Table of Contents

Chiyambi: N’chifukwa Chiyani Mfundo Zokhudza Lamulo N’zofunika Tsiku Lililonse?

Nthaŵi iliyonse pamene mukwera basi, kutumiza mwana wanu kusukulu, kukaonana ndi dokotala, kapena kukonzanso botolo lapulasitiki, mumagwiritsira ntchito malamulo opangidwa ponse paŵiri a kumaloko ndi boma. Magawo a boma owonekera kukhala akutali ameneŵa amaloŵa m'maseŵero anu a mmaŵa, ntchito yanu, thanzi lanu, ndipo ngakhale mpweya umene mumapuma. Kumvetsetsa mmene malamulo a kumaloko amakuthandizirani kuyendetsa bwino madongosolo ameneŵa ndi kuchirikiza kusintha kwa zinthu m’dera lanu.

Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, kuzindikira kusiyana kumeneku si kungophunzira chabe, kumalimbikitsa anthu kuphunzira kulemba ndi kulemba, kulimbikitsa anthu kudziwa zinthu zonse kuyambira pa misonkhano ya sukulu mpaka pa masankho a dzikolo. Nkhani ino imathandiza kuti anthu atulutse malamulo a dzikolo, kuona mmene dziko lawo likukhudzira moyo wawo, ndiponso ingawathandize kuti azitha kukhala nzika yodzipereka kwambiri.

Kufotokoza Makhalidwe a M’malo ndi Audindo

Pa lamulo lake losavuta, lamulo la malo akwanuko [[FLT: 0] ndilo lamulo, malamulo, kapena lamulo lokhazikitsidwa ndi boma, chigawo, chigawo cha sukulu, kapena boma lina la boma laching'ono. Malamulo ameneŵa amayang'anira anthu a malo ndi zofunika za malo: kumene mungamange nyumba (malo osungirako), mmene galimoto zingayendetsere m’makwalala apafupi, ndi zimene mapaki a anthu onse amapereka (mautumiki othandizira ntchito).

Malamulo a patali ndi a m'dziko, akuchokera ku boma la dziko ku Washington, D.C. Amagwiritsira ntchito mogwirizana kupyola magawo onse makumi asanu. Malamulo a Federal amakhazikitsa zitetezero ndi miyezo ya maziko ndi miyezo, kuchokera ku malipiro ochepa ndi malamulo a madzi oyenera kuperekedwa kwa nzika ndi kukhazikitsa ufulu wa anthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a boma amayala pansi, malamulo a kumaloko amamanga pamwamba pa chigawocho kuti akwaniritse zolinga za chitaganya.

Mabungwe otsatizana ameneŵa ndi chizindikiro cha dongosolo la boma la United States, lolinganizidwira kulinganiza umodzi wa dziko ndi ufulu wa dziko. Lamulo la U.S. limapatsa maboma ena boma (m’chingaumo, kuponya ndalama, kulengeza nkhondo) pamene kuli kwakuti atsalira maboma ndi malo. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, mizerayo yasokonezeka mwa njira za ndalama, malamulo a khoti, ndi mathayo audindo ogawiridwa pamodzi.

Mbiri Yakale: Mmene Tinayambira

Chisinthiko cha Ulamuliro Waukulu wa Federal

Kulinganiza pakati pa ulamuliro wa kumalo ndi boma kwasintha kwambiri chiyambire nyengo yokhazikitsidwa. New Deal ya ma 1930 inakulitsa kuloŵetsedwa m'zachuma ndi mayanjano a boma, kuyambitsa maprogramu onga Inshuwalansi ya Social Security ndi kusoŵa ntchito. Chivolity Rights Movement ya 1960 inakakamiza boma kuchotsapo mfundo zakuti malamulo a dzikolo anali atakhazikika. Malamulo a pa Landmark monga ngati Civil Rights Act (1965) ndi Voting Rights Act (1965) kupitirira malamulo a kumaloko omwe analetsa zoyenera zapadera.

M'maphunziro, Selentary and Secondal Education Act ya 1965 (ESEA) inaloŵetsa ndalama za boma m'masukulu kwa nthaŵi yoyamba, kugwirizanitsa mikhalidwe yogwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa makampani. Palibe Child Lend Behind (2001) ndi Wophunzira Aliyense Wenefieds Act (2015) adapitiriza chikhoterero chimenechi, ngakhale kuti panali magawo osiyanasiyana a uyang'aniro wa boma. Kusintha kumeneku kumasonyeza kuvuta kobwerezabwerezabwereza: kulamulira kwa kumaloko kumalola kuthetsa kulinganiza, koma miyezo ya dziko imatsimikizira chilungamo chachikulu.

Kukula kwa Magulu Odziyendera Akomweko

M’zaka makumi aposachedwapa, chikalata chotsutsa . chagogomezera “ufulu wa boma” ndi ulamuliro wa kumaloko. Kusankha sukulu, zitsanzo zapolisi za anthu, ndi makonzedwe a nyengo ya dziko kumasonyeza chikhumbo cha kupanganso chigamulo. Mizinda monga Portland, Oregon, yakhazikitsa malamulo opita patsogolo a nyumba popanda chitsogozo cha boma, pamene madera okhazikika asinthana ndi malamulo a boma a malo. Kuphatikizana kwamphamvu kumeneku kumatanthauza lamulo la boma limodzi kungaoneke kukhala kosiyana kwambiri ndi mbali ina ya boma.

Ntchito ya Atsogoleli a Malo a Dzikoli

Malamulo a kumaloko ndiwo muyalo wa mwamsanga ndi wowoneka wa ulamuliro. Chifukwa chakuti amapangidwa pafupi ndi anthu amene amakhudza, angagwirizane mwaluso ndi mikhalidwe ya kumaloko. Komabe, iwo amasiyananso mokulira, kuyambitsa kusagwirizana pakati pa anthu.

Maphunziro ndi Mabungwe a Sukulu

Makomiti a sukulu a m’dera la anthu olemera amalimbikitsa kwambiri zimene mwana wanu amaphunzira ndi mmene amapitirizidwa. Amavomereza sukulu, amakhazikitsa malipiro a aphunzitsi, ndi kusankha ngati angatenge mayeso a boma okonzedwa kapena kulondola maprogramu atsopano. Mwachitsanzo, komiti ya sukulu m’mudzi wolemera ingapereke maphunziro opita patsogolo ndi luso lamakono, pamene bungwe la chigawo la zopinga zotsika za chigawo kuti zisungitse maziko. Federal (monga mutu I) imathandizira kutseka magawo ameneŵa, koma ndalama za msonkho zapakhomo zapamalo akumeneko zikali kupangitsabe kuchuluka kwa ndalama za sukulu ndi luso lamakono, pamene bungwe la chigawo la chigawo laling'onong'ono kwambiri lothandiza kuti lisunge maziko a maziko ofunika. Federal (mo I) limathandiza kuchotsa mipata ya ndalama ya maphunziro.

Kutetezeka kwa Anthu Onse ndi Uchigawenga

Malamulo osungitsa malamulo a m'deralo amalamulira mmene apolisi amachitira ndi anthu. Zosankha zokhudza kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo otetezera anthu, kulangiza anthu, kukonza thupi, makamera, ndi kusungitsa magalimoto zonsezo zimayambira ku mlingo wa mzinda kapena m'chigawo. “Polishi ya magetsi ya kugwedezeka , apolisi a m'chitaganya, ndi maprogramu osokoneza anthu opanda chiwawa ndizo kuyesa kwa anthu akomweko kumene kumayambukira mwachindunji lingaliro la chisungiko. Chifukwa chakuti malamulo a ufulu wachibadwire amakhazikitsa malo a dziko, machitachita ambiri a boma a kuyambitsa kufufuza kwachiweruzo kwa boma [1] chitsanzo chachikulu cha kuyang'anira ufulu wa boma.

Kukonza Nsalu, Nyumba, ndi Zoyendera

Malamulo opanga nyumba, nyumba za mabanja, makampani, ndi malo a maindasitale. Malamulo a kumaloko ameneŵa amakhudza kutha kwa nyumba, nthaŵi zoyenda, ndipo ngakhale thanzi la anthu. Mzinda umene madera ambiri a nyumba pafupi ndi malo oyenda angachepetse kumira ndi kupangitsa nyumba kukhala yosavuta kupezeka. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kuchotsa malowo (m’mphindi, ziyeneretso zazikulu za m'makampani) zingawonjezere kukhazikika ndi kuchepetsa kuyenda kwa chuma. Malamulo a zoyendera za m’deralo , njira za basss, mabasi, magalimoto oyendera, kusungitsa misewu ya m'dera lanu.

Thanzi la Onse Pamalo Omwewo

Madipatimenti a zaumoyo akumaloko amayang'anira kuyang'anira malesitilanti, kuyang'anira zipatala za katemera, ndi kuchitapo kanthu pa mliri wa matenda. Mliri wa ku COVID 8819, zigamulo zapamwamba ponena za kubisa malamulo, kusonkhanitsa malire, ndi kutsekedwa kwa sukulu zinasiyanasiyana, kuonetsa mphamvu ndi chidziŵitso cha ndale zadziko. Kuyankha kumeneku kwa kumaloko kunasonyeza ponse paŵiri kulimba kwa boma la kumaloko ndi kuwopsa kwa njira zosasintha zaumoyo wa anthu kumaiko osiyanasiyana.

Chisonkhezero cha Makhalidwe a Anthu Ogwirizana

Kumvetsa mfundo za boma kumathandiza kumvetsa chifukwa chake mavuto ena a m’deralo akupitirizabe ngakhale kuti anthu akuyesetsa kuti azichita zimenezi.

Kupereka Maphunziro ndi Miyezo

Madola a maphunziro a Federal amapita ku maboma ndi zigawo kupyolera m'maprogramu onga ngati Thet I (a ophunzira otsika kwambiri), IDEA (ya maphunziro apadera), ndi Pell Grants (a ku koleji). Ndalama zimenezi zimadza ndi zingwe zogwirizana: olandira ayenera kugwirizana ndi malamulo oŵerengera, malamulo oletsa kugawana, ndi kusimba mathayo. Maboma a Federal monga Aceal to Top Incentivaged Ived Real Act kuyang'aniranso malamulo, ngakhale kuti Wophunzira aliyense amasinthabe malamulo a boma a za ndalama kuyang'anira zinthu zofunika m'madera onga kuphunzira, STEM, ndi za kusukulu.

Kupeza Njira Zosamalira Thanzi

Affordble Care Act (ACA) yofutukula inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo kupyolera m'kufutukuka kwa Medicaid, ndalama zothandizira kaamba ka makonzedwe aumwini, ndi chitetezo kaamba ka mikhalidwe imene idakalipo . Chifukwa chakuti Khoti Lapamwamba linapanga kufutukuka kwa Medicaid modzifunira kwa maboma, ntchito yopanga zidutswa inabuka: nzika za maiko ofutukuka zinalandira mawonjezedwa, pamene kuli kwakuti awo amene sanali m'maiko a ku madera a ku Medicareare sadare. Malamulo a boma amakhazikitsanso miyezo yocheperapo kaamba ka Amedicare (a achikulire) ndi olamulira opereka mankhwala osokoneza mankhwala osokoneza bongo, akukhudza mwachindunji kupezeka kwa anthu kuti azisamalidwa.

Lamulo la Kumalo Okhala ndi Kutentha

Ceac Air Act and Clean Water Act inakhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko yotulutsa mpweya ndi zizindikiro za madzi. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) imakhazikitsa malamulo ameneŵa, koma maboma ndi madera angawagwiritse ntchito mowonjezereka. Mwachitsanzo, wowononga wa California kukhazikitsa miyezo yakeyake yotulutsa galimoto achititsa opanga galimoto kupanga magalimoto oyeretsera dziko lonselo. Maboma akupanga mapulani a nyengo amene amachita kuti akonze njira zothandizira kukonzanso mphamvu za mphamvu zamagetsi, koma malamulo a boma a boma . "Monga ngongole za magetsi ndi mphepo za magetsi a California athandiza opanga magalimotowo kukhala achuma.

Ufulu wa Anthu Onse ndi Kusagwirizana

Malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe amaletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, mtundu, kupunduka, ndi msinkhu m’nyumba, ntchito, maphunziro, ndi malo ogona a anthu. Malamulo ameneŵa akulamulira malamulo akumalo a boma akwawo mwachitsanzo, mzinda sungathe kukakamiza malamulo a kugaŵana mwalamulo. Komabe, kukwaniritsa malamulo audindo ndi makhoti a boma kungapezedwe mosiyana popanda ufulu wa boma wa kumaloko ndi uyang’aniro.

Kuyerekezera Makhalidwe a M’malowo ndi Apamwamba: Makhalidwe Abwino

Kusinthasintha kumagwirizana ndi kufanana kwa zinthu

Malamulo a m'deralo angagwirizane ndi chiŵerengero cha anthu, malo enieni, ndi zikondwerero za ndale zadziko. Dolowera la m’mphepete mwa nyanja lowopsezedwa ndi nyanja mlingo wapamwamba likhoza kukhazikitsa malamulo okhwima kwambiri osayembekezera ntchito ya boma. Kumbali ina, kugwirizana kwa mtundu kutsimikizira kuti nzika ya ku Montana ya kumidzi ili ndi miyezo ya madzi oyera yofanana ndi munthu wina ku Manhattan. Umeto wadziko umaletsanso “mpikisano wa kumunsi kwa [1] kumene maboma amafooketsa chitetezo cha kukopa malonda.

Kupereka Ndalama ndi Chuma

Maboma a m'dzikolo amadalira kwambiri misonkho ya katundu, misonkho ya malonda, ndi ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito. Makampani ameneŵa safuna kuchuluka kwa ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama. Makampani a boma (m’chitsanzo, misewu, magetsi, magetsi onyamula katundu, magetsi) amapereka ndalama zofunika kwambiri, koma kaŵirikaŵiri amafunikira ndalama zoyendera limodzi kapena kutsatira miyezo ya boma. Zimenezi zimayambitsa kusagwirizana: ndalama za boma zimathandiza maprojekti akumaloko, koma mikhalidwe yogwirizana ndi makampani ingamveke kukhala ngati opambana a boma.

Kutenga Nawo Mbali kwa Onse ndi Kuŵerengera Mlandu

Misonkhano ya boma ya kumaloko njofikirika kwambiri . Okhoza kupezekapo pa mayeso a anthu a m'malowo, mabungwe a sukulu, ndi misonkhano ya m'mizinda. Kugwirizana kumeneku kumasonkhezera anthu kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma mwachindunji. Kupanga malamulo a boma, mosiyana, kumaphatikizapo njira zovuta za malamulo, kusonkhezera, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a bungwe kumene kungamveke kukhala kutali. Komabe, masankho a maiko amakopa wovotayo, ndipo Pulezidenti ndi Congress ali ndi mlandu ku chivoti chachikulu.

Kusintha kwa Zinthu

Malamulo a m’deralo angasinthe mwamsanga: bungwe la mzinda lingasinthe malamulo a malo m’miyezi yochepa chabe. Masinthidwe a malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amafunikira zaka za malamulo, kukhazikitsa malamulo, ndi kutsutsana ndi khoti. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti maboma a m’dzikolo angayankhe mwamsanga nkhani zimene zikubuka, komanso kuti angatsatire malamulo osalingaliridwa bwino popanda kupenda ndi kulinganiza zinthu mocheperapo.

Kufufuza Nkhani: Mmene Chiletso Chimaloŵera M’kachitidwe Kake

Maphunziro: Chikhodzodzo Chachisawawa ndi Kulamulira Malo

Common Core State Direfects, poyamba boma lokhala ndi cholinga, linaikidwa ndi boma lafuko la Afuleni ku Phezulu. Mayiko ambiri anawatenga, koma chitsutso choopsa cha kumaloko chinabuka chifukwa cha nkhaŵa za kuloŵerera kwa boma ndi kuyesa kovomerezeka. Monga chotulukapo, maboma ena pambuyo pake anasintha kapena kusintha miyezo. Nkhaniyo imasonyeza mmene ndalama za boma zingasinthire kusintha kwa dziko, koma kukakamiza kwa kumaloko kungagwiritsiridwenso ntchito.

Kusamalira Thanzi: Kukula kwa matenda a m’magazi ndiponso Kukula kwa Thanzi Lakumene Tikukhala

Kufikira 2025, maboma khumi sanafutukule Medicaid pansi pa ACA. Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti maiko ofutukuka ali ndi ziŵerengero zocheperapo zosafunikira, kupezeka bwino kwa chisamaliro chachikulu, ndi kutsekedwa kwa chipatala kochepera m'madera akumidzi. Malamulo a Federal adayambitsa kufutukuka, koma zosankha za ndale zadziko zakumaloko zimagamula kaya nzika zimapindula. Nkhaniyi imasonyeza kuti lamulo la boma limapanga mwaŵi; kuvomerezedwa kwa kumaloko kumatsimikizira chiyambukiro chenicheni.

Malo Okhala: Lamulo Loyera la Madzi ndi Kusintha kwa Madzi

The Clean Water Act inateteza poyamba “madzi a United States,” liwu lofotokozedwa ndi malamulo a boma. Mu 2023, chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Sackett . EPA yopapatiza mphamvu ya boma, yosiya malo ambiri osatetezeka. Maboma angapo ndi madera ena anakhazikitsa chitetezo chawo, pamene ena sanachite kanthu. Chotulukapo ndicho kugawanika kwa madzi kumene kumadalira pa kumene mumakhala [1] chotulukapo chenicheni cha kukonza malire pakati pa boma ndi dziko.

Chitetezo cha Anthu Onse: Chikhalidwe Choyera cha Mzinda

Maboma mazana angapo ayamba kutsatira “malamulo a boma” amene amachepetsa kugwirizana ndi kutsata anthu oloŵa m'dziko. Malamulo a Federal safuna kuti apolisi a m'deralo asungitse malamulo a kusamukira, ndipo makhoti achirikiza kugamula kwa kumaloko. Komabe, boma la boma lingachotse zigamulo zina monga chilango. Kulimbana kopitirizabe kumeneku kumasonyeza mmene lamulo la kumaloko lingatsutsere mwachindunji zinthu zofunika za boma, kutsogolera ku nkhondo zalamulo ndi za ndale zimene zimayambukira midzi ya anthu achilendo tsiku ndi tsiku.

Mmene Ulemu Umakhudzira Moyo wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku: Zitsanzo Zogwirizana

  • Kutumiza: [[FLT :1] Nthaŵi yanu ya mmaŵa imasonkhezeredwa ndi bajeti zakumaloko zosamalira misewu (malowo) ndi za boma za kupereka ndalama (makwalala). Kupezeka kwa ulendo wapoyera kumadalira pa ndalama za msonkho za boma za kumaloko ndi zopereka za foni za boma.
  • Kusintha: Kulamulira kapena malamulo ophatikiza (malowo) amagamulapo ndalama zolipirira nyumba, pamene kuli kwakuti chiwongola dzanja cha nyumba ya boma ndi Chigawo 8 (ndalama) imasintha nyumba ndi ndalama zolipirira.
  • Safety Yakudya: Kufufuza kwa khomo, koma zofunika ndi miyezo ya kutetezereka ya zakudya zopakidwa ndi zakudya zaikidwa ndi Food and Drug Administration (kudyetsa).
  • Access : Maboma akomweko angapange migwirizano yomangira m'maboma, koma malamulo auchete a boma (pamene kuli kwakuti) amalamulira mmene opereka ntchito za pa intaneti amasamalirira chidziŵitso.
  • Kuyankha : Mabungwe oyang'anira zadzidzidzi a kumaloko amagwirizanitsa opereka mayankho oyambirira, koma FEMA (ndalama) imapereka ndalama ndi chuma pambuyo pa tsoka litalengezedwa.

Kupititsa Patsogolo Umodzi wa Ntchito Zogwirizana: Zimene Aphunzitsi ndi Ophunzira Angachite

Aphunzitsi amathandiza kwambiri kuti ophunzira azitha kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana za m’dzikolo komanso za boma.

Kujambula Mawonekedwe m’Chisankho Chilichonse

Chisankho cha kumaloko nchochepa kwambiri, komabe bungwe la sukulu, bungwe la mzinda, ndi mpikisano wa m'mameya zimakhudza moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Kulimbikitsa ophunzira kulembetsa ndi kuvota m'masankho onse . malo, boma, ndi dziko. Kambiranani za mmene mafuko a 76ballot akukhudzira nkhani monga za kutumiza anthu onse, ntchito zapolisi, ndi ndalama zothandizira maphunziro.

Kupezeka pa Misonkhano ya Onse

Kuona mmene malamulo akukambitsidwira ndi kukonza njira yothetsera vutolo ndi kusonyeza kuti mfundo wambazo n’zomveka bwino.

Oimira Olankhulana

Kulemba kalata, kutumiza makalata, kapena kulankhula pa mlandu wa anthu kungathandize kuti ophunzirawo adziwe zimene angachite kuti afufuze zimene alangizi awowo ali nazo ndiponso mmene angawatumizire uthenga wogwira mtima.

Agulu Olamulira Agwirizana

Mabungwe olimbikitsa nyumba, malo okhala, maphunziro, ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe nthaŵi zambiri amapanga zinthu zothandiza kwambiri pokonza nyumba zomanga, kupenda malamulo, ndi kukonzanso udzu.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zimene Apeza ndi Kufufuza

Kuzindikira malamulo kumafuna umboni. Kulimbikitsa ophunzira kufufuza bajeti ya boma yakwawo, boma lopereka chidziŵitso, ndi ziŵerengero zaumoyo wa anthu. Zida zonga Census Bureau ya American Community Survey [1] ndi madoko a chidziŵitso chakumeneko amapereka zinthu zambiri kaamba ka ntchito.

Kumaliza: Kuletsa Lamulo

Malamulo a m'malo ndi a boma sagwirizana; ndi ogwirizana m'dongosolo locholoŵana la uyang’aniro. Malamulo a Federal amapereka kusasintha kwa mtundu, chuma, ndi kutetezera ufulu wachibadwidwe, pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a kumaloko amalola anthu kusamalira zosoŵa ndi zikondwerero. Moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa munthu aliyense wa ku America umaumbidwa ndi kuphatikizana kwa miyalo ya masukulu ameneŵa ndi kusungika kwa madzi ku madera oyandikana.

Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, kumvetsetsa kachitidwe kameneka kuli maziko a kugawana kwa moyo wonse kwa anthu. Mwa kuphunzira kugwiritsira ntchito ponse paŵiri mabwalo a kumalo ndi a boma, mungachirikize malamulo amene amasonyeza mapindu anu ndi kuwongolera chitaganya chanu. Nzika zokhoza kuwona kuti malamulowo sali ovuta kuwona ndi amene ali buku la malamulo la moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, ndipo angalembedwenso.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri, zofufuzira za ku Cornell Information Institute pa chipani cha boma, [[FLT :2] Brookings’s Institution yofufuza ya boma [, ndi Eventhth Protection Agency’s religitation [. Mapulatifomu ameneŵa amapereka kumira kwambiri m'maunyinjiko a madongosolo a kachitidwe.