Unansi pakati pa malamulo a boma ndi mathayo a boma ndi mbali yolongosola ulamuliro wa Amereka, kuumba chirichonse kuyambira ku zoyenera za nzika kufikira ku malamulo a malo okhala. Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira a mbiri ndi sayansi ya ndale zadziko, kumvetsetsa mmene malamulo a boma amakakamiza ntchito . ndipo nthaŵi zina amayambitsa kukanidwa kwa ntchito zothandiza za uyang’aniro. Nkhaniyi imafutukula pa zitsanzo zazikulu, imafufuza mavuto a lamulo ndi andale oloŵetsedwa, ndi kupenda chisinthiko cha mphamvu imeneyi kupyolera mwa lamulo lotchuka.

Kumvetsetsa Gawo la Maboma: Ntchito Yapadera Yogawana Mphamvu

Federalism imagawa ulamuliro pakati pa boma lapakati ndi maboma a boma. Malamulo a U.S. amapatsa mphamvu za boma zoŵerengedwa [1] monga kuyang'anira malonda a dziko, kupangira ndalama, ndi kukhazikitsa nkhondo (palipoku akukhazikitsa maulamuliro ena onse ku maboma pansi pa Demendment ya Khumi. Komabe, gawo limeneli silikusintha. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, lamulo la boma la boma layamba kuphatikizana ndi maulamuliro amwambo, kupanga chigwirizano chocholoŵana ndi cha mkangano.

Chipani chamakono cha American chimatchedwa "Cooperative unistism," kumene maboma a dziko ndi boma amagwira ntchito mogwirizana kuthetsa mavuto. Chitsanzo chimenechi chinawonekera mu ma 1930 ndi maprogramu a New Deal ndi kuwonjezereka mkati mwa 1960s Great Society. M'makonzedwe ameneŵa, boma limagwiritsira ntchito ndalama zambiri kupereka ndalama zoperekedwa pamkhalidwe umene umaperekedwa pamkhalidwe umene umalamulira kukhala ndi malamulo akutiakuti . "mphamvu ya chikwama" yakhala chiŵiya chachikulu chofutukukira cha boma kufutukuka m'madera onga maphunziro, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, ndi zoyendera. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, maboma amasunga ufulu wokulirapo, kutsogolera kutsutsana kopitirizabe, kuchotsa, kulinganiza, ndi kulinganiza kwamphamvu.

Zitsanzo Zazikulu za Malamulo Olamulira Okhudza Udindo wa Boma

Malamulo otsatirawa akusonyeza kukula ndi kuzama kwa chisonkhezero cha boma pa kulamulira kwa boma. Chilichonse chimasonyeza njira yosiyana ndi imeneyi / kaya chiletso chenicheni, ndalama zoyendetsera zinthu, kapena kukhazikitsa zinthu zofunika kwambiri.

Lamulo la 1964 la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Chikalata cha Civil Rights Act cha 1964 chili ngati chilolezo choletsa lamulo la ku America. Chiletsochi chinaletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, kapena dziko kumene linakhala m’nyumba za anthu onse, ntchito, ndi maprogramu oyendetsedwa ndi boma. Chisanafike, mayiko ambiri, makamaka Kummwera, anavomerezedwa mwalamulo. Chikalatachi chinasintha kwambiri maudindo a boma m’njira zingapo:

  • Malo a Public: Maboma adafunikira kukakamiza kusalekanitsa m'mahotela, malesitilanti, mabwalo a masewero, ndi malo ena ogwirira ntchito kwa anthu. Malo achinsinsi amene poyamba anali osagwirizana ndi timagulu tating’ono sakanathanso kutero mwalamulo.
  • Federal Funding Martificity : Mutu wa Chikalatachi umaletsa tsankho m'programu iriyonse yolandira chithandizo cha boma cha ndalama. Maboma amene anaswa makonzedwe ameneŵa anataya ndalama mabiliyoni ambiri za boma m'masukulu, zipatala, makwalala, ndi zina zambiri.
  • Employment Practices : Mutu VII anapanga Sutvice Accounting Opportuent Commission (EOC) ndi kupatsa antchito ufulu wa kusungirira tsankhu. Mabungwe a boma anafunikira kulinganiza mapangano awo a ntchito ndi malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a boma.

Ngakhale kuti panali chitsutso cha mwamsanga kuchokera kwa akazembe a boma ndi mabungwe a malamulo, lamulo la lamulolo . Linasokonezedwa ndi zigamulo za khoti ndi malingaliro a anthu. Mwapang'onopang’ono boma lisinthanso ulamuliro. Chikalata cha Civil Rights Act chidakali chitsanzo chabwino cha mmene lamulo la boma lingakakamizire maboma kutengera chitetezo chofanana, ngakhale pamene akutsutsana ndi zofuna za kumaloko.

Kuyeretsa Mpweya

Cleena Air Act (CAA), yomwe inaperekedwa koyamba mu 1963 ndi kukonzedwanso kwambiri mu 1970 ndi 1990, ikhazikitsa National Ambentient Moont Servement Miyezo ya Ubwino wa Moyer (NAAQS) kaamba ka zoipitsa zovulaza ku thanzi la anthu ndi malo okhala. Pansi pa lamulo limeneli, boma limakhazikitsa miyezo, koma maboma ali ndi thayo lalikulu la kukwaniritsa. Chiyambukiro cha Act pa mathayo a boma chimaphatikizapo:

  • Kaundula wa Kukwaniritsa Makonzedwe (ZIP): Boma lililonse liyenera kuyambitsa tsatanetsatane wa SIP chaza mmene lidzakwaniritsira ndi kusungitsa NAAQS m'malire ake. Makonzedwe ameneŵa amafunikira kuyang'anira kokulira, kulola, ndi kusungitsa maprogramu. Ngati boma silipereka SIP, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ingaike pulani ya boma ndi kuimitsa ndalama za msewu waukulu.
  • Malo a Kufikira: Malo okhala ndi madera amene amapitirira malire a kuipitsa ayenera kutenga njira zowonjezereka . monga ngati kuyendetsa mpweya kokhwima, maprogramu oyendera galimoto, ndi kulinganiza za zoyendera kuchititsa madera kugwirizana. Kulephera kumatsogolera ku zilango, kuphatikizapo kutaikiridwa kwa ndalama za boma.
  • Kupulumukira ndi Kusintha : Pamene CaA ikhazikitsa miyezo yadziko, maboma angatsatire malamulo okhwima. Mwachitsanzo, California wapeza woletsa kukakamiza miyezo yake yotulutsa galimoto, imene maboma ena angasankhe kutsatira. Kugwirizana kumeneku kukusonyeza kupsinjika ndi kugwirizana kwa boma.

Cease Air Act imasonyeza mmene lamulo lokhazikitsa malamulo a boma lingasinthire kwambiri malamulo a boma, kufuna kuti maboma aike ndalama m'mabungwe atsopano, madongosolo a chidziŵitso, ndi njira zosungitsira. Kutsutsana kopitirizabe pa kusintha kwa nyengo, kuphatikizapo Cease Power Plan ndi EPA, kupitirizabe kuyesa kulinganiza kumeneku.

Ntchito za M’boma ndi Zaumoyo

Kulengedwa mu 1965 pansi pa Social Security Act, Medicaid ndi programu ya boma yogwirizana imene imapereka chithandizo cha thanzi kwa anthu olandira pang'ono, mabanja, ana, akazi apakati, achikulire, ndi anthu olumala. Boma limakhazikitsa zofunika zazikulu zofunikira ndi mautumiki ena, koma boma limapereka programu ndi kukhala lololera polinganiza mapulani awo. Mbali zazikulu za chiyambukiro cha boma zimaphatikizapo:

  • [[FLT: 0] Kulingana ndi Ndalama: Boma la boma limayerekezera ndalama zowonongedwa pa Medicaid pa mlingo wodziŵika monga Federal Medical Appive (FMAP), imene imasiyana ndi boma (kuyambira 50% mpaka 83% kwa anthu ena owonjezereka). Chisonkhezero chimenechi cha zandalama chimalimbikitsa boma kutengamo mbali komanso ma bajeti a malamulo a boma a kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka boma.
  • [[FLT: 0] Zofunika zosasinthika: Maboma ayenera kugwirizana ndi mlingo wa kuchepa kwa ufulu wa boma. Mwachitsanzo, Affordhable Care Act (ACA) ya 2010 yofutukula Medicaid kwa achikulire onse amene ali ndi ndalama kufikira 138% wa mlingo wa umphaŵi wa boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti Khoti Lapamwamba mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Seberius . (20:2) adapanga kufutukuka kumeneku, ambiri asankha kufutukulira, kusintha mathayo awo a zaumoyo.
  • Programuble kupyola pa Waivers: [[FLT: 1] Maboma angapemphe oletsa kuchokera ku Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CCMS) kuyesa zitsanzo zina zopereka, monga zifuno za ntchito kapena chithandizo chokulira. Opatutsa ameneŵa amalola boma kuyambitsidwa koma kukhalabe ovomerezedwa ndi oyang’anira a boma.

Mdicaid akusonyeza mmene ndalama za boma zimakhalira ndi zingwe zolumikizidwa. Pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo imasintha malamulo a boma . Mwachitsanzo, mwa kukhazikitsa ndalama za boma kapena kusintha malamulo a kulinganiza kwa ndalama . Maboma ayenera kusintha bajeti yawo, nthaŵi zina kudula mautumiki ena kapena kukweza misonkho. Kufutukuka kwa ACA kunayambitsa ntchito yopanga pafupifupi ntchito imene maiko ena akupeza achikulire otsika kwambiri pamene ena akusiyapo ambiri, akumagogomezera kusemphana kopitirizabe pakati pa zolinga za boma ndi luntha la boma.

Anthu a ku America Odwala Matenda Olumala (ADA)

Mtsogoleri George H.W. Bush mu 1990, Aamereka Odwala Matenda Opunduka Alect amaletsa tsankho kwa anthu opunduka m’mbali zonse za moyo wa anthu, kuphatikizapo ntchito, sukulu, zoyendera, ndi malo a anthu onse. Chisonkhezero cha ADA pa maudindo a boma chimaphatikizapo:

  • Ziyeneretso Zopezeka: Madziko ayenera kutsimikizira kuti malo onse a boma [1] kuyambira ku nyumba za boma mpaka ku mapaki ku madongosolo a zaulendo kwa anthu onse / ndilo anthu opunduka. Zimenezi zimafuna kusintha nyumba, njira, zizindikiro, ndi zikalata.
  • Protections : Boma ndi mabwana a boma akwanuko ayenera kupereka malo ogona kwa antchito olumala popanda kupangitsa mavuto osafunikira. Zimenezi zimawonjezera ku kulembedwa, kukwezedwa, ndi kulembedwa ntchito.
  • Kukakamiza ndi Lisation : Anthu angaike milandu pa maboma chifukwa cha kusagwirizana. Khoti Lapamwamba lagamula kuti kutetezedwa kwa boma pansi pa Demetriement ya Khumi ndi Lachisanu sikumawatetezera ku zonena za ADA, kupanga maboma omwe ali oyenerera kuswa lamulo. Kuwonjezerapo, Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo ikhoza kuletsa kupereka ndalama za boma kuchokera ku maboma osagwirizana.

ADA yakakamiza mayiko kupanga ndalama zambiri zoyendetsera zinthu zapamwamba, kuphunzitsa, ndi kutsata lamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo lawongokera kwambiri, mavuto osatha amaphatikizapo malo achikale m'madera akumidzi, mikangano yokhudza "malo abwino okhala," ndi kufunika kwa miyezo yosinthasintha pamene luso la zopangapanga likusintha.

Zitsanzo Zina Zosaiŵalika

Kupyola pa zitsanzo zinayi zimene zili pamwambazo, malamulo ena angapo a boma amaumba kwambiri mathayo a boma:

  • [[FLT: 0] Lamulo la Kukokomeza Ufulu wa 1965: poyambapo] maboma ofunidwa ndi mbiri za tsankho la fuko kuti apeze "kuwonekeratu" asanasinthe malamulo a chisankho. Ngakhale kuti Khoti Lapamwamba linawononga njira yoperekera Shelby County v. Haker (2013]), Act imaletsabe ntchito zaufulu ndi kupatsa boma ulamuliro wa boma kuloŵerera m'masankhoti.
  • . The Child No Lend Behind Act (2001) / Wophunzira Aliyense Wewedikitsa Act (2015): Malamulo a maphunziro ameneŵa amagwirizanitsa ndalama za boma ndi kuvomereza miyezo, kuyesa, ndi kuŵerengera. Maboma ayenera kupereka mayeso oyeneretsedwa, kupereka lipoti la zotulukapo zochotsedwa, ndi kuloŵerera m'masukulu otsika.
  • National Monter Adria Act ya 1984: Boma la boma silimakhazikitsa mwachindunji nyengo ya kumwa koma limamana mbali ya ndalama za misewu yaikulu ya boma kuchokera ku maboma amene amalola anthu osafika zaka 21 kugula moŵa. Maboma onse 50 atsatira, kupanga lamulo limodzi la dziko kupyolera mwa kutsendereza.

Nkhani zimenezi zimasonyeza kuchuluka kwa ziŵiya za boma: malamulo, mikhalidwe ya ndalama, kuwomboledwa, ndi kupereka mphatso. Mkhalidwe uliwonse wa mkhalidwe wa boma m’njira zosiyanasiyana, kaŵirikaŵiri kuyambitsa mipikisano yalamulo ndi ya ndale zadziko.

Mavuto a Kulinganiza Maboma ndi Maboma

Kugwirizana pakati pa malamulo a boma ndi maudindo a boma sikumakhala kosavuta.

Milandu ya Malamulo ndi Khoti Lalikulu Kuletsa

Pamene malamulo a boma ndi a boma amenyana, Supremacy Claus amapangitsa lamulo la boma kupambana, koma ukulu wa ulamuliro wa boma kaŵirikaŵiri sumadziŵika. milandu ya chizindikiro cha dziko yalongosola malirewo:

  • .[FLT .1] Kusindikizaz v. United States (1997): Khoti linagonjetsa makonzedwe a Brady Handgun Leader Prevention Act amene anafuna boma ndi malamulo a kumaloko kuyang'anira kumbuyo, kugamula kuti boma la boma silingalamulire akuluakulu a boma kukhazikitsa maprogramu a boma.
  • [1] [1] National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [1] (20: Khoti linachirikiza lamulo la munthu aliyense monga msonkho wa ACA [1] koma linalamula kuti Nyumba za Malamulo sizingagwiritsire ntchito mphamvu zake zowonongera zinthu kukakamiza maiko kuwonjezera Medicaid mwa kuopseza kuchotsa ndalama zonse zimene zilipo za Medicaid. Chigamuchi chinachepetsa "mphamvu ya chikwama" ndi chivomezirezo.
  • Khoti linagamula kuti Professional and Amateration Profection Professional Profection Act (PASPA) Adrect olamulidwa ndi boma mwa kuwaletsa kulola kutchova juga. Zimenezi zinatsegula khomo la malamulo a kukhazikitsa kutchova juga.

Nkhani zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti boma la boma silingangolamula kuti likhazikitse malamulo kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma.

Kusintha Kosakonzedwa

Nyumba ya Malamulo nthaŵi zina ikufuna kuti ntchito zina zikhale zofunikira popanda kupereka ndalama zokwanira. Chikalata cha Mandaides Reform Act cha 1995 chinali ndi cholinga choletsa zimenezi, koma malamulo ambiri akupitirizabe. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo zofunika pansi pa Lamulo la Kuyera Madzi kuti maboma ayang'ane kuchuluka kwa madzi, kapena Chikalata cha ID chenicheni choletsa malegilamu a galimoto omvera. Kuyesayesa kumene boma liyenera kutengerapo. Zimenezi zimayambitsa kusagwirizana, monga momwe amanenera kuti malamulo a boma amawononga ndalama zawo ndi kuchepetsa kulimba kwa malamulo awo.

Kutsutsa Ndale ndi Kuyesa Kuthetsa Vutoli

Mayiko ena amakana malamulo a boma okhudza mfundo za maganizo. M'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, "mzinda wa akhaunti" malamulo amaletsa kugwirizana ndi boma losungitsa anthu kulowa m'dziko, pamene kukhazikitsa chamba kumasonyeza kuti lamulo la boma likutsutsana mwachindunji ndi lamulo la boma pansi pa Chilamulo cha Substances Act. Boma la boma lakhala likukana kukakamiza kulamula mwamphamvu m'madera ameneŵa, ndipo zimenezi zachititsa kuti pakhale lamulo loletsa kulephera kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma m’dziko losiyana pa ndale.

Nkhani za M’nthaŵi Yathuyi mu Federal Relations

Makambitsirano angapo amakono a malamulo amagogomezera kufunika kwa maboma a boma:

  • Ulozansi : [[FLT :1] Zogamulapo za Boma pa kufutukuka kwa Medicaid, malamulo a misika ya inshuwalansi, ndi kutsegulidwa kwa mankhwala kukupitirizabe kupangidwa ndi lamulo la boma. Kuthekera kwa chosankha cha boma kapena kufutukuka kwa Medicare kungayesenso ukulu wa boma ndi kufunitsitsa.
  • [[FLT :0] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuphunzitsa : The Students Fuevees Act (ESA) Imabweza ulamuliro wina ku maboma koma imafunikirabe kuŵerengera. Kutsutsana pa miyezo ya maphunziro, zosankha za sukulu, ndi ndalama zoyendetsera zinthu kumakhala koikizidwa kwambiri.
  • Thanzi la polisi: Mliri wa Covid-19 unagogomezera kusagwirizana kwa boma pamene maboma akugwiritsira ntchito malamulo osiyanasiyana a kubisa mapewa, kutsekedwa, ndi makonzedwe a kugaŵira katemera. Boma linagwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro wa zaumoyo wa anthu ndi ndalama kuti lisonkhezere khalidwe la boma, koma linasunga ufulu waukulu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusudzulidwa: malamulo a boma ochotsera lamulo la kusamuka, koma maboma akhazikitsa malamulo okhudza laisensi ya dalaivala, mapindu a anthu onse, ndi kugwirizana ndi kusungitsa lamulo. Malamulo akupitirizabe kuyesedwa m’makhoti.

Nkhani zimenezi zimasonyeza kuti kugaŵikana kwa mathayo pakati pa malikulu a Washington ndi boma sikumathetsedwa.

Kumaliza

Chiyambukiro cha malamulo a boma pa mathayo a boma nchachikulu ndi chosintha nthaŵi zonse. Malamulo achikwangwani monga Chikalata cha ufulu wa anthu, Chikalata cha Chisungiko cha Moyer, Medicaid, ndi Aamereka Opunduka Asintha kwambiri zimene maboma amachita . Kutsimikizira malo okhala ndi anthu nkwapafupi kuyang'anira maprogramu ovuta a malo okhala. Malamulo ameneŵa amagwiritsira ntchito msanganizo wa malamulo otsimikizirika, ndalama zoyendera pa maziko, ndi kulinganiza kwa malamulo a dziko, pamene makhoti akuwongolerabe malamulo a boma.

Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, kumvetsetsa ndandanda imeneyi nkofunika. Federalism yochita si madendensi okhwima koma kukambitsirana kogwira mtima. Mathayo a boma samakhala okhazikika; amasintha ndi njira iliyonse yatsopano ya boma, yankho lililonse, ndi kumasulira kulikonse kwa chiweruzo. Mwa kupenda zitsanzo zazikulu ndi mavuto amene amayambitsa, munthu amapeza chithunzi chomvekera bwino cha mmene ulamuliro wa Amereka umagwirira ntchito / kugwirizanitsa ndi kusiyanasiyana, zinthu zofunika m’dziko ndi kulamulira kwa kumaloko, m’dongosolo limene lakonzedwa kuti ligwirizane ndi zimenezo.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, fufuzani malemba onse a malamulo aakulu pa Congress.gov, Constitution ya makonzedwe a boma [[[FLT:]], ndi [FLT] Khoti la NFIB v. Sebelius kaamba ka kusanthula kozama. [FLT:]