Magulu a anthu akhala mphamvu yosonkhezera kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi malamulo a India, kaŵirikaŵiri akumagwira ntchito monga zosonkhezera kusintha kwa madongosolo a boma pamene njira zaumoyo zikhala zochedwa kapena zosalabadira. Magulu ameneŵa, ochokera ku mamidzi ndi m'mizinda, amalongosola zinthu zimene gulu la magulu a alimi, antchito, ndi nzika zodera nkhaŵa ndi kuyendetsa. Mosiyana ndi magulu opanikizana, amasonkhanitsa malingaliro a anthu, kusokoneza maganizo a anthu, kusokoneza ndale zadziko za tsiku ndi tsiku, ndi kukakamiza boma kupendanso zofunika zake. M’zaka makumi ambiri, kuchokera ku ankhondo yolimbana ndi kulephera kwa zaka za zaka za 2010 mpaka kuukira kwa alimi kwa zaka zambirimbirimbiri, magulu ameneŵa aona kusintha kwalamulo, malamulo a boma, ndi kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka mbiri, zitsanzo za m'mbiri, zisonyezero zamakono, ndi zopirira mavuto za boma m'dziko la Indiana.

Mbiri Yakale: Kuchokera pa Kudziimira Paokha Kufika ku Republic Yoyambirira

Maziko amakono a kakhalidwe ka anthu mu India ali m'kulimbana kwa ufulu wa dziko lonse, kugwiritsa ntchito kwaunyinji kumene kunaphatikiza malingaliro otsutsa ulamuliro wa dziko ndi kufunidwa kwa chilungamo cha anthu. Atsogoleri onga B. Ambedkar, amene anachirikiza zoyenera za Dalits, ndi Kastba Gandhi, amene anagwira ntchito yothandiza akazi kukhala ndi mphamvu, anasonyeza mmene ufulu wandale zadziko unakhalira wotsagana ndi anthu a dziko. Postsoka1947, funde loyamba la makampani ofotokoza za kusintha dziko, kagulu ka kagulu ka maufumu, ndi ufulu wa akazi. [[FT.[FLT]] Balton [FFLD .FFOLD: 1] [1] [zipansinsi] zopikiritsidwa ndi ziwombo zandale zadziko zokakamiza kuti apereke dziko lapansi, kusonkhezera boma logwirizana ndi dziko. [FT.N]

Mkati mwa 1970 ndi 1980, kuyendetsa malo okhala kunatchuka m'maiko. Cipko Movement (773) m’nkhalango za Himalaya anagwiritsira ntchito chitsutso chosavulaza kuletsa kudula mitengo, kukakamiza boma kuletsa mitengo yamalonda kugwetsa m'madera ambiri ndipo potsirizira pake kupitirira nkhalango yotetezerako (1980). Mofananamo, Narda Bachao Andolan [N] (NBA) yotsutsa ntchito zazikulu za mada, kugwetsa chiyambukiro, kuzungulira chilengedwe, ndi kuonekera kwa zinthu. Ngakhale kuti NBA sinaimitse mada onse, ntchito yake yosungidwa inachititsa kuwongoleranso, kukonzanso, ndi kukonzanso kwa National Reckign, ndi kukonzansotion (200).

Magulu Aakulu ndi Malamulo Awo

Magulu a Daliti ndi Adivasi

Nkhondo ya ufulu wa Dalit yakhala ikupitirizabe chiyambire nyengo ya atsamunda. Dalit Panthers [1] ku Maharashtra (72) inasintha nkhani kuchokera ku kufanana kwalamulo ndi kuweruza kwa anthu ndi zachuma. Kulimbana kwawo kwamphamvu ndi kutsutsa kwa magulu ankhanza kunatsogolera ku kuikidwa kwa [FLT:] Castes ndi Septances [Preveractives] ndi Servemations (Kulimbana kwa Atroctistiens) Act, 1989 . Malamulo aupandu ameneŵa ochitidwa motsutsana ndi kunyozedwa, chiwawa, ndi kukondera Dalitis ndi Adiva, kuperekera makhoti apadera ndi kubwezera. Posachedwapa, gulu la anthu la anthu lakhala ndi lamulo lotsutsa lamulo lotsutsa lamulo la chigamulo cha 2018, chifukwa cha kutsutsa Chigamulo cha chigamu chachikulu cha chigamu cha mlandu cha mlandu.

Magulu a Adivasi adatsutsa kuti malamulo a autsamunda a dziko, kupezeka kwa nkhalango, ndi kupulumuka kwa chikhalidwe. Active forest Rights Act, 2006 anali chotulukapo chachindunji cha zaka makumi ambiri a kuukira kwa mafuko. Adminiti adanena kuti malamulo a autsamunda wa nkhalango oletsedwa ndi kusungidwa kwa mwambo. Kuchitako kumazindikira zoyenera za nkhalango za greenterraters kuti zikhale ndi kulima, kusonkhanitsa nkhalango zazing'ono, ndi kuyang'anira nkhalango. Chilamulocho chinaloŵetsamo chitsenderezo chachikulu cha kutsendeka ndi kusungidwa kwa ufulu wa nkhalango.

Magulu a Akazi: Kuchepetsa Makampani Ochita Zinthu Mwalamulo

Magulu a akazi ku India apeza masinthidwe osintha m'malamulo aumwini, chisungiko cha kuntchito, ndi malamulo achiwawa cha kugonana. Ma 1970 ndi 1980 anaona kuwonjezereka kwa magulu a akazi odzilamulira omwe anatsutsa imfa za malowolo, kugwirira chigololo kwa ubwana, ndi chiwawa chapanyumba. Matatu] Case [[FURA RASPAPA (1980) [FLT:] [1] adayambitsa kutsutsa kwa dziko lonse, kutsogolera ku kukonza malamulo ogwirira chigololo kupyolera malamulo a Chilango (kuukira) Chilamulo cha Chilango, chomwe chinachotsa mtolo wa chitsimikizo ndi zilango zowonjezereka. [[FLTL:] Mtsogoleri wa [FL:1997] [FLT] [FUL:3] adaperekedwa pambuyo pa mlandu wa Breviape; Chikalata chachikulu cha akazi chotsutsa chikalata choperekedwa kuntchito, zinaikidwa pambuyo pake m'zi. [Zikalata choperekedwa ndi Chikalata chotchedwa .]

Posachedwapa, # Komiti ya Medito ku India (2018) inayang'anira kukhazikitsidwa kwa makomiti a madandaulo m’mabungwe ambiri ndipo inatsogolera ku kupenda kokulira kwa mayankhidwe a bungwe. Kagulu kameneka kanathandiziranso kupititsa patsogolo Kupitira kwa Malamulo a Anthu (Prevention, Protection and Retabilitation], ngakhale kuti ntchito zake zinapitirizabe. Magulu a akazi amapitirizabe kukakamiza malamulo a Civil Covil, malo oikidwira m'malamulo, ndi otsutsa kwambiri malamulo, kukopa masankhoti ndi dongosolo la masankhoti.

Kusintha kwa Malo Okhala ndi Nyengo

Magulu a malo okhala ku India asintha kuchokera ku zitsutso za Odisha ndi [[FLT], madamu, gombe) kupita ku mkupiti wokulira kaamba ka chiweruzo cha nyengo. Antiposis Coo amenya nkhondo ku Odisha ndi [[FLT] , jungle, Zaen m'chigawo chapakati cha India yogwirizanitsa kuwonongedwa kwa chilengedwe ndi kuwonongedwa kwa maiko a Adivasi. Mipingo imeneyi inapangitsa boma kupeputsa njira zomveka za malonda ndi zopitira kulimba kwa malo a zachilengedwe. [FFT] Gastion: [FU.P] Mpwe wa dziko la , "FUF]

Magulu ndi Kusintha kwa Mwamsanga

Bungwe loona za kutha kwa maselo otere (2021-2012)

Gawo la Indiya la Kulimbana ndi Chiphuphu [[FLT: 1], lotsogozedwa ndi Anna Hazare, linachititsa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri kudutsa mzinda wa tauni ndi waung'ono wa [1] India, kulamula Lokpal (ambudsman) wamphamvu kuti athetse chiphuphu. Gululo logwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu otsutsa, ofalitsa zinthu za anthu, ndi njala yosonkhezera boma. Ngakhale kuti zotsatira zake Lappols and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 [[FLT:] linali lofooka kuposa poyamba, linasonyeza kusintha kwakukulu kwa boma, lomwe linapanga kutsutsa kolimbana ndi ufulu wokhudza ufulu wa anthu ndi mphamvu zofufuza zandale ndi kufalitsa maufumu. Gululo lina linawonjezeranso kusonkhezera Chikalata cha Chikalata cha Chikalata cha Chikalata cha Chikalata cha Chikalata cha Active, chimene chinalimbikitsa mphamvu zambiri za boma ndi kufalitsa chikalata cha boma cha boma.

Zolemba za Mlimi (207 - 2021)

Palibe gulu lamakono limene lasonyeza mphamvu yopitirizabe, lolinganiza mofanana ndi alimi otsutsa malamulo atatu aulimi amene anaperekedwa mu September 2020. Makumi a zikwi za alimi a ku Punjab, Haryana, ndi maiko ena anakhala pa Delhi pamalire a Delhi kwa chaka chimodzi, pansi pa mbendera ya Samyukt Kiston Morcha. Malamulo awo - kubwezera malamulo amene anatsutsa angachotse ndalama [[FFL: 0]] Price Price . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ndiponso, zitsutso za alimi zinagogomezera kuchuluka kwa malamulo a zaulimi a India, zikumachititsa boma kudzutsanso makambitsirano onena za kusintha kwa inshuwalansi ya mbewu, kutumiza anthu kuti azipindula nawo, ndi kupanga malamulo a zaulimi. Gululo linaperekanso lingaliro lokulirapo la ndale zadziko, ndi chipani cholamuliracho kupendanso kaimidwe kake pa nkhani zaulimi zisanasankho za dzikolo.

LGBTQ+ Komiti: Kuvomerezedwa Mwalamulo ndi Kuikidwa kwa Lamulo

Kulimbana kwa LGBTQ kwakhala kwanthaŵi yaitali ndi kwanthaŵi zambiri ku India, koma magulu amakhalidwe anapereka chiwonjezeko chachikulu kumbuyo kwake. Naz Foundation [[FLT: 1] mlandu (2009) mathanyula, koma adaikidwa pambali ndi Khoti Lalikulu mu 2013. Kutsutsa kotsatirapo – kuphatikizapo maulendo, mipikisano ya manyuzipepala, ndi zifuno – zothera m'mbiri [[FLT:] Navte Singhar Joartmentment (2018) woweruza) [FLT] [5] Maganizo] [2] [4], ngakhale kuti ndi kuwonjezera kuyesayesa kwake kwa chivomerezo, kumbuyo kwa chivomezo china. Chikalatacho chinatsogolera njira yoweruza milandu, kuyambira: [FTGeneargen: [F]

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zochita: Mmene Makampani Amasinthira Njira Yoyendetsera Ntchito

Magulu a zachikhalidwe mu India amasonkhezera njira zingapo zosinthasintha. [FLT: 0] Kukopa anthu [[FLT:] – kutsutsa kwa anthu ambiri, njala, ndi zochita zophiphiritsira – kupangitsa zandale zimene maboma ayenera kuchita. Alimi amakhala pa Delhi chigawo cha Delhi ndi mchitidwe wotchuka wa zimenezi. [[FFF:6] [Magalamu a ] Abusa [[FLT] [a] [FLT] [FLT] [1] ndi ] Azitsutso za , ndi njira zinanso; njira zambiri, monga [[FLT:] Chifukwa cha boma] Chimakepo [[FFFFFF:] ndi chimapangitsa chiwombo cha chiwombo cha chisankhirimo cha anthu onse. [Magalamu a Suppease :]

Mavuto Amene Magulu Othandiza Anthu Amakumana Nawo

Mosasamala kanthu za chipambano chawo, magulu a anthu amayang'anizana ndi zopinga zazikulu. [[FLT:] Kutsutsa kwa chigawo chadziko] kungawonekere m'kupondereza kwa apolisi, kuvutitsa kwa lamulo, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo oukira ochirikiza. Mabutaliya Kisan Union [[[FLT: 3] atsogoleri ayang'anizana ndi milandu yambiri ya khoti; ochirikiza malo okhala kaŵirikaŵiri amaikidwa kukhala otsutsa. [FLT:] Politarianism [[FLT:]] kutsutsa [FLT:] ndi upandu wina wothekera – magulu oyenerera a mapangano koma opeputsa zofuna zawo. Zotsatira za KGeneact: [Bilkk], mu zaka makumi a zaka 20 a zaka za nkhondo, ndi madererejini a m'chigawo chachiŵiri cha kumbuyo kwa kumbuyo kwa kumbuyo kwa kumbuyo kwa kumbuyo kwa kuyendetsa. [Flvet:]

Kusintha ndi kusiyana kwa mkati mwenimweni mwa dziko kugawananso. Gulu la Dalit, mwachitsanzo, laona kugawanika pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana oimira maphasishoni, kuchepetsa mphamvu yake yolinganiza. zopimira ndalama ndi kusoŵa mphamvu ya gulu kumaletsa ntchito zaka zambiri. Ndiponso, magulu amene amadalira kwambiri pa utsogoleri wa mphamvu ya mphamvu ya mphamvu ya mphamvu ya kuchiritsa angavutike pamene mtsogoleriyo apuma ntchito kapena achotsedwapo ndi Aam Aadmi Party pambuyo pa zitsutso zotsutsa.

M'nyengo ya manambala, slactivism - pa Intaneti chilikizo limene silimatembenuza ku ntchito ya progress à lighte – ikhoza kuchepetsa mphamvu. Komabe, zida za magetsi zimachititsanso kuti anthu azigwiritsa ntchito: [# She for ndi [FLT:]#] Magetsing mkupiti wa mgwirizano wa dziko lonse unasonyeza mmene madongosolo apadziko lonse angayambukirire kukambitsirana kwa mapangano a panyumba. Pomalizira pake, kukwera kwa zolembapo zosinthasintha [FLT:] (g. g., magulu otchuka a dziko kapena malamulo osinthasinthasinthasinthasintha a chikhalidwe autne) apanga malamulo aunika malamulo aunyirira m'malo ofanana ndi malamulo aungwe.

Ziyembekezo Zamtsogolo: Kuzungulira kwa Malo

Unansi pakati pa magulu a anthu ndi dziko la India udzapitirizabe kusinthika. Mwa kuchuluka kwa kupezeka kwa intaneti ndi mafoni a m'manja, kayendedwe kangapose mawailesi ndi kufikira anthu achifundo. Komabe, maboma alinso aluso kwambiri pogwiritsira ntchito kuyang'anira ndi kufalitsa kusagwirizana. Mbali yotsatira ikhoza kuona magulu ogwirizana ndi makampani a magetsi, monga momwe zikuonekera m'ma 2020202020201. Kusintha kwa nyengo, kuyendetsa galimoto, ndi kusintha kwa anthu kuyambitsa kulira kwatsopano kwa ntchito kufikira ku kusoŵa kwa madzi ndi magulu atsopano.

Kuti magulu akhale ogwira ntchito m’kusintha zinthu, ayenera kulinganiza kulinganiza kukakamiza kwaunyinji ndi bungwe logwirizana. Kumanga mapangano ndi progream bureaucrates, opanga malamulo, ndi kulingalira kuti ma greank angasinthe chitsutso kukhala lamulo. Magulu ayeneranso kuyambitsa njira zotsatizana, malamulo ogwira ntchito mmalo mwa kungotsutsa. Chipambano cha [FLT: 0] ku Chakudya Chakudya [ m'kusunga National Food Security Act (2013)) amapereka chiwonjezekezo: gulu la ochirikiza ufulu, ofufuza, ndi opanga malamulo achifundo anasonkhanitsa chikalata cha chikalata cha pepala ndi ndawala ya .

Magulu a anthu ngofunika kwambiri kuti boma likhale ndi ulamuliro wa demokalase wamphamvu. Amaŵerengera, kukulitsa mawu a anthu otsika, ndi kutsimikizira kuti lamulo silisintha kwambiri. Chokumana nacho cha ku India chikusonyeza kuti ngakhale boma litalephera, zochita za nzika zopitirizabe zingasinthe njira za ulamuliro. Pamene dzikolo likuyang'anizana ndi mavuto atsopano — kuyambira pa kusalingana kwa zachuma mpaka ku mavuto a zachilengedwe – mbali ya mayanjano opanga anthu, malamulo ovomereza adzakhala ofunika kwambiri.

Zilozero (zolembedwa kudzera m'kusunga/URL):