza kuyembekezera. Chilungamo cha Kagan, m'chigwirizano cha [Foctive:] King. v. Burwell "FLD [F.3], akugogomezera kuti ACive kuti “malamulo la za m'dzikolome , limafunikiranso kuti aonedwe ndi mawu ongoyamba. Chilungamo la mbiri choyambirira chikhozanso kuwonjezera cha kuwonjezera cha chilungamo, chikanetsera kuwonjezera cha Chilunga cha Chilungamo cha Chilunga cha. Chiyambi

Ndiponso, zotsatirapo za malamulo a akatswiri a zaumoyo ndizo kulephera kuyendetsa bwino thanzi. Njira yoyambirira yokhayokha imene imalepheretsa ndalama zoperekedwa pa kusinthana kwa boma ingachititse mamiliyoni kulephera kukwaniritsa. Mofananamo, kuchotsa lamulo la munthu aliyense payekha kungalepheretse malonda a inshuwalansi, kukweza zikalata za amene ali ndi mikhalidwe yomwe idakalipo. Oyambirirawo amayankha kuti zotsatira zake sizikugwirizana ndi kumasulira kwa malamulo. Koma monga momwe Woweruza Robert H. Jackson ananenerapo, malamulo “ayenera kupirira kwa zaka zambiri kuti afikepo” ndipo ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa mikhalidwe yatsopano. Nkhani yoyambirira ndi ACA imagogomezera kugawa kwakukulu kwa nzeru ponena za kaya ngati makhoti ayenera kupereka nsembe kapena zolinga zawo kuti asunge choyenera kukwaniritsa zimene amaona kuti zikhale zogwirizana ndi malamulo oyambirira.

Kuvutika Kupeza Malamulo Okhudza Umoyo Ndiponso Zinthu Zina

Ndi Bwalo lamilandu lamakono lokhala ndi zigamulo zisanu ndi chimodzi zimene zasonyeza chisoni pa kuyambika kwa zinthu, nthanthi idzapitirizabe kuumba zitokoso za mtsogolo ku ACA(ndi ku lamulo la zaumoyo lowonjezereka. Nkhani zonga zimaphatikizapo Medicaid kufutukuka kwa maiko, malamulo a opereka mankhwala operekedwa, ndi akatemera a boma. Mu NFB] , Khoti lakhala kale lochepetsa kuchepetsa kuwonongedwa kwa Clausnas [kuletsa boma kuopseza maboma a Médicaid kusoŵa ndalama zothandizira kukulitsa. Kusunga chidziŵitso cha mbiri yakale cha unansi wa boma. Momwemomwemo, lamulo lililonse limene limalamulira zaumoyo wa munthu aliyense payekha kapena Mediadereare mu zonsezo. Ngati boma likufuna kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma, ngati anthu agwirizana ndi malamulo a boma, kaya ayendetsegule bwino kapena ayendetse bwino m'malamulo kuti anene kuti anenere kapena anene kuti, kapena athetse kuti athetse kuti, kapena ayese kuti ayese.

Chiphunzitso cha kuyambirira chilinso ndi tanthauzo la lamulo lauyang'anira ndi kugonjera ku mabungwe. M'zigamulo zaposachedwapa zonga [FLT:] Light Enteprises v. Raimondo (2024), Bwalo lamilandu lilamulira [ Chrevron , kuchedwetsa, kusunga kuti makhoti ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito chiweruzo chawo chaumwini pomasulira malemba ndi kupambana kwa olemba. Kusinthaku kumatanthauza kuti pamene Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ndi Mautumiki a Anthu imasulira makonzedwe ACA, makhoti osasunganso; adzagwiritsira ntchito kuŵerenga kwawo, mwinamwake motsogozedwa ndi tanthauzo lapoyera la malemba. Akatswiri a zaumoyo amaneneratutsa malamulo otsutsa malamulo a ACCUS, kapena otsutsa kuteteza mapangano, monga zopereka chikalata choyambirira.

Pambuyo pa kusamala zaumoyo, ulamuliro wa kuyambika kwa Chilengedwe umakhudza chirichonse kuchokera ku zoyenera za mfuti ([FLT: 0] Dicounty of Columbia v. Heller , , New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Breen ]) ku lamulo la malo okhala, ndawala, ndi kuchotsa mimba. Nkhani za AAA zimagwira ntchito monga microscom : iwo amachitira fanizo mmene kukambitsirana kwa onse aŵiriwo kumalamulira (mwakuchepetsa kukhoza kwawo kuŵerenga mphamvu zazikulu m'malamulo) ndi kuwapatsa mphamvu (mwakulungamitsa zigamutsira malamulo opanga projectives). Chiyambukiro chachikulu cha American chimadalira kaya chikhoti chachikulu cha khoti kapena chimakhalabero chachikulu. [FFregn]

Kumaliza

Affordible Care Act yakhala yogwirizana ndi mfundo zachiyambi za bungwe la ofufuza milandu. Kope Lapamwamba lakhala ndi mbali zitatu zazikulu zokhala zaka khumi, lalimbana ndi tanthauzo loyamba la Commerce Claus, Maulamuliro a Makhoma, Kupatula, ndi Kusunga lamulo. Chipangano cha m’manja ndi Chilungamo cha Claus. Chipangano chapereka maziko amphamvu kwambiri otsutsa lamulo la ASA, koma sichinatulutsenso zotulukapo zofanana. Kuphatikiza mawu, tanthauzo lake lapo, ndi kuletsa lamulo kwa anthu onse aŵiriwo kuchepetsa ndi kusunga lamulo. Monga momwe Bwalo limapitirizirabe mafunso a zaumoyo, chisonkhezero cha kukhazikitsa malamulo a ACHOkera kukhazikitsa njira yogwirizana ndi kulinganiza kwa malamulo, monga momwedikirira kulinganiza kwa malamulo. Chikhalidwe cha ACGONS, chimapanga kudalira pa kuchuluka kwa anthu a zaumoyo.

[[ML:0] Kuŵerenga kobwereza: