Kodi Zinthu Ziyenera Kuchitika Bwanji?

Malamulo oyenerera ndi lamulo la malamulo a jurispuldensi ya ku America, lotsimikizira kuti boma silingachotse munthu aliyense moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu popanda njira zolungama ndi malamulo. Si lamulo limodzi koma malamulo osinthasintha amene amasintha mogwirizana ndi nkhani yake, kutsimikizira kuti malamulo achilungamo ali abwino. Mfundoyi imaikidwa pa KGwero Lachisanu ndi Lachisanu, pamene malamulo a boma ndi a boma akuwonjezera mfundo zomwezo ku boma ndi boma lakwanu.

Njira zoyenerera zamakono zimamvedwa kupyolera m'magulu aŵiri osiyana koma otsatizana: njira yoyenerera ndi njira yofunikira. Njira yoyenerera imakhudza mmene ya ntchito ya boma , kuzindikira, kumva, ndi kuchonderera kumene kuyenera kutsogolera kusoŵa kulikonse kwa ufulu. Njira zofunikira, kusiyanitsa, maderesi a ntchito za boma] . [FLT]] — zokhala ndi malamulo, kutetezera ufulu wina wofunika kuchokera ku ku ku ku kuletsa kulikonse kwa boma. Manthati onse aŵiriwo amayenerera kusunga chitaganya kumene kuli mphamvu zawozake ndi ufulu waumwini.

Zimene Zimayambitsa Zinthu Zimene Ziyenera Kuchitika

Lamulo la mpangidwe woyenerera liri ndi maziko a mbiri yakale amene afika kumbuyo kwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa America. Woyambirira wotchuka kwambiri ndi Magna Carta wa 1215, amene Mutu 39 unalengeza kuti palibe munthu womasuka amene angaponyedwa m’ndende, kuthamangitsidwa, kapena kuthamangitsidwa ndi kuikidwa kwa lamulo kwa ausinkhu wake kapena lamulo la dziko. ” mawu amenewo, “ lamulo la dziko, ” pambuyo pake linasinthira ku lingaliro la kachitidwe koyenera. Akatswiri alamulo monga Sir Edward Coke anakulitsa lingalirolo zaka mazana otsatira, ndipo linaloŵetsedwa m'dziko la asanakhale a Gwinja ndi malamulo a Bill.

Opanga maulansi adagwiritsira ntchito kwambiri mwambo umenewu. James Madison, amene anakhazikitsa Demetriyo yachisanu, cholinga chake chinali chotetezera olephera kuyang'anira boma mofanana ndi kuchitiridwa nkhanza kwa akuluakulu a boma. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, Congress inawonjezera njira yotetezera yoyenerera kwa anthu onse amene ali m'dzikolo ndi kupereka chiŵiya champhamvu chotetezera akapolo angomasulidwa kumene ku malamulo a boma. Nkhani za Khoti Landmark kuyang'anira monga Hirdo v. California[FLT:] (1184] ) ndi [FLT:] [FLT:] ndi [FLT:] [FLT:] ndi [FLT:] kuwonjezera njira zonse zotetezera. New Jersey [FLT3:] [3] (8] (198]) pang'onopang'onopang'ono) kupyola mu chikalata chombo cha m'Ezembe, [F.F.F.

Kukonzanso kwachisanu

Mu 1791, Demetrime ikunena kuti: “ Palibe munthu amene adzakhala … womanidwa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo. ̵ mavesiwa amasuliridwa kuti afuna kuti boma lipereke chidziŵitso chokwanira cha milandu, mpata woti limvedwe pamaso pa wopanga zosankha wopanda tsankho, ndi mwayi waukulu wopereka umboni. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, Kukonzanso kwachisanu kunayambitsa bungwe lolemera la malamulo onena za kudziimira, kuopsa koŵirikiza kaŵiri, ndi malo otchuka amene amachirikiza cholinga cha kuteteza anthu pa zochita zawo zauchiŵeruza. Khoti lalikulu linkateteza anthu pa chitetezero cha boma. Chosankha chachikulu (FP.: 06) [4] ndi kulengeza, ndipo chikalata chowateteza, chomwe chinafunikira kulengeza chikalata chokhudza ufulu cha boma.

Mpumulo Wachinayi

Mu 1868; Chigawo 1 cha 14th Amendment chimapereka kuti palibe boma limene lidzagwiritsa ntchito munthu aliyense wa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo. – kusintha kumeneku kosintha boma la America mwa kupanga maboma kukhala oŵerengera pa muyezo wa dziko. Matanthauzo oyambirira anali ochepa, koma pofika zaka za zana la 20 Khoti lidagwiritsira ntchito Demendement ya 1450 ’ Process Claus kuti agwirizanitse pafupifupi Bill of Rights for the Rights, kuphatikizapo ufulu wa kulankhula, wosindikiza, chipembedzo, msonkhano, ndi kuyenera kwa uphungu. Malamulo onga [FL:]. [FF]

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Programu yoyenerera imasumika pa chilungamo cha maprocess ogwiritsiridwa ntchito pamene boma lifuna kulanda munthu wina moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu. Sililetsa boma kuchitapo kanthu; mmalo mwake, kumafuna kuti boma litsatire njira zina zisanachitike. Maws opanga mayeso osinthasintha mu mas mas v. Eldit [FLT] kugamula zimene zili zofunikira kuchitapo kanthu. [[FLT:] Maws , makhoti atatu: kuyambukiridwa kwa zopinga za ena, kusoŵa kwa mapangano, ndi kutetezera kwa boma, &8; propetos.

Zinthu zofunikira m’kapangidwe ka zinthu ndizo:

  • Tnotice . Anthu ayenera kulandira chidziŵitso cha panthaŵi yake ndi chokwanira cha ntchito iliyonse ya boma imene ingayambukire zoyenera zawo. Izi zikutanthauza kudziŵitsidwa milandu, umboni, ndi zotsatirapo zake.
  • Kudziloŵetsa Kumvedwa. Anthu oyambukiridwa ayenera kukhala ndi mwaŵi watanthauzo wa kupereka mbali yawo ya nkhaniyo [1] Kaya kupyolera mwa kumvetsera, kugonjera kolembedwa, kapena kutsutsana kwa pakamwa . Pasadakhale wopanga zosankha wopanda tsankho.
  • Katundu. Wopanga chosankha ayenera kukhala wosaloŵerera, popanda kulephera kubwezera kapena kuwonongetsa ndalama. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti njira yoyenerera siiri mwambo chabe koma chitetezo chenicheni.
  • Kuyenera ku Uphungu ndi Umboni. M'nkhani zambiri, makamaka milandu yaupandu, njira yoyenerera imafunikira kulembedwa mwalamulo ndi kukhoza kufikira ndi kuyang'anizana ndi mboni zoipa za m'mphuno.
  • [[MLT:0] Chosankha chotsimikizirika. Malongosoledwe olembedwa kapena a pakamwa a chosankhacho amathandizira kutsimikizira kuti wopanga chosankhayo apende umboni ndi kutsatira lamulo.

Njira zoyenerera za lamulo zimagwira ntchito m’zochitika zambiri kupyola ziyeso zaupandu: mapindu a umoyo, chilango cha ophunzira, kuchotsa zitsutso kwa akatswiri, kutsekereza anthu osamukira m’dziko, ndi kulamula zonsezo zimafuna njira zoyenerera. Njira zachindunjizo zingasiyane, koma kudzipereka kotsimikizirika kwa chilungamo kumakhala kosasintha.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Chiphunzitsochi chinatulukira chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 m’nkhani monga Allgeyr v. Louisiana [FLT:] [1997] [197] [[FLT] [1979] [malamulo] ndi Lachner v. New York [19]] (1905], kumene Khoti Lapamwamba linakantha malamulo a zachuma amene anadziona kukhala olakwika mosayenera. [FLT:] [FLT] [FLY] [5]] [5]

Kachitidwe koyenerera kamakono ka kutetezera ufulu umene uli “ wozikidwa kwambiri mu Nation ’ mbiri ndi mwambo wotchedwa ̵ ndipo wofunika ku ufulu. Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira zoyenera zingapo zofunika pa chiphunzitso chimenechi, kuphatikizapo:

  • Kuyenera kwa kukwatira (m., [[FLT: 0] Lovang v. Virginia [1] , 1967; Obergefell v. Hodges , 2015]
  • Kuyenera kwa kukonza ([[FL: 0]Skinr v. Oklahoma, 1942])
  • Kuyenera kwa kuletsa kutenga mimba ([[FL: 0] Griswold .Connecticut[[FL:1], 1965)
  • Kuyenera kwa kuchotsa mimba ([[FLT: 0] Roe v. Wade, 1973, ndi Parents v. Casey, 1992, ngakhale [[FLT ]] . [FLT] . adalamulira [Dobbs v.Woma Brand . Jackson Amen ̱ Organization ya Zaumoyo [[FLT:]], 20222]
  • Kuyenera kwa kutsogolera kulera kwa ’ ana ([[FLT: 0] Pierce v. Society of Achemwali , 1925)
  • Kuyenera kwa kuyenda ([[FLT: 0] Saenz v. Roe, 1999)

Pamene lamulo liswa lamulo lalikulu loyenera, makhoti amagwiritsira ntchito kufufuza kwapadera kwa , kupempha boma kusonyeza kuti lamulo limapereka chikondwerero chokakamiza cha boma ndipo limalinganizidwa bwino kuti lipeze chikondwerero chimenecho. Mbali wapamwamba umenewu umatsimikizira kuti ufulu wokondedwa kwambiri wa munthuwe sunyongedwa mwamwambo ndi malamulo aakulu.

Kufunika kwa Njira Yoyenerera Kuyenda M’malo a Anthu Omasuka

Njira yoyenerera siili kokha chiphunzitso chalamulo; ndilo kudzipereka kwa makhalidwe ndi maziko ku lamulo. Popanda chitetezo choyenera, anthu amatsekeredwa mwachisawawa, kulanga kwachidule, ndi kuchenjerera kwa boma. Lingalirolo limachita ntchito zina zofunika:

  • Secp pa Arbitrory Power . Mwakufuna boma kulungamitsa zochita zake kupyolera m'njira zokhazikitsidwa ndi malire ochepera, njira yoyenerera imaletsa kusumika maganizo pa ulamuliro wosatseguka.
  • Ligitacy ndi Trinity . Nkhani zabwino zimawonjezera chidaliro cha anthu m'malamulo. Pamene anthu adziŵa kuti adzamvedwa ndi kuweruzidwa mosakondera, iwo ali othekera kwambiri kulandira zotulukapo, ngakhale zoipa.
  • Kutetezeredwa kwa Maufumu aang'ono. Kuyenera kumatetezera anthu ovutika ndi magulu ku ulamuliro wankhanza wa andale. Kumatsimikizira kuti ngakhale anthu osakondedwa amalandira ufulu wofanana wa kubadwa mofanana ndi wina aliyense.
  • Kulakwa ndi Kusamala. Zitetezero zachibadwa zonga kuyenera kwa uphungu, kutulukira, ndi kusanthula kuchepetsa upandu wa zikhulupiriro zolakwika, kukana kolakwika, ndi kusoŵa zinthu kosalungama.
  • Kulemekeza Imodzi pa Ifeyo. Pamaziko ake, njira yoyenerera imazindikira kuti munthu aliyense ali woyenerera kuchitiridwa ulemu ndi boma. Kuzindikira kumeneko kuli kofunika ku chitaganya cha demokrase.

Kutsatira Makonzedwe

Chilungamo Chaupandu

Pamilandu, njira yofunikira imapereka zifuno zazikulu pa oweruza alamulo ndi makhoti. Kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu, kokhazikitsidwa mu Gideon v. Wainfright (1963]), ndi chimodzi cha zipambano zotchuka kwambiri za oweruza. Zitetezero zina zazikulu zimaphatikizapo kuyenera kwa mlandu wa anthu, kuyenera kwa kuyang'anizana ndi mboni, chitetezo cholimbana ndi kudzikakamiza kwa munthu mwini (kuchokera ku Maranda], ndi zofunika zimene zimatsimikizidwa popanda kukaikira koyenera. Malamulo ameneŵa amalinganizidwa kuletsa zigamu za kulakwa ndi kusunga chiŵeruzo cha kulakwa.

Kupitirizabe kwa Anthu ndi Uyang’aniro

Kuyenera kufalikira kupyola makhoti a milandu. M’milandu yachiŵeniŵeni, mamembala ali ndi ufulu wozindikira milandu, mwaŵi wa kupereka umboni, ndi kuyenera kwa apilo. Mabungwe auyang'anira . Monga ngati Social Security Administration , Environmental Protection Agency , ndi kutumiza mabutting boards . Amayenera kupereka mayeso osamalitsa anthu asanawamane mapindu, malaisensi, kapena zinthu zina. Mwachitsanzo, mu [FLT: 0] Goldberg v. Kelly . [FLT:] (1970), Khoti Lapamwamba limakhala ndi mlandu wakuti olandira chithandizo asanamveko bwino. Mofananamo, ophunzira amayang'ana kuchotsedwa m'masukulu akakhala pansi pa [FLT:]

Kuyendayenda

Lamulo la kutumiza dziko limapereka njira yovuta kwambiri. Anthu amene alipo ku United States ali ndi ufulu wochotsako zinthu zonse. Nkhani za m'khoti laposachedwapa monga [Fver Amendment ’]. Zitetezero, kutanthauza kuti ayenera kulandira chidziŵitso ndi kumvetsera bwino asanathamangitse. Komabe, kuteteza kumeneku kungasiyana, makamaka kwa anthu amene asungidwa kumalire kapena amene angafunike kuchotsa. Nkhani zaposachedwapa za Khoti Lapamwamba monga Jennings v. Rodriguez [1] (20.8) adalimbana ndi kumangidwa popanda zigwirizano zomveka zimaswa ndi njira yoyenerera, kusonyeza kupsinjika kopitirizabe pakati pa chitetezo ndi ufulu wa mtundu.

Mavuto Amene Adzabwere

Ngakhale kuti maziko ake ali ozikidwa, mchitidwe woyenerera ukuyang’anizana ndi ziwopsezo zazikulu m’zaka za zana la 21.

Kusalingana Madongosolo ndi Kufikira ku Chilungamo

Malonjezo a ntchito yoyenera adakali opanda phindu kwa ambiri amene sangathe kuimira mwalamulo. M'nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni . Makamaka aja oloŵetsamo kuchotsedwa kwa ntchito, kusonkhezedwa kwa ngongole, kusungidwa kwa ana, ndi kusamukira ku dziko . Anthu kaŵirikaŵiri amawonekera [ pro se (opanda loya)] (opanda loya) chifukwa chakuti alibe zipangizo zopangira uphungu. Khoti Lapamwamba ku ] Lassiter v. Dipatimenti ya Mautumiki a za Mayanja a anthu [191] adakhulupirira kuti palibe kuyenera kwachilo lolangiza m'nkhani zachikhalidwe chokha. Mabungwe a fuko ndi anthu owonjezera mavuto ameneŵa amasonyeza kuti Black ndi Assudmistism ali oyenera kumangidwa ndi kulandira chilango chowopsa, ndi kuyang'mwinomo.

Luso la Zaluso Ndiponso Kudzibisa

Kupita patsogolo kwa luso la zopangapanga kumatsutsa njira zamwambo. Kuyang'ana kwa boma, kuyang'anira maso, mapulogalamu odziŵira apolisi, ndi madongosolo opanga makompyuta a pulogalamu angachititse anthu kukhala ndi ufulu kapena katundu popanda kuonekera kapena kupenda . Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsira ntchito maauthmenti oika moyo pachigamulo ndi pa bere; kukhoza kuchititsa anthu kudana ndi anthu a mitundu ina ndi kukana mwayi wotsutsa chidziŵitso chapansipansi pa nkhope. Momwemonso, kusonkhanitsa umboni wa magetsi kuchokera ku mafoni, a social a za anthu, ndi GPS kumadzutsa mafunso okhudza chidziŵitso, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a pulogalamu a , kuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta. Supreme Count ̱ chigamulo cha [FL:] m'Chivomerezo. .

Chisungiko cha Dziko Lonse ndi Mphamvu Zadzidzidzi

Potchula za chitetezo cha dzikolo, maboma nthaŵi zina amanyalanyaza njira yofunikira. Pambuyo pa ziukiro za September 11, U.S. U.S. wogwidwa wokayikiridwa kukhala zigaŵenga ku Guantanamo Bay ndi kwina, akutsutsana kuti anali ogonjera ku mabwalo ankhondo m’malo mwa makhoti a anthu. Khoti Lapamwamba linasungirira m'milandu yonga . Rumsfeld [200] [200]] [200] [zinsi] ndi [[FLT] Boumete v. [Bush'b'v] (2003]), kutsimikiza kuti ngakhale adani ali ndi njira yoyenera yotsutsa kumangidwa kwawo asanachite chigamu. Komabe, makamaka monga mmene maboma amaganizira zangozi zachithandizo, ndi chisoko chachiyambi cha anthu onse, chiwopsezo chachi pakati pa anthu onse, chiwonkhoterere ndi chiwomwe chiku

Kumaliza

Malamulo afunika kuchita zinthu zambiri osati kungokhala ngati kuti pali malamulo; ndi kudzipereka kwa moyo kumene kumachirikiza demokrase ya America. Kuyambira pa Magna Carta mpaka pa Madementivements yachisanu ndi ya 145, kuchokera ku Mathews v. Elditridge kwa [[FLT:] [OGWE] adagwa mu udani ndi . Hodges [], lamulo limeneli layamba kuthana ndi mavuto atsopano pamene likukwaniritsa cholinga chake: kutsimikizira kuti munthu aliyense alandire mpata wofunika kuti amvedwe ndi kuti boma lizigwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake m’malamulo. Monga momwe amaphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi nzika za m’dziko, kuzindikira ndi kuteteza njira yoyenerera kuteteza ufulu ndi kumasulira ufulu wa dziko. Chisonkhazire kuyenera kutsimikizira kutsimikizira kuukira kwa anthu onse ankhondo ndi kuyang'alamuli, koma lamulo lamphamvu lamphamvu lamphamvu la anthu onse. Koma anthu ambiri.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, fufuzani [[FLT: 1] Cornell Iniversion Institute ̱ kupenda kwa ntchito yoyenerera , project jikti pa Gideoni v. Wainwright [[FLT:] , ndi ACLU& #217; kusanthula kwa mitundu ya zinthu m'dongosolo. [FLT:]