Maboma ndi mabungwe a boma omwe ali pafupi ndi anthu, ndipo zosankha zawo zimayambukira mwachindunji moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa anthu okhala m’dzikolo, kuyambira pa mtundu wa misewu kufikira ku kupezeka kwa madzi oyera ndi chisungiko cha anthu. Kumvetsetsa mmene matupi ameneŵa amagwira ntchito ndi mphamvu zawo nkofunika m’maphunziro a boma ndi m'chitaganya. Nkhani ino imapereka kuyang'ana kwakukulukulu kwa mautumiki a anthu a m’deralo ndi maziko, kufufuza mathayo awo, zitokoso, ndi njira zomangira zigawo zotukuka.

Kumvetsa Malamulo a Maboma Akomweko

Maboma a m’dzikolo ndi mabungwe a boma amene amalamulira malo enieni, monga mizinda, matauni, magawo apadera. Amalengedwa ndi maboma a boma ndipo amapatsidwa ulamuliro ndi boma. Mabungwe ndi mphamvu za maboma a m’dzikolo zimasiyanasiyana kwambiri ku United States, koma kaŵirikaŵiri zimagwera m’mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Mitundu ya Boma Lakumeneko

  • Minicials: Matauni, matauni, ndi midzi imene imapereka mautumiki osiyanasiyana kwa anthu a m'mizinda. Kaŵirikaŵiri amalamulidwa ndi bungwe losankhidwa la mzinda ndi meya kapena manijala wa mzinda.
  • Magawo: [[FLT :1] mwachidziŵikire] madera akumidzi ndi m’midzi, kaŵirikaŵiri akupereka mautumiki onga kusungitsa lamulo, thanzi la anthu, ndi kukonza misewu. Magawo ambiri amalamulidwa ndi bungwe la oimira kapena mkulu wa chigawo.
  • Maboma a zachitetezo: Ofala ku Northern East ndi Midwest, matauni ndi magawo a kuŵerengera ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka mautumiki onga kukonza misewu, kumanga malo, ndi kupima katundu.
  • Zigawo zapadera: Mabungwe odziimira amene amapereka ntchito yapadera, monga madzi, ukhondo, chitetezo cha moto, kapena zoyendera za anthu onse. Magawo a sukulu ndiwo mtundu wa chigawo chapadera kwambiri.

Malamulo ndi Mafupa

Maboma a m’dzikolo amagwira ntchito pansi pa lamulo la boma ndi la malamulo a boma, limene limalongosola maulamuliro awo, kaŵirikaŵiri kupyolera mu "ulamuliro wa panyumba" makonzedwe amene amawapatsa ufulu waukulu. Magwero awo aakulu a ndalama ndiwo misonkho ya katundu, misonkho ya malonda, ndi kusamutsidwa kwa boma kuchokera ku magwero a boma ndi boma. Kumvetsetsa choonadi chimenechi n’kovuta chifukwa kumayambukira mwachindunji mlingo ndi mkhalidwe wa mautumiki amene angapereke. Kuwonjezera pa mayanjano a boma, onani Conference of State Legastialtures [1]

Mautumiki a M’chitaganya: Mpata wa Moyo wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Maboma a m’derali ali ndi udindo wothandiza anthu ambiri ndipo anthu ambiri amaona kuti ntchito zimenezi ndi zofunika kwambiri.

Chitetezo cha Anthu Onse

Madipatimenti a apolisi a m'deralo, makampani ozimitsa moto, ndi mautumiki a zachipatala (EMS) ndi ntchito yooneka ndi yoopsa kwambiri. Madipatimenti a apolisi amakhazikitsa malamulo ndi kusunga dongosolo, pamene madipatimenti a moto amayankha moto, zinthu zowopsa, ndi zachipatala. Magulu ambiri amadalira pa madipatimenti odzifunira ozimitsa moto, makamaka kumadera akumidzi. Kugwira ntchito zimenezi kumadalira pa ndalama zokwanira, maphunziro, ndi kudalira anthu, ndi kudalirana kwa anthu, ndi makampani apolisi akukula ndi mapulogalamu kuti apange maunansi olimba kwambiri pakati pa osungitsa malamulo ndi anthu okhala m’dera.

Maphunziro

Maphunziro a boma ndi udindo wakumaloko ku United States, ndipo magawo a sukulu amathandizidwa kwambiri ndi misonkho ya malo. Mabungwe a sukulu, osankhidwa ndi anthu okhala m’dzikolo, amapanga zosankha zazikulu ponena za maphunziro, antchito, ndi bajeti. Kukoma kwa masukulu akuno kumakhudza chuma, kupita patsogolo kwa chuma, ndi kukongola kwa anthu. Kulephera m'masukulu othandizira kuyendera ndalama m’madera osiyanasiyana kuli vuto losatha, kutsogolera ku makampani a maphunziro. Mabuku onga a National Education Association

Mautumiki a Zaumoyo wa Anthu Onse ndi Othandiza Anthu

Madipatimenti a zaumoyo akumaloko ali patsogolo poteteza matenda, kuphunzitsa zaumoyo, ndi kufufuza za malo okhala. Amayang’anira zipatala, akatemera, ndi kuchitapo kanthu pa ngozi zaumoyo wa anthu.

Mapaki, Zosangalatsa, ndi Makhalidwe

Mapaki a anthu onse, malo osungirako anthu, malaibulale, ndi mapulogalamu a zosangalatsa amalimbikitsa moyo wabwino, amalimbikitsa kulimbitsa thupi, ndiponso amathandiza anthu okhala m’deralo kuti azisonkhana.

Ntchito Yofunika Kwambiri ya Mabuku

Maboma ndi amene amakonza zinthu zambiri m’derali, kumanga nyumba, ndiponso kukonza zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri.

Malo Otumizira Mafoni

Misewu ya m’derali, milatho, njira zapansi panjinga, ndi njira zoyendera anthu, ndi makampani oyendera anthu onse n’zofunika kwambiri. Makampani a boma amathandiza kuti chipale chofewa chikhale, kukonza mabowo, kukonza magalimoto, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito misewu. Maboma a m’madera apadera amayenda ndi mabasi, sitima zamagetsi, komanso mabasi oyenda panjinga zamagetsi.

Madzi, Sewera, ndi Ukhondo

Madzi oyera akumwa ndi mankhwala otayika bwino sakhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi thanzi la anthu. Makampani amadzi akumalo amayang'anira madamu, mafakitale othandizira kuchiritsa, ndi madongosolo ogaŵira. Mautumiki aukhondo amaphatikizapo kusonkhanitsa zinyalala, kukonzanso, ndi kuyendetsa malo osungira zinthu. Kukalamba kwa madzi ndi vuto lalikulu m'dziko lonse, ndi mapaipi ambiri a deti la zaka za zana kapena kuposapo, omwe amabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu. America Water Works Association [1]

Mphamvu ndi Kupalasa

Ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri amaperekedwa ndi makampani a anthu kapena zipangizo za boma, maboma a m'madera amachita malamulo ndi kuthandiza kuwonjezera mphamvu ndi kufalikira. Maboma ambiri akhazikitsa njira zothandizira anthu kapena chitaganya kusankha magetsi oyera kapena otsika. M'nyengo ya manambala, kulowa kwa zikalata zambiri kumaonedwa kukhala maziko ofunika, ndipo maboma akuloŵerera kuwonjezera kugwirizana, makamaka m’madera akumidzi. Matauni ena amanga nyumba zawo zoyendera kapena zothandizira kuchepetsa makompyuta.

Malo Opezekapo Anthu Onse ndi Kulimbikitsa Anthu

Kutali kwa mapaki, maboma akumaloko amawononga madongosolo oyendetsa madzi osefukira, kuyendetsa madzi, ndi kukonza zinthu zamphamvu. Pamene kusintha kwa nyengo kukuwonjezera nyengo yoopsa, kukonzekera kwakhala ntchito yaikulu. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kukonzanso njira zotulutsira madzi, kukweza misewu, kupanga malo obiriŵira amene amakoka madzi, ndi kukhazikitsa malo othandizira kuti zinthu ziyendere mwamsanga.

Kuloŵa M’gulu la Anthu: Kudzilamulira Mwachidemokrase

Maboma a m’deralo amakhala othandiza kwambiri ngati alabadira ndi kuŵerengera anthu amene akutumikira.

Maluso Ochitiramo Mbali

  • Misonkhano ndi makutu: Malo ozoloŵereka kumene nzika zingalankhule pa malamulo olingaliridwa, bajeti, ndi ntchito za chitukuko.
  • Mabungwe ndi madanga: magulu odzifunira amene akupereka mfundo pa nkhani zina monga kukonzekera, kumanga, kapena kusungika.
  • Masewera ndi kuikirana ziŵiya: [[FL:1] Opaleshoni za pa Intaneti, mapu otsatsana, ndi malo operekera ndemanga olola nzika kupima bwino.
  • Ndalama zogwirizana: Kugawana ndandanda ya bajeti kumene nzikazo zimasankha mwachindunji mmene zingaperekere mbali ya ndalama za boma.

Mavuto Amene Mungakatenge Chibwenzi

Mosasamala kanthu za njira zimenezi, pangano lingakhale lochepa chifukwa cha kutsekereza kwa nthaŵi, kusoŵeka kwa chidziŵitso, kapena malingaliro a kusagwirizana. Zopinga za zinenero, nkhani za kupezeka, ndi anthu osiyanasiyana aufuko kapena achuma zimafuna njira zopezera. Maboma ogwira mtima amagwiritsira ntchito njira zotsimikizira kuti mawu onse amveka, osati kokha zamphamvu kapena za mwaŵi waukulu.

Mavuto Aakulu Amene Maboma Akuyang’anizana Nawo

Atsogoleri a kumaloko amalimbana ndi mavuto ocholoŵana, kaŵirikaŵiri osanganizana amene amayesa mphamvu zawo ndi luso lawo la kupanga zinthu.

Maselo Opinimbira

Malipiro a katundu, chithandizo cha boma, ndi kukwera kwa ndalama za penshoni, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, ndi kusungidwa kwa zinthu kumayambitsa mavuto a ndalama zowonjezereka. Maboma ambiri amadalira kwambiri pa msonkho wa malonda, umene ungakhale wovuta pa kutsika kwa zachuma. Mphamvu zopinga zimenezi za malonda: kuikizira masukulu atsopano kapena kukonza misewu yakale? Kodi apolisi kapena maprogramu a zachuma ali owonjezereka?

Kuwonjezeka kwa Anthu ndi Kufalikira kwa Matauni

Kuwonjezeka kwa mwamsanga m'madera ambiri a m’mizinda, kumangokhala nyumba, kayendedwe, ndi madzi. Maboma a m'malowo ayenera kukonzanso malamulo a malo, kuwonjezera nyumba, ndi kuyendetsa bwino zinthu. Koma, anthu ambiri a kumidzi ndi a m’matauni amasoŵa, kuchititsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi katundu wambiri, kuchepetsa nyumba za msonkho, ndi kuchepetsa njira zoyendetsera ntchito.

Kusintha Ndale ndi Kusakhulupirira

Kutsutsana pankhani ya mmene anthu amagwiritsira ntchito malo, polishi, ndiponso sukulu kungachititse kuti anthu asamakhulupirirene.

Kukongola kwa Nyumba ndi Kusoŵa Kokhala

Kupititsa patsogolo ndalama zoyendetsera nyumba m'misika yambiri kwachititsa mavuto a kusowa pokhala ndi kukwera mtengo kwa mabanja otsika ndi opeza. Maboma a m’malowo amalamulira malo, malamulo omanga, ndi malo ogwiritsira ntchito malamulo opangira nyumba. Amasunganso nyumba zangozi, chithandizo cha lendi, ndi maprogramu ochirikiza nyumba. Vutoli limafuna kugwirizana ndi mabungwe a boma ndi boma limodzi ndi omanga nyumba za anthu.

Kukhazikika kwa Malo Okhala ndi Kukhazikika kwa Mkhalidwe

Maboma a m’maderawa ayamba kuchitapo kanthu pa kusintha kwa nyengo, kuyambira pa kuchepetsa mpweya wotenthetsa dziko kudzera m’mabungwe omanga ndi kubwezeretsa mphamvu zamagetsi ndi kusintha kuchuluka kwa madzi a m’nyanja ndi mikuntho yamphamvu.

Kufufuza za Anthu Oyamba Kulamulira M’mayiko Ena

Kupenda zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko kumasonyeza mmene maboma akuthetsera mavuto ameneŵa.

Mzinda wa Chattanooga, TN: Gig City ndi Nyumba Zophunzitsa Zanzeru

Chattanooga anamanga imodzi ya misempha yoyamba ya mzinda wa dziko lonselo yoyendera magetsi, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi magetsi ake omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyera (EPB). Nyumba imeneyi yakopa mabizinesi a tekinoloji, inachititsa kuti aluso ayendetse galimoto, ndi kuchirikiza zoyesayesa kutsekereza kugaŵidwa kwa manambala. Mzindawu umagwiritsiranso ntchito unzake wa zipangizo zamakono zimene zimayang'anira kuchuluka kwa madzi, kulimba kwa mpweya, ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mphamvu, kusonyeza mmene luso la zopanga zinthu zingawongoletsere ntchito za kampasitale.

Kulalikira m’Banja ku Camden, NJ

Poyang'anizana ndi funde la upandu wa m'mbiri ndi kusweka kwa kudalirana pakati pa apolisi ndi chitaganya, Camden anathetsa gulu lake lapolisi ndi kulichotsa ndi kukhazikitsa likulu latsopano limene linatengera malamulo apolisi a m'chigawo. Oyang’anira boma anafunikira kukhala mumzinda, kuyenda ndi magudumu anthaŵi zonse, ndi kuchita motsimikiza ndi nzika. Chotsatira chake chinali kuchepa kwakukulu kwa upandu wachiwawa ndi kuwongolera kuŵerengera kwa anthu apolisi.

Malo Okongola a ku Portland, KAPENA

Bureau of Environmental Services ya Portland yapanga ntchito yomanga masitepe obiriŵira kuti ayang'anizane ndi madzi a mphepo. Mmalo mwa kumanga mapaipi a pansi panthaka odula kwambiri, mzinda woika maeco-roof, minda yamvula, ndi malo oyeneretsedwa. Mapaipi ameneŵa amachepetsa kusefukira kwa madzi onyansa ophatikizapo, kuwongolera madzi, ndi kupatsa anthu zinthu zabwino. Programu yapulumutsanso mzindawo madola mamiliyoni mazana ambiri poyerekezera ndi nyumba zamwambo.

Kupanga Ndalama ku Vallejo, CA

Atalephera kulowa usilikali, Vallejo anakhazikitsa njira yothandizira anthu kuti azidalirana ndi kukhazikitsa ndalama zamalikulu. Anthu opezeka m’dzikolo anakambirana ndi kuvota ntchito monga kukonza malo osungirako zinthu m’misewu, kukonza magalimoto, ndi luso la anthu.

Zomwe Zidzachitike M’tsogolo: Mmene Boma la M’dzikolo Likukhalira

Poyang’ana kutsogolo, mikhalidwe yambiri ikusintha mmene maboma akumaloko adzaperekera mautumiki ndi kuyendetsa zinthu za m’mafakitale.

Kusintha Makina ndi Luso la Zaluso la M’mizinda

Maboma akukhazikitsa malo osungirako mitambo kuti alole, akonze, ndi a msonkho, zimene zikupangitsa kuti anthu azikhala osavuta kuyenderana pa Intaneti. Zipangizo zozindikira, zojambula zinthu, ndi nzeru zopanga akugwiritsa ntchito kukonza njira zoyendera, kuoneratu kuti zinthu zapamtunda zikulephera, ndi kukonza zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Komabe, makompyutawa akuwonjezera nkhaŵa za anthu achinsinsi, kuchuluka kwa makompyuta, ndi kusagwirizana kwa pa Intaneti.

Kusankhana Malamulo ndi Kulamulira Konse

Pali kuzindikira kowonjezereka kuti malamulo akale "monga ngati kupeputsa ndi kuchotsa malo . Maboma ambiri akukhazikitsa madongosolo a dongosolo loikidwiratu tsopano kutsogoza zigamulo zonse, kuyambira kugaŵira kwa bajeti kufikira ku kupereka utumiki. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kuchititsa ziwonetso zaufuko, kupanga malo a apolisi oyenerera, ndi kusungitsa ndalama m'madera osasungidwa.

Zimene Zimachitika Kusintha kwa Nyengo

Maofesi ochirikiza kusungidwa kwa malo akutali akufalikira, ndipo mizinda yambiri yakhala ndi zolinga zobwezeretsedwa za mphamvu kapena za carbon. Kulinganiza za kukonzanso tsopano kumagwirizanitsa ngozi, kukonzekera kwa chitaganya, ndi njira zothetsera chilengedwe. Maboma akufufuzanso kugwirizana kwa nyengo ndi njira zina zopezera ndalama kuti apeze ndalama zothandizira ntchito zimenezi.

Ntchito Yothandizana M’dera Limene Anthu Ambiri Amakhalamo

Maboma akuwonjezera kupanga maulamuliro a mgwirizano wa chigawo ndi mayiko a m’madera osiyanasiyana kuti agaŵane zinthu ndi kukambirana zinthu zambiri. Anthu amagwirizana paokha akugwiritsanso ntchito ndalama ndi ntchito zikuluzikulu za kampani.

Kumaliza

Maboma a m’derali ndi amene ali ndi ulamuliro wa demokalase, ndipo amachita ntchito yofunika kwambiri pothandiza anthu kuti akhale ndi moyo wothandiza. Kuchokera ku misewu imene timayendera ndiponso madzi amene timamwa ku mapaki ndi sukulu zimene timaphunzira, zosankha za kumaloko zimakhudza kwambiri ndiponso zimakhalitsa. Kumvetsa ntchito zimenezi, mavuto amene anthu amakumana nawo, ndiponso njira zatsopano zimene anthu akugwiritsa ntchito, zimathandiza anthu okhala m’madera awo kuti azichita zinthu zothandiza.