Chiyambi: Mmene Malamulo a Maseŵera Amakhudzira Ndale

Malamulo amene amalamulira mmene mavoti amatembenuzira mipando ali pakati pa zosankha za makhoti za democracy zimene zingapangidwe. Mwa malamulo ameneŵa, madongosolo a osankhitsa aakulu , pamene wosankhidwa kapena chipani chokhala ndi mavoti ambiri apambana mpando kapena boma lonse . Amaima pa chiyambukiro chawo chachindunji pa mpikisano wa gulu, khalidwe la wovota, ndipo potsirizira pake mlingo wa kulinganizika kwa ndale zadziko kapena kutsendereza chitaganya. Pamene madongosolo ameneŵa amatamandidwa kaŵirikaŵiri kutulutsa maboma otsimikizirika ndi kulimbikitsa kuchonderera, amabweranso ndi zisonkhezero zazikulu zimene zingawonjezere kutentha ndi kuchepetsa mbali za wosankhidwa. Kumvetsetsa mkhalidwe umenewu nkofunika kwa aliyense wokhudza thanzi ndi kukhazikika kwa ulamuliro wa democracy.

Kupenda kumeneku kumapenda njira zimene madongosolo a andale amasonkhezera, kujambula pa umboni woyerekezera ndi maziko a mfundo. Kumafufuza mmene madongosolo ameneŵa amapindulira moyenerera, mikhalidwe imene mmalo mwake amalimbikitsa anthu otengeka maganizo, ndi malonda obadwa nawo posankha njira yosankhira imeneyi. Cholinga ndicho kupereka lingaliro lotsimikizirika, lozikidwa pa umboni wa unansi pakati pa malamulo osankhidwa ndi zipambano za ndale zadziko, popanda kuwonjezerapo kuyerekezera kwa mayanjano, chuma, ndi zinthu zina.

Kufotokoza Njira Zoyendera M’gulu la Oyendetsa Magalimoto

Madongosolo a osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa ndi amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'masankho a United Kingdom, Canada, India, ndi United States (amalo a msonkhano). Mu FPTP, chigawo chilichonse chosankhidwa ndi woimira mmodzi, ndi wosankhidwa ndi chivoti chapamwamba kwambiri . Ngati chiwonkhetso cha chisankho cha United Kingdom, Canada, ndi United States (akuti pakhale mipando ya chigamulo) chimaphatikizapo masankhoswe aŵiri (monga amagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'masankhoti) ndi mavoti (omwe amasankha malo osankhidwa ndi oimira mmodzi, ndi wosankhidwa ndi chivoti wamkulu koposa [1] ngati chiwonkhome cha chiwonkhoma cha chiwonkhomezo cha oimira anthu a Australian.

Madongosolo ameneŵa kwenikweni amapangidwa kuti atulutse opambana ndi okhazikika m'maboma, kaŵirikaŵiri mwa kugwiritsa ntchito mayeso a kuimira. M'FPTP, gulu lingapambane mipando yambiri yosakwanira ndi mbali zambiri za voti yotchuka . Monga momwe zinachitikira ku UK mu 2019, kumene Conservative Party inapambana 56% ya mipando pa 43.6% ya voti. Kutsutsa kumeneku sikuli vuto koma mbali: kumachotsa magulu aang'ono ndi kulimbikitsa kupangidwa kwa mipatuko pakati pa maufumu andale zadziko.

Motsimikizirika, madongosolo a opaleshoni amapanga mphamvu yamphamvu ya kuyendetsa zinthu: amatembenuza mavoti kukhala mipando mwa njira imene imapereka motsatira gulu lalikulu ndi locheperapo. Chiyambukiro cha makina, kupangitsa kuyambukiridwa kwamaganizo kwa ovota ndi maphwando, kusonkhezera mmene amalowera ndi kuchita. Zotsatirapozo nzamphamvu za kuzindikira zonse ziŵiri kuthekera ndi kuwonjezera mphamvu za madongosolo ameneŵa.

Chochititsa Kuchepetsa: Lamulo la Anthu Ochita Zoipa ndi Mpikisano wa Cestripetal

Chiphunzitso chotchuka kwambiri chogwirizanitsa madongosolo a pulogalamu a pulogalamu ya pulogalamu ya m'chigawo ndi cha Duverger, chimene chimati chisankho wamba cha munthu mmodzi (monga FPTP) chimachititsa masankho aŵiri apadera. Chidziŵitso nchomveka: ofufuza m’chigawo adzazindikira mwamsanga kuti voti ya gulu lachitatu “inaikidwa" pokhapokha ngati chipanicho chili cholimbikitsira, chotero amafulumira kutsata kwa oyembekezera aŵiri oyembekezera kupambana. Mofananamo, magulu ndi andale azindikira kuti apambana pansi pa malamulo ameneŵa, ayenera kukopa anthu ambiri pamtandapo, osati kungovomereza mfundo yaing'ono chabe. Nyumbayi ikulukulu ya ofunsira pa malo oonera, kumene kuli chivoti chachikulu.

Mwachitsanzo, ku United States, FPP yalimbikitsa zipani zonse ziŵiri za Democratic ndi Republica kupikisana ndi wovota wa wailesi panthaŵi ya masankho . Kujambula m'mapulatifomu kumene, m’nthanthi, kupambanitsa. Kukopa kumeneku kumawoneka m'maiko onga Canada ndi United Kingdom, kumene magulu aakulu amasiya malo awo otsalira pambuyo pa kutaya masankho ndi kutengera malamulo oyenera. Academic imasonyeza kuti m'madongosolo a FPTPP, olamulira magulu a anthu apafupi ndi pakati pa makhwalala akunja kukongola kuposa mmene amachita m'madongosolo a kulinganiza, akulingalira kuti osankhidwawo sakhala osankhidwawo.

Kulingalira kumafika pa kusankha wofuna kubatizidwa: pansi pa malamulo aakulu, ofunsira okhoza kupambana zigawo, zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimatanthauza kusankha manambala ndi kukopa kwa kumaloko ndi malingaliro osafuna kutchuka. Gulu limene limapititsa patsogolo munthu wa kumanja kapena kumbali yakutali ya pampikisano likhoza kupangitsa kuti ovota oyenerera oyenera kutchuka apezedwe. Monga chotulukapo chake, kusankha kwa gululo kumakhala njira yochotsera njira yolimbana ndi STRAP.

Kupanga Magetsi Abwino Monga Mphamvu Yothandiza

Oyang'anira malo m'madongosolo aakulu amasankhanso mwapadera (kapena machenjera) kusanthula [1] kuika chilolezo osati kwa osankha awo okondedwa kwambiri, koma kwa njira ina yodalirika yotsekereza chosankha chosafunidwa. Khalidwe limeneli nlofala mu UK, kumene anthu a Labour ndi Liberal Democrat amasankha nthaŵi iliyonse imene imakhala ndi mpata wabwino koposa wa kugonjetsa Conservative. Kufufuza kochitidwa mwa kulimbikitsanso kutsendereza zipani zachitatu ndi kukakamiza magulu aakulu kupikisana kaamba ka pakati pa kuchepa. Pamene kuli kwakuti zimenezi zingachepetse kusiyanasiyana kwa malamulo, zimachirikizanso magulu otsutsa amene alibe mphamvu ya gulu la anthu ogwirizana omwe alibe mphamvu yopatuka kupyola mpikisano.

Mapindu a Kulinganizika: Kukhazikika, Kudalirana, ndi Kulamulira Kogwira Mtima

Kusintha kwa ziyambukiro za madongosolo aakulu kumabweretsa mapindu angapo otsimikizirika kaamba ka kulamulira kwa demokrase. Choyamba, zimalimbikitsa kumanga kuvomerezana pakati pa magulu aakulu, kumene kuyenera kusonkhanitsa magulu aakulu a ochirikiza kuti apambane. Mosiyana ndi nyumba zogawikana za malamulo m'madongosolo, kumene magulu aang'ono angalamulire kugwidwa ndi anthu, maboma aakulu kaŵirikaŵiri amalamulira zinthu zazikulu zimene zingapambane bwino malamulo. Zimenezi zimachepetsa malo oyendera limodzi ndipo zimalola kuchitapo kanthu kwakukulu, makamaka mkati mwa mavuto.

Chachiwiri, kugawana kwa magawo aŵiri kwa FPP kumachepetsa kugaŵikana kwa ndale kwa zaka zambiri. Pamene magulu aŵiri okha ndiwo akulamulira zandale, chipani chilichonse chiyenera kuchonderera pakati kuti chipambane . N’chifukwa chake amagaŵana mfundo zofanana pa mfundo zazikulu. Malo amenewa angatumikire monga chotetezera ku kuchuluka kwa maderesi ooneka m'madongosolo andale, kumene magulu aang'ono ambiri angagawane ndi mafuko, chipembedzo, kapena zigawo popanda kulolera kugonja. Chigwirizano cha United Kingdom cha kumapeto kwa nkhondo, chomangidwa ndi kusinthana kwa maboma limodzi ndi malamulo a boma ndi chuma chosiyana, ndi chitsanzo chofala cha kagwirizanitsidwa ndi kagwiridwe ka ntchito ka ntchito kake.

Chachitatu, madongosolo aakulu amachititsa kuŵerengera kowonekera bwino. Ofufuza amadziŵa bwino lomwe kuti ndi liti limene limakhala ndi thayo kaamba ka ziyambukiro za lamulo, chifukwa chakuti chipani chimene chimapambana chingathe kugwiritsa ntchito mapangano ake popanda kusokoneza ndale zadziko zogwirizana. Kumvekera kumeneku kungachepetse malo a mawu otsutsa amene amayesa kutsutsa “maulamuliro a ” osadziŵika bwino. Pamene otola atenga chipani chimodzi kukhala ndi thayo, chipani chimenecho chili ndi chisonkhezero champhamvu cha kulamulira ndi kupeŵa malamulo amene amachotsapo wovota.

Kukhazikika kwa Kamphindi

Komabe, kuli kofunika kudziŵa kuti kukhazikika kopangidwa ndi madongosolo a apamwamba sikuli kwathanzi nthaŵi zonse. Gulu limene limapambana ambiri pa maziko ochepera a chichirikizo (m’chitsanzo, 40 peresenti ya voti) lingakhale lolamulira m’njira zimene zimanyalanyaza zikondwerero za 60% amene anavotera. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, zimenezi zingathetse chidaliro m’mabungwe a demokrase ndi kusonkhezera malingaliro otsutsa kuyambika kwa ndalamazo (a) ngozi imene imatifikitsa kumbali ina: mikhalidwe imene madongosolo aakulu a zinthu amachirikiza, mmalo mwa kutsendereza, smastein.

Mbali Yoipa: Pamene Madongosolo Aakulu Athetsa Kukhulupirirana

Kulingalira kwa madongosolo apamwamba kwa madongosolo apamwamba kumangolingalira kuti ndi opanga osadziŵika bwino lomwe . Ndiko kuti, ovota ambiri kuzungulira pakati. Pamene pulogalamu ya voti igaŵidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana, fuko, kapena chikhalidwe, maluso omwe amalimbikitsa kudalirana kwa anthu m'chitaganya chimodzi angatulutse chiyambukiro chosiyana. M'nkhani zoterozo, FTPP angakulitse mphamvu ya magulu otsutsa, makamaka ngati ali otchuka kapena ngati magulu aakulu alephera kulankhula za kusakhutira kwa anthu kowonjezereka.

Njira imodzi yaikulu ndiyo “kuvota . m'malo opatuka, ochirikiza chipani chachikulu angaone magulu aakulu kukhala ofanana kwambiri kapena monga mbali ya gulu lachinyengo. Kulimbikitsa gulu lankhanzalo kumakhala mtundu wa chitsutso, ndipo chifukwa chakuti dongosolo limapatsa zigaŵenga zachitatu chilango, gulu lotsutsa lingakhale lokha loyenerera kutsata gulu la anthu otchuka m'chigawo china. Mmalo mwa kuthamangira ku chigawo china. Dongosololi lingapange mphamvu kumene kuphana kwa anthu mwa kugwirizanitsa kagulu kotchedwa kuti kapese. Zimenezi zakhala zowonekera makamaka m'zaka zaposachedwapa m'mayambika a magulu apadera a ku Ulaya kumene FPP amagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi kupambana kwa magulu a gulu la anthu a m'chigawo cha chigawo cha ku Ulaya.

Kufufuza za Malo Ozungulira Ndiponso Kusintha Malo

Madongosolo apamwamba a dziko kaŵirikaŵiri amatembenuza kuikidwa kwa dziko m'malo a boma kukhala lamulo lopambanitsa. Mwachitsanzo, ku Canada, opatula a Bloc Québécois amapata mipando yambiri ku Quebec ngakhale kuti alibe dzikolo. Momwemo, FPTP yalola kuti anthu a m'madera osiyanasiyana apambane ndi chipembedzo cha m'madera ena. Ngakhale kuti Bloc siilowerera kwambiri m’lingaliro lachiwawa, imaimira kugaŵikana kwa ndale zadziko m’madera osiyanasiyana, ndipo kukhalapo kwake kungatulutse mikangano pakati pa Quebec ndi Canada. Mofananamo, ku India, FTPPP yalola magulu apamwamba ampatuko ndi achipembedzo kupambana zigawa zankhondo ndi zisonkhetso za dziko, nthaŵi zina pamtengo wa dziko, polamulira dziko.

Pamene malingaliro owopsa achuluka m'madera ambiri, FPP ingawapatse mphamvu yaikulu kwambiri ya lamulo kuposa mbali yawo ya voti. Zimenezi zingayambitse chiyambukiro cha kugonetsana kwa gulu lowopsyalo, kumene MPs zogaŵanitsa m'nyumba ya malamulo, kutembenuza windo la ndale zadziko la Overton kumbali yawo. Ku UK, kukwera kwa UK Independence Party (UKIP) mu 2010, pamene kuli kwakuti kulibe malo okhalako afupi, kusumika maganizo a FPTP ku madera akunja kwa kutsendereza Conservative Bar kuti asure ku 2016 Brentendum.

Kulephera kwa Mapwando Otchuka ndi Mpira Woimba Popyra

Njira ina kuchokera ku quatalianism mpaka ku kukakamizidwa imachitika pamene magulu aŵiri aakulu agwirizana kwambiri pakatipo kotero kuti amasiya mbali yaikulu ya lingaliro la osankhidwiratu losaperekedwa. “kusintha kwa ndale zadziko” kumatsegulira malo a populist ndi otsutsa dongosolo la zinthu zimene zimati “anthu enieni” akulimbana ndi anthu apamwamba. Ku United States, Tea Party ndi kukwera kwa Donald Trump . Magulu aŵiri amene akukula m'Chipani cha Republican mmalo mwa kukhala mphamvu yachitatu yofotokozedwa ndi FPPP. Otsatira ake safuna kudandaula ndi gulu lomwe lilipoligalamu. Chifukwa chakuti, magulu achitatu satha kukwera kwa gulu lalikululo, ayenera kutenga mmodzi mwa magulu aŵiriwo kapena m’kati mwa masunammo. Iwo angatengere mofala kwambiri.

Chochitika ichi . .Imathandiza kufotokoza mmene dongosolo limene limachirikiza kuchirikiza kutengera kutsalira kwa chuma lingatulutse mwadzidzidzi: gulu lalikulu lovomereza mapulatifomu otsutsa amene sakanalingalira m'dongosolo lolinganiza, kumene likanafunikira kukambirana ndi mabwenzi a mgwirizano. Zotsatira zake zingakhale kusintha kofulumira ndi kogwetsa m'kachitidwe, monga momwe kuyendera chipani cha Republican kutembenukira ku ku ku kutchuka kwa chuma ndi kutsutsa kukambitsirana pambuyo pa 2016.

Kuyerekezera Madongosolo a Maatoni ndi Apamwamba: Lingaliro la Magazi Okhala ndi Moyo

Palibe dongosolo la pulogalamu ya pulogalamu yapadera imene ili yokwanira, ndipo kugwirizana pakati pa gulu lililonse ndi kutengeka maganizo kumadalira kwambiri pa nkhani yake. Madongosolo a PR, amene amaika mipando m'magulu osagwirizana kuti avote, amagwiritsidwa ntchito monga ophatikizapo ndi oimira. Amalola anthu ambiri aang'ono kukhala okhazikika, kuchepetsa ngozi zimene gulu lililonse limaona kuti nlosafunika. Komabe, PR imaikanso maupandu ake: ingathe kugawalitsa nyumba za nyumba za malamulo m'magulu ambiri aang'ono, ikumapanga zipani zovuta ndi kukhazikitsa zipani zotsutsa ndi kuchititsa zipani zopotoza zipani ndi 5. Mayiko monga Israel ndi Italiya akumana ndi kusakhazikika ndi kuphatikizidwa kwa anthu ogwirizana olamulira.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, madongosolo a ochirikiza ang’onoang’ono amachotsapo magulu aang'ono otsutsa kusiyapo ngati ali ndi malo ambiri. Kuyeza kumeneku kungakhale dalitso la bata, komanso kumatanthauza kuti pamene magulu osonkhezera achita zachiphamaso abuka, kaŵirikaŵiri amachita zimenezo ndi mapazi aakulu chifukwa chakuti atenga mbali yaikulu. Motero chibadwa cha FPTP chingachititse “kuphulika kwamphamvu” kutembenukira ku styrainstem, pamene kuli kwakuti PR imalola kuti pakhale malingaliro otsalirapo pang’onopang’ono koma osalekeza.

Unansi pakati pa masankho osankhidwa ndi ouma mutu umakhala ndi kakhalidwe ka anthu, mikhalidwe ya zachuma, ndi mapangidwe a mabungwe ena a ndale zadziko (monga ngati kulemera kwa dziko, boma, ndi kupenda ). Mwachitsanzo, madongosolo aakulu a zandale akuwoneka kukhala oyenera kwambiri m'magulu okhala ndi kugaŵanika kwa mafuko, pamene angayambitse kulimbana m'magawo ogaŵanika kwambiri. Kumpoto kwa Ireland ndi FPTPPPP Activespulverance [1] Kumpomwe Apulotesitanti-UNIS ndi Achikatolika adatsekedwa m'kangano wa zero-ill , .

Kukonza Zinthu: Kuumirira Kuchoka Pansi Popanda Kudzimana

Polingalira za malondawo, kodi maiko amene amagwiritsira ntchito njira zothandizira anthu ovutika maganizo angachepetse motani ngozi ya kumwerekera pamene akusunga mapindu a boma lotsimikiza?

Ntchito Yosagwiritsidwa Ntchitonso / Kutulutsa Malo Opangira

Mwa kulola ovota kusankha opikisana, voti ina (AV) imatsimikizira kuti wopambana ayenera kusungitsa zokonda zambiri, osati kungochuluka . Zimenezi zingachepetse upandu wa kupambana kopambanitsa ndi kagulu kakang’ono ndi kaukali. AV amalimbikitsanso oyembekezera kufunafuna zinthu zachiŵiri ndi zachitatu kwa otsutsa, kulimbikitsa kugwirizana kwa opikisana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zolankhulira. Zomwe Australia yakumana nazo ndi AV pa Nyumba ya Oimira amasonyeza kuti sinachotsepo ulamuliro waukulu koma yachepetsa upandu wa oloŵa mpikisano pa kuvota kogawanika.

Njira Zolumikizira za MMber Proportigaal (MMP)

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito ku Germany, New Zealand, ndi kwina kulikonse, MMP imaphatikiza zigawo za zigawo chimodzi (zokhala ndi mbali) ndi chigawo chapamwamba kutsimikizira kuti mpando uliwonse ugaŵane monga ngati wovota. Izi zimasunga kuŵerengera kwa FPTP pomwe zikuchepetsa kwambiri kusagwirizana kwa FP. Mwakupatsa mamembala aang'ono malo, MMP ikhoza kuletsa magulu aakulu kunyalanyaza mbali zina za wosandutsa, kuchotsapo pheetansi ya plulist yomwe ingakolezere. Komabe, MMP imafunanso kuphunzira malamulo atsopano osankha masankho ndi kutsogolera ku maboma a mgwirizano, amene ena amakondera chifukwa cha kusakhala kwawo koma ena amawona kukhala osasankha kwenikweni.

Kusintha Zinthu

M'maiko onga United States, kujambula malire a chigawo kuti ayanjane ndi anthu opatuka kapena chipani china kungawonjezere vuto la kuuma mtima mwa kupanga “mipando yotetezeka” kumene masankho ampikisano okha amalamulidwa ndi mavoti a chipani chokangalika ndi a malingaliro. Makomiti a kusanthula a redigoligi ndi malamulo a Independent amene afuna kuti madera akhale ogwirizana ndi opikisana angachepetse chiyambukiro chimenechi, kukakamiza oimira kuchonderera ku chisankho chachikulu koposa m’malo mwa kungotsata anthu otsata.

Kuchepetsa Zopinga Kuloŵa m’Malikiti Achitatu

Madongosolo ena a akulu a malamulo amakhazikitsa kulembetsa kolimba ndi malungo a m'magazi amene amapanga kukhala kosatheka kwa magulu atsopano, kutumiza kusakhutira konse kupyolera mwa zifuno za kusuta . Kuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito zofunika zimenezi . Pamene kuli kwakuti kusungirirabe njira zina zopitira ku kuchuluka kwa oyembekezera kubatizidwa . Kukhoza kupereka magawo achitatu apakati ndi kutsutsa magulu aakulu kuchokera pakati mmalo mwa kupambanitsa. Chokumana nacho cha Liberal Demoratats mu UK (mipando ya kumadera ena) chimasonyeza kuti magulu achitatu angagwire ntchito monga mphamvu pansi pa FPPPP ngati angapange chigwirizano cha kumaloko.

Mapeto ake: Lupanga Lokhala ndi Malupanga Aakulu

Madongosolo a osanthula aakulu samakhala achibadwa kapena ogaŵanika; mmalo mwake, ziyambukiro zawo zimadalira pa chitaganya chimene amagwira ntchito. M'zivomerezo zofanana ndi kugwirizana kwakukulu pa maziko, zimalimbikitsa oyembekezera kuchonderera kwa pakati, kutulutsa maboma okhazikika ndi osintha. M'magawo ogaŵanika kwambiri kapena osintha mofulumira, ngakhale kuli tero, iwo anganeneze mphamvu ya magulu a anthu ogwirizana, ndi kusiya mbali zazikulu za anthu odzimva kukhala opatukana.

Phunziro lalikulu ndi lakuti kapangidwe ka dongosolo la osankhidwa kayenera kukhala koyenera kuyang'anira chitaganya ndi ndale zadziko. Dongosolo limene limagwira bwino ntchito bwino m'dziko lina lingakhale loopsa m'dziko lina. Okonzanso ayenera kuona osati kokha kutembenuza mavoti m'mipando komanso kachitidwe kamaganizo ndi kapadera ka zipani, oyembekezera, ndi ovota. Madongosolo osanganizidwa onga MMP akupereka kulinganizika kotsimikizirika, kuphatikiza pamodzi ndi chitetezo cha . Masitepeti amodzi monga malamulo a zandalama, kufalikira kwa nyuzi, ndi kuyang'anira kwa paokhawokha m'malo, nkofunika mofanana kutetezera Redemocration .

Pomalizira pake, cholinga si kupanga dongosolo la opaleshoni langwiro lomwe sililiko, koma kupanga zisonkhezero zimene zimapatsa mphotho yomangirira, kuphatikizapo ndale pamene zikugonjetsa mtundu wa kulimbana kwa zero-sum kumene kumafooketsa kukhulupirira demokrase. Madongosolo a akaziritiale ali ndi mbali yaikulu yochitira zimenezi, koma kokha ngati tikhalabe ozindikira kupereŵera kwawo ndipo tikufuna kuzoloŵera pamene mikhalidwe ikusintha.