Kumvetsa Madongosolo a Asilikali

Madongosolo a osankhidwiratu, otchulidwa kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala a “ woyamba-mbuyo-post ̵ (FPP) kapena “winner-takes-all „ madongosolo, ali pakati pa njira zakale ndi zogwiritsiridwa ntchito kwambiri zotembenuzira mipando ya malamulo. Mpangidwe wawo woyera, dziko limagaŵidwa kukhala zigawo zachigawo chimodzi, ndi wofunsira amene alandira chiŵerengero chachikulu cha mavoti ̬ osati kwenikweni unyinji wa 50% &812; mapulogalamu ogwiritsiridwa ntchito kwambiri. Njira imeneyi ndi yomveka bwino: kusankha mmodzi wosankha, wobatizidwa, ndi wotchuka kwambiri m’chigawo chilichonse.

Osiyana a qualitarianism amaphatikizapo njira ziŵiri (zogwiritsiridwa ntchito ku France kaamba ka chisankho cha pulezidenti ndi cha malamulo), kumene kumachitika kachiŵiri ngati palibe wobatizidwa amene amapeza unyinji wonse m'mbali yoyamba, ndi voti ina (ogwiritsiridwa ntchito ku Australia ku Nyumba ya Oimira), kumene osankha ofunsira ndi oyembekezera ocheperapo amachotsedwa kufikira mmodzi atasungitsa unyinji wa anthu. Mosasamala kanthu za kusiyana kumeneku, malingaliro aakulu amakhalabe chimodzimodzi: chilakiko cha osankhidwa amagaŵiridwa mwa kukwaniritsa gawo lalikulu la mavoti m’chigawo, mmalo mwa kutsimikizira kuti magulu alandire mipando mogwirizana ndi kugawa kwawo.

Madongosolo a opaleshoni kaŵirikaŵiri amatamandidwa kaamba ka kutulutsa maboma okhazikika a mbali imodzi chifukwa chakuti amakulitsa kugaŵana kwa mpando wa chipani chachikulu koposa. Kukhazikika kumeneku kungapange mizera yowonekera ya kuŵerengera ndi kulola kupanga malamulo otsimikizirika. Komabe, njira zofananazo zimene zimapanga maboma okhazikika zimapanganso kupotoza kwakukulu m’mizera, kumene kumayambukira mwachindunji kuyambika kwa madongosolo andale zadziko. Kumvetsa mmene madongosolo aakulu a zopanga zinthu amayambukirira kuyambika, kuli kofunika choyamba kusanthula zisonkhetso zimene amapanga kaamba ka mapwando, ofunsira, ndi ovota.

Mmene Madongosolo Aakulu Angachirikizire Kukonzanso Ndale

Pa kuyang’ana koyamba, madongosolo aakulu akuwoneka kukhala akuletsa kupatuka ku mbali zazikulu. Ndiiko komwe, magulu amene amayembekezera kupambana ayenera kukopa pa gulu lalikulu, kaŵirikaŵiri la osankhidwa. Komabe mkati mwa chitsenderezo chimenechi, ziungwe zazikulu zingayambitsedi kuyambitsidwa kwa zinthu zandale m’njira zingapo.

Odziŵerengera Mlandu Opatula

Chifukwa chakuti madongosolo aakulu amatulutsa maboma amodzi opanga chilolezo chomveka bwino, ovota angapereke ngongole kapena mlandu kwa zotsatira za lamulo. Kuŵerengera kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti magulu a anthu ayenera kupitiriza kusonyeza kupambana kwawo kusunga mphamvu. M’madera ampikisano, mpikisano, makampani amasonkhezeredwa kufunsa malamulo atsopano amene amawasiyanitsa ndi otsutsa. Mwachitsanzo, mu United Kingdom, Conservative Party pansi pa Margaret Leacher ayambitsa kusintha kwa malonda kokhala ndi mphamvu kwa msika ̬ kuphatikizapo kuyambitsa makampani a boma ndi makampani opimira ndi opimira kumbuyo kwa boma &812; kuti kunali kwatsopano kwambiri panthaŵiyi. Dongo lalikulu la opanga mapanganowo linalola gululo kugwiritsa ntchito mwamsanga, popanda kusankhidwa.

Mofananamo, United States ’ dongosolo lopambana la kupambana latheketsa ntchito yaudindo molimba mtima m'nthaŵi za mavuto: Franklin D. Roosevelt ̱ New Deal ndi Barack Obama ̱ Affordble Care Act onse aŵiri adaikidwa ndi gulu limodzi lolamulira Congress ndi decritive . Mkhalidwe uliwonse, kapangidwe kapamwamba ka ka ka kazembe ka malamulo ka zinthu kamalola kusintha mofulumira chifukwa chakuti gulu lopambanalo lingakakamize kupyola ndandanda yake popanda kulolera molakwa. Pamene kuli kwakuti maprojekitiwo si otchuka kapena achipambano nthaŵi zonse, dongosolo la ̱ kukhoza kupereka mphamvu ya kuyesa kumene kuli kofala m’madongosolo logwirizana.

Kukhazikika Kumapanga Maziko a Kusintha kwa Nthaŵi Yaitali

Maboma aakulu kaŵirikaŵiri ngokhazikika kuposa maboma ogwirizana, omwe angakhale osalimba ndi okhoterera ku kugwa. Boma lokhazikika lokhala ndi utali wotsimikizirika lingagwiritsiridwe ntchito m'maprojekiti a ndale amene amafuna kuti zikhale zokhazikika, monga kukonza zinthu zamakono, kusintha maphunziro, kapena kufufuza ndi kukonza. Mwachitsanzo, South Korea’ maaunti aakulu a dongosolo lake lopanga zinthu anathandizira kusumika maganizo pa kuwonjezereka kwa luso la zopangapanga zinthu panthaŵi yake yofulumira. Boma linakhoza kulondola malamulo atsopano a zoyendetsera zinthu m'mabungwe a kagulu kamodzi, ndi kumanga kwake kotsatirapo kamodzi pa zoyesayesa kalelo m’malo mwa kuwasintha.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, masankho a nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi ndi kugwirizana kwa madongosolo angasokoneze kulinganiza kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Pamene kuli kwakuti magulu ogwirizana angayambitse kugwirizana kwakukulu, iwo amayambitsanso SEPS yomwe imaletsa kuikizira malonda aakulu amene angapangitse nyengo yoposa imodzi ya nyumba ya malamulo. Boma lodalirika la malamulo likhoza kukhazikitsa malo otetezeka kuti ayesetse, makamaka pamene gulu lolamuliralo lili ndi ufulu wochuluka ndipo likuyang'anizana ndi chiwopsezo cha kutha msanga.

Mapulaneti Olimbikitsa ndi Kugwira Malo Ake Onse

Kuti apambane kuchuluka kwa anthu m’chigawo chimodzi, oyembekezera ayenera kukopa ku mbali yaikulu ya masankho osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo osankha moyenerera, ovota, ndiponso ngakhale ena ochirikiza magulu ena. Zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimakakamiza magulu kuti apange mapulatifomu opapatiza amene amakambirana zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Mapulatifomu ameneŵa angakhale atsopano chifukwa chakuti amafuna kuti anthu ayambe kukambirana mfundo zosiyanasiyana za malamulo osiyanasiyana m'programu. Chitsanzo chimodzi chodziŵika ndicho ̴ Third ” anatengedwa ndi UK Labour Party pansi pa Tony Blair mu 1990, imene imagwirizanitsa malonda ndi nkhani za kakhalidwe kakhalidwe kakhalidwe ka anthu. Kusintha kumeneku kunathandiza Labour kupambana dziko mu 1997 ndi kukonzanso ndale ya Britain.

Chisonkhezero cha kumanga magulu aakulu chingatsogolerenso ku kutengera malamulo amene poyamba anali oletsedwa. Mwachitsanzo, nkhani za malo okhala zinapezedwa mofala m'madongosolo aakulu pamene zipani zazikulu zinaphatikiza malamulo obiriŵira m'mapulatifomu awo kuti zitenge anthu ovota. Ku Canada, Liberal Party ’ kutengera msonkho wa carbon mu 2019, ngakhale kuti poyamba kutsutsa, kunasonkhezeredwa ndi kufunika kwa kukopa anthu a m’tauni pokwera pampikisano. Motero, pamene kuli kwakuti madongosolo aakulu angachepetse chiŵerengero cha anthu opambana, iwo angalimbikitse magulu aakuluwo kuti akhalepo osankhidwa kuti akhalebe oyenerera.

Mavuto Amene Amakumana Nawo Ndiponso Kusintha Zinthu m’Magulu Olamulira

Ngakhale kuti pali mapindu amene angapezeke, madongosolo a zandale amachititsanso kuti pakhale zopinga zazikulu pa zandale.

Kupondereza kwa Malingaliro Atsopano

Duverger ’ malamulo, lamulo la sayansi yodziŵika bwino, limavomereza kuti madongosolo a zandale aakulu amapanga madongosolo aŵiri a mbali ziŵiri. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, ovota ndi opereka amakopeka ku magulu aŵiri aakulu chifukwa chakuti magulu aang'ono amaonedwa monga a pa ̴ ovotera ochitidwa. ” Kumeneku kumachititsa mphamvu kuchepetsa kwambiri chiŵerengero cha malingaliro opezeka m'misika yandale. Malamulo atsopano kaŵirikaŵiri amachokera ku zipani zachitatu kapena magulu a anthu, koma m'malamulo aakulu, mawu ameneŵa amachotsedwa mokhazikika kuchokera ku zigamu zopereka malamulo popanda kuswa malire aŵiri.

Ku United States, Green Party ndi Libertarian Party yakhala ikuyesayesa kupata mipando iriyonse pa mlingo wa boma mosasamala kanthu za kulandira nthaŵi zina mavoti mamiliyoni ambiri m'masankho a pulezidenti. Monga chotulukapo, nkhani zonga ngati ndalama zachibadwa za onse, kuchotsapo kwa mankhwala, kapena kutsegulidwa kwamphamvu kwa carbon kwatenga zaka makumi ambiri kuloŵa m'kutsutsana kwakukulu, ndipo kokha pambuyo pa kuikidwa pamodzi ndi Democrates kapena Republicans. Motero ulamuliro wa aŵiriwo ukuchedwetsa kuikidwa kwa malingaliro achilendo, popeza kuti ayenera choyamba kukhala ndi moyo mchitidwe wa mkati mwa magulu aakulu, osatsutsika.

Ngozi ya Kumwa Dzuŵa ndi Kupatukana

Madongosolo a ochirikiza makampani, makamaka amene ali ndi mbali imodzi ya kuvota, amalimbikitsa kutsutsa ndi kugaŵa madera ena. Ophunzirawo alibe chisonkhezero chokwanira cha kukopa anthu kunja kwawo ngati angapambane ndi kuchuluka kochepa. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku kulimbikitsa ochirikiza amwambo mmalo mwa kupanga kuvomerezana kosiyana kwa njira zatsopano. Ku United States, kuyendetsa konyanya kwathetsa chikhoterero chimenechi, kuyambitsa madera otetezeka kumene chiwopsezo chenicheni cha osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa okha chimachokera ku chitoko. Mmalo oterowo, kusamala ndi kusintha zinthu kumalangidwa, pamene malo ochititsa kuti zipeze mphotho.

Kusintha zinthu kumalepheretsanso kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo amene amafuna kuchirikiza bipartisan. Mwachitsanzo, kusintha kwabwino kwa misonkho kapena kusintha kwa nyengo mu US kwakhala kovuta kwa zaka makumi ambiri chifukwa chakuti chipani chachikulu chilichonse chimaona kuti ’ malingaliro ake ndi a osayenera. Dongosolo lapamwamba la anthu, mwa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu m'magulu aŵiri ogwirizana, likhoza kuyambitsa njira zosinthira zinthu m’malo mwa kuchita zinthu mwamphamvu. Pamene kuli kwakuti maboma a magulu a anthu ogwirizana m'madongosolo aungwe amafunikira kulolerana, nthaŵi zina kukhoza kuyambitsa njira zatsopano zimene zimachokera ku miyambo yambiri.

Kusumika Maganizo pa Kanthaŵi Kochepa ndi Kutsatira Myopia

Kulingalira kwa kayendedwe ka voti kuli kwakukulu kwambiri m'madongosolo a masankho. Pakachitika masankho pa zaka zinayi kapena zisanu zilizonse, magulu amayang'anizana ndi chitsenderezo chosalekeza cha kupereka mapindu otsimikizirika kwa ovota m'kanthaŵi kochepa. Kupanga ndalama kwanthaŵi yaitali kumene kumatulutsa mapindu pambuyo pa nyengo zambiri zosankhidwiratu ̵ monga ngati kufufuza kwa sayansi, kutetezera thanzi, kapena kusungitsa zinthu zofunika panyengo, kaŵirikaŵiri kumachepetsedwa chifukwa chakuti amapereka malipiro ochepa a osankhidwa. Andale angasankhe kudula misonkho kapena kuwonjezera maprogramu otchuka mmalo mwa kulondola masinthidwe angozi amene sangabale zipatso kufikira atachoka pa ofesi.

Chochitika chimenechi chalembedwa bwino mu UK, kumene maboma otsatizana asulizidwa kaamba ka kutsutsana kwa ntchito za zomangamanga zanthaŵi yaitali zonga kukwera kwa njanji kapena mphamvu ya nyukliya. Kaimidwe kachidule kachirikizidwa ndi dongosolo lapamwamba la UK ̱ kugogomezera pa mlandu wa munthu aliyense: boma limodzi limakhala ndi mlandu wonse wa kulephera koma linganenenso kuti likhoza kupatsidwa chilolezo chonse cha . Kuwopa kupatsidwa mlandu wa kuyambika kosatsimikizirika kaŵirikaŵiri kumaposa mphotho imene ingaperekedwe.

Kuyerekezera: Madongosolo a Maselo Oyendera

Kupenda bwino kugwirizana kwa makompyuta osankhidwiratu ndi kuyambika kwa ndale zadziko, kuli bwino kuyerekezera madongosolo aakulu ndi madongosolo oimira (PR). Madongosolo a PR amaika mipando m'magulu osayenera kwa gulu lililonse̱ mavoti, makamaka m'zigawo zosiyanasiyana. Mayiko onga Sweden, Norway, Netherlands, ndi New Zealand amagwiritsira ntchito mtundu wina wa PR , ndipo madongosolo ameneŵa amapanga makhomageti ndi maboma osiyanasiyana.

Kusintha Kupyolera m’Njira: Maphunziro Kuchokera ku Madongosolo a Zinthu

Madongosolo a proportationaged projectact imalola zipani zazing'ono kuloŵa m'nyumba ya malamulo, kuwonjezera malingaliro osiyanasiyana m'kutsutsana kwa malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, zipani za Green, zinapeza mipando ya nyumba ya malamulo zaka makumi ambiri m'mbuyomo ku Germany ndi Sweden kuposa ku United States kapena United Kingdom, ndipo chifukwa chake malamulo a malo okhala anatengedwa mwamsanga m'maiko amenewo. Kukhalapo kwa magulu ambiri kumalimbikitsanso kuyambitsa kumanga mapangano: Kukwera mamendo akumanja ndi kukwera kwa kumanja kungabwereke malingaliro kuchokera ku magulu a malo awo popanda kumanga maziko awo, popeza kuti kukambitsirana kwa mgwirizano kumaphatikizapo malonda ndi zinthu zina zochokera ku miyambi yosiyanasiyana.

Ndiponso, madongosolo a PR angachirikize kuyambitsidwa kwa maulamuliro okha. Ku New Zealand, kuyambitsidwa kwa mamembala osanganizidwa (MMP) mu 1996 kunatsogolera ku kupangidwa kwa mabungwe odziimira alamulo ndi njira yofunsira kwambiri malamulo. Kufunikira kwa kumanga magulu a zigwirizano zambiri kwalimbikitsanso kuyesa ndi zida za demokrase zochotsera ufulu wa munthu, zonga nzika ̱ misonkhano yonena za kusintha kwa malamulo ndi njira ya madera. Mabungwe ameneŵa si ofala kwambiri m'madongosolo aakulu a malamulo, kumene gulu lolamulira linganyalanyazenso mawu a anthu ochepa.

Kukhazikika kwa Malonda

Komiti ya Alaventiaism ’ mapindu ndi mphamvu yamphamvu, imene imalola kusintha kwa mwamsanga pamene chipani chimodzi chikugwira mbali yaikulu. Izi zingakhale zothandiza kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina zofunikira kuchitidwa motsimikiza. M'madongosolo, makambitsirano a mgwirizano angachedwe kapena kupeputsa malingaliro a kulakalaka. Mwachitsanzo, Sweden ̱ zikondwerero za nyengo zokhumba zachitidwa mwa kutsalira mapangano a mtanda, koma njirayo yakhala yosatsata ndi yotsalira ndi yotsalirapo malamulo otetezera malo opangidwa ndi UḴ maboma amodzi ogawana kumayambiriro kwa 1990.

Komabe, kukhazikika kwa madongosolo aakulu kungakhalenso kowopsa: ngati gulu lolamuliralo lili losakhoza kusintha, kusintha kumatsekerezedwa kotheratu kufikira pamene chisankho chibweretsa gulu latsopano ku ulamuliro. M'madongosolo a PR, ngakhale ngati gulu lolamulira lili losamala, magulu otsutsa ndi anthu ang'onoang'ono angakakamize kukhazikitsa malamulo atsopano kuchokera mkati. Zimenezi nzimene zikuwonekera ku Netherlands, kumene boma latengera malamulo opita patsogolo a mankhwala ndi kuyesayesa kwa kakhalidwe ka anthu kumene sikungatheke m'katenga njira zonse zopambana.

Ntchito ya Chipani ndi Chikhalidwe cha Zandale

Palibe dongosolo la pulogalamu ya sankho limene limagwira ntchito m’chinthu chopanda kanthu; ziyambukiro zake zimaimiridwa ndi dongosolo la chipani, chikhalidwe chandale, ndi malamulo a . Mwachitsanzo, India̱ madongosolo a FPP; akuluakulu a dongosolo la zipani zogawidwa kwambiri pamlingo wa boma, omwe amatsogolera ku malo a nyumba ya malamulo amene ali ankhaninkhani kusiyana ndi Duverger Ù malamulo angalote. M'malo oterowo, kuyambika kwa zipani zandale zimene zimayambitsa malamulo atsopano ogwirizana ndi zosoŵa za kumaloko. Indian National Congress ndi Bariya Party Yaniata adatengera malingaliro aŵiri onsewo kuchokera kwa zigawo zazing'ono, monga kutumiza ndalama kwa anthu aumoyo ndi a zaumoyo.

Mofananamo, Canada’ dongosolo la osamalira malo silinaletse kubuka kwa chiŵalo chachitatu chopulumuka mu New Democratic Party (NDP), chimene chakhala ndi kulinganizika kwa mphamvu m'maboma angapo ndi kusonkhezera kukonzanso malamulo m'madera monga ngati chisamaliro cha zaumoyo ndi zoyenera za antchito. NDP̱ kukhoza kupulumuka mosasamala kanthu za dongosolo losankhidwiratu kumasonyeza kuti zinthu za boma zokha sizingagamule zotulukapo. Chikhalidwe chandale, kuphatikizapo kufunitsitsa kwa magulu aakulu a za kukhazikitsa malingaliro akunja ndi kukhalapo kwa mayanjano amphamvu, zimachita mbali yofunika kwambiri.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, m'maiko okhala ndi mbiri ya kugaŵikana kwa ndale zadziko. Madongosolo aakulu angawonjezere kutseguka kwa malamulo. United States ̱ kulekana kwa maulamuliro pamodzi ndi FPTP; malamulo alamulo kupanga nsonga zambiri zimene zingaletse kuyambika ngakhale pamene chipani chimodzi chilamulira zipinda zonse ziŵiri. Mosiyana ndi, UḴ ulamuliro wa palamente umalola gulu la anthu ambiri kutsata malamulo mofulumira, koma kusoŵa kwa machenjezo alamulo kungatsogolere ku zinthu zatsopano zosakonzedwa bwino zimene pambuyo pake zakonzedwanso, monga momwe zinachitikira ndi msonkho wofufuza mu 1990.

Kusintha Zinthu Kumene Kungayambitse Zochita za Anyani Okhala Mkati mwa Masitima Opanga Zinthu

Komabe, kusintha kochuluka m’madongosolo a zauyang’aniro kungachititse kuti zinthu zisinthe n’kukhala zogwirizana ndi ndale.

Kuyambitsa Kachipangizo Katsopano Kothandiza Kupanga Zinthu

RCV imachepetsa chisonkhezero cha ndawala yotsutsa ndi kulimbikitsa oyembekezera kufunsira ku chigawo chimodzi . M’kulondola, Australia ̱ Nyumba ya Oimira imagwiritsira ntchito RCV ndipo yawona kuwonjezereka kwa kuimira kwa kagulu kochepa koyerekezera ndi FTP. RCV ikhozanso kulimbikitsa mapulatifomu atsopano ambiri chifukwa chakuti oyembekezera kulowawo angalimbikitse kufunsira ku masankhiritsira apamwamba a magulu ena popanda kuwopa kugawa.

Madera Opanda Apartisan Ofiira ndi Opanikiza

Gerrymandering ndi mbali yaikulu yothandizira kugaŵanitsa ndi kusoŵeka kwa kukonza zinthu m'madongosolo aakulu. Pamene zigawo zikopeka kukhala zosungika kwa chipani chimodzi, opangika alibe chisonkhezero cha kukonzanso. Kukhazikitsa makomiti adzifunira, monga momwe amachitira m'maiko angapo a US ndi ku Canada, kungayambitse zigawo za mpikisano. Ankhondo ogwirizana ndi ofunsira malamulo amene amasonkhezera kuchulukitsa ovota, kulimbikitsa kusamala ndi mavuto atsopano. Mwachitsanzo, California ̱ makhonsati odziimira paokha a mpikisano wa mpikisano wa Nyumba za Nyumba ndipo atamandidwa ndi mamenti osonkhezera anthu kuti apereke malamulo a ku Pragmatego.

Kutseguka kwa Nyumba za Opartarian ndi Kusankha Kopanda Partistan

Magulu otsekerezedwa, amene amachepetsa kutenga nawo mbali kwa ziŵalo za parti , amapanga oyembekezera amene amavomereza kupambanitsa kwa malingaliro, kuchepetsa malo kaamba ka makhonde atsopano. Otsegulira, kumene ovota onse angatengemo mbali mosasamala kanthu za gulu, amalimbikitsa oyembekezera kupanga mapangano aakulu kuyambira pachiyambi. M'maboma onga Washington ndi California, dongosolo lapamwamba lapamwamba - ziŵiri (losakhala lapambali kumene mavoti aŵiri aakulu koposa a kuyambika) atsogolera ku kusankhidwa kwa oyembekezera oyenerera kudutsa mizera ya zipani. Oyembekezera otero kaŵirikaŵiri amatsegula kwambiri kuti apeze njira zatsopano kuposa aja otuluka kuchokera ku maglogita.

Kulimbikitsa Chipani Chachikulu Kulamulira Ndalama za Chipani

Madongosolo a zipani kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga chilango champhamvu, chimene chingaletse kutsutsana kwa mkati ndi kuletsa mapempho a banch kuti athetse lamulo latsopano. Masinthidwe amene amapatsa opanga malamulo ufulu wowonjezereka kuyambitsa mafaindi kapena kuvota motsutsana ndi gulu la zipani angapange nyumba zoyamwitsa kuvomereza kwambiri ku malingaliro atsopano. UK wayesa ndi kusintha kwa makomiti kumene kumawonjezera mphamvu ya agogo, ndipo boma la United States lili ndi malamulo amene amalola mamembala ake kunyalanyaza utsogoleri wa gulu ndi opanga makampani ambiri. Pamene kuli kwakuti masinthidwe ameneŵa sasintha dongosolo la osankhidwawo, iwo angachepetse chikhoterero chake cha kutsendekera.

Kumaliza

Madongosolo a osankhira akupereka unansi wotsutsana ndi kusintha kwa ndale zadziko. Kumbali imodzi, iwo amasumika maganizo pa mphamvu, amapanga kuŵerengera kowonekera bwino, ndipo angakhoze kuchititsa kachitidwe kotsimikizirika kamene kabweretsa njira zatsopano ku moyo. Kumbali ina, iko kumasintha mbali ziŵiri, kuyambitsa kusamuka, ndi kubwezera mphotho za kulingalira kwa kanthaŵi kochepa, zimene zingaletse kubuka kwa malingaliro achilendo. Chiyambukiro chenicheni cha madongosolo aakulu amadongosolo chimasiyana kwambiri malinga ndi mfundo zina ndi chikhalidwe. Maiko onga ngati UK ndi India akumana ndi zonse ziŵiri kusintha kwamphamvu ndi nyengo zanthaŵi yaitali muuntia.

Mfungulo ya aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira njakuti palibe dongosolo la ofufuza limene lili lachibadwa “ Benefite ̵ kuti apange zinthu zatsopano; zisonkhezero zamphamvu zilizonse m’njira zosiyanasiyana. Kumvetsetsa zisonkhezero zimenezi kumatheketsa nzika ndi opanga malamulo kupanga zigwirizano zogwirizanitsa ̬ monga ngati kukonzanso kodziimira, kutsegulira, kapena kutsegulira malo osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa, kukhozabe kukhala galimoto ya kukonza zinthuzo, koma iyenera kuipanga kukhala yothandiza kuti ikhale ndi zinsinsi zake. Monga momwe democracyism padziko lonse imayang'anizana ndi mavuto ovuta kuchokera ku kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kusokonezeka kwa za zandale, kukhoza kuyambitsa ndi kukonza zinthu. Majetariantia, ndi chitetezo, angakhalebe galimoto yachikulu, koma iyenera kuipanga mizu ya zikulu kuti asiye.

[[FLT :] Kuŵerenga kowonjezera: Kusanthula kwakuya kwa ziyambukiro za dongosolo la ofufuza, onani ntchito: Electoral Systems ndi Factor Reformation Society . Kufufuza kolinganiza, kutanthauza CD OO stator of Public Relitiontion .