Ntchito ya ndawala ya ndawala m'masankho yakhala nkhani yofunika kwambiri m'nkhani yamakono ya ndale. Pamene masankho akukula ndi kukwera mtengo, kumvetsetsa chisonkhezero cha ndalama pa khalidwe la ovota ndi zotulukapo za osankhira nkofunika kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira omwe. Zopereka za mkupiti ndi kagwiridwe ka ntchito zimene ofuna kubatizidwa angakhoze kuthamanga komanso mmene osankhawo amawaonera, nkhani zimene zimalamulira makambitsirano a anthu, ndipo amene amapambana. Kupenda kowonjezereka kumeneku kumakumba kwambiri m'malunjika, ziyambukiro, ndi mikangano yozungulira projekiti, kupereka kuyang'ana kwakukulu kwa dongosolo limene limayambukira demokrase.

Kusintha kwa Ndalama za Mkupiti

Malipiro a kampeni asintha kwambiri m'zaka 100 zapitazi. Poyamba, ndalama za anthu zinali zochepa, ndipo ambiri anali kudalira pa zopereka zochepa za anthu, mabungwe a zipani, ndi chuma chawo. Kusinthaku kunayamba ndi kufutukuka kwa manyuzi, kenako wailesi yakanema , yomwe inawonjezera kwambiri mtengo wa anthu osankhidwa. Pofika 1960, kusatsa malonda otsatsa malonda kunakhala ndalama zoyendetsera, kusonkhezera ofunsira kufunafuna zopereka zazikulu. Nthaŵi ya pampando wa Watergate inabweretsa malamulo oyamba a boma ndi Federal Evigate Act of 1971 ndi a a a aintements , amene anakhazikitsa malire, zofunikira, ndi dongosolo la opereka ndalama zaundamali ya boma kaamba ka mavoti.

Nkhani ya Supreme Court [[FLT: 0] Bockley v. Valeo . adakhazikitsa chitsanzo chowopsya mwa kulinganiza ndawala yothera ndi mawu otetezereka, kuchotsa malire oikidwiratu pamene akusunga makhofi opereka. Chigamulochi chinatsegulira anthu olemera ndi magulu kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zawo popanda malire, malinga ngati sanagwirizane ndi oyembekezera. Malowo anasinthanso modabwitsa mu 2010 ndi [[FLT:] Concizens United. FEZ[FLT] v. [FFLT] Count], zimene zinalola makampani, maukwati, ndi mabungwe ena kuwononga ndalama zosamalitsa ndalama zandale. Chipambanitso cha PCC, chinatsatira ndi kukwera kwa chidziŵitso chalamulo. Malinga ndi kulongosola kwa chidziŵitso chapamwamba cha [FLT]

  • Cham'ma 1900: Macandidansi adadalira pa zopereka zazing'ono, chichirikizo cha zipani, ndi chuma chaumwini.
  • Zitsanzo za Nkhondo Yadziko II: [ Otsatsa malonda a pa TV anawononga ndalama zambiri; maukwati ndi mabizinesi a PC adabuka.
  • 1970: [ malamulo a Federal anakhazikitsa malire a zopereka, ndalama za anthu, ndi FEC.
  • 2010: Citaminings United kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito kampani paokha.
  • 2020: [ Magulu a ndalama zakuda ndi zopereka zosadziŵika bwino zimawonjezera miyalo yatsopano ya zinthu zocholoŵana.

Kumvetsa zinthu zochititsa chidwi zimenezi kumatithandiza kumvetsa chifukwa chake dongosolo lamakonoli likuoneka ngati lilipodi ndiponso chifukwa chake anthu akuyesetsa kusintha zinthu, kaya akhale a Mboni kapena andale, amakumana ndi mavuto aakulu chonchi.

Makina a Ndalama za Mkupiti

Kudziwa mmene ndalama za kampani zimagwirira ntchito n’kofunika kwambiri pofufuza mmene zimayendera.

  • Zopereka zaumwini: Zopereka zachindunji kuchokera kwa nzika zaumwini, zogonjera ku malire a boma ($3,300 pa chisankho, monga 2023-2024, kusinthika kwa kukwera kwa mtengo). Anthu angaperekenso ku makomiti a zipani ndi PaCs, ndi malire apamwamba.
  • Mabungwe a Chigawo (PAC): mabungwe amene amasonkhanitsa zopereka kuchokera kwa ziŵalo kapena antchito kuthandiza oyembekezera kubatizidwa. Mapacco amachepa pa ndalama zimene angapereke kwa woloŵa wina wobatizidwa mmodzi ($5,000 pa chisankho) ndipo ayenera kuulula operekawo.
  • Party Financing : Zopereka zochokera ku makomiti a boma ndi a zipani zimene zimathandiza kulinganiza ntchito zothandizira, monga ngati kutulutsa zoyesayesa ndi kusatsa. Makomiti a gulu angalandire zopereka zazikulu ndi kugonjera ku malire.
  • Ifeyo : Makomiti a kampani odziimira okha amene angakweze ndalama zosaŵerengeka kuchokera ku makampani, maukwati, anthu, ndi ma PAC ena. Ayenera kugwira ntchito paokha pa ndawala za ofunsira ndi kuvumbula opereka ndalama . Nkhokwe zonga “ndalama zobisika ". Zopanda phindu zingabisire magwero oyambirira. Super PACS inalamulira 2020 ndi 2022, kutha kwa mabiliyoni.
  • Magulu a Ndalama Opanda phindu: Mabungwe osapanga phindu ogawiridwa pansi pa zigawo 501(c)(4) kapena 501(c) (6) a malamulo a msonkho amene amachitapo ntchito ya ndale zadziko popanda kuwadziŵikitsa poyera opereka ndalama. Magulu ameneŵa amagwiritsira ntchito njira zotsegukira ndipo akhala mphamvu yaikulu m'masankhoti aposachedwapa.

Kayendetsedwe ka ndalama kamakhala kopeka. Wopereka angapereke ndalama ku bungwe la Super PAC, limene limalandira ndalama kuchokera ku ndalama zopanda phindu lakuda, zimene zinalipiriridwa ndi osakhala ndi umboni. Tsangwe limeneli limapangitsa kuti osankha azivutika kufunafuna amene akuchirikizadi ndawala. Fateral Evolution Commission imakhazikitsa malamulo otsegulira koma amasulizidwa kuti apeze njira yoyendetsera ndi yochepetsera ntchito. Chotulukapo chake ndicho njira imene ndalama zambiri zoyendetsera ntchito za kampani ya kampaniyo ndi pamene Revitation kaŵirikaŵiri alibe chidziŵitso chomveka chonena za kumbuyo kwa ndalamazo.

Kusintha Khalidwe la Anthu Okonda Kugonana ndi Anthu Okhala ndi Magetsi

Kampeni simakhudza chabe osankha komanso imakhudza kwambiri khalidwe la ovota. Ndalama zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zingathandize anthu kuona zinthu moyenera, kutsegula malo, ndiponso kukhudza mmene anthu amavotera pa tsiku la chisankho.

  • Kuulutsidwa kwa pulogalamu: Ndalama zotayika kaŵirikaŵiri zimatembenuzira ku kusatsa malonda owonjezereka [1] Malo a kanema, kusatsa malonda kwa foni, makalata a mwachindunji. Zoikapo zosungiramo zankhondo zazikulu zingatsogoze mamope, kulongosola chithunzi chawo ndi kuukira adani. Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti kukwera mtengo kwa ndalama kungasintha malingaliro ndi maperesenti angapo m'mipikisano, makamaka pakati pa osankhidwa ndi osadziŵa bwino.
  • Kugwirizana kwa 'VT': Mikupiti yokonzedwa bwino ingathe kugula ntchito zapamwamba: kugwiritsa ntchito khomo ndi khomo, mabanki a telefoni, maprogramu a meseji otumizira mauthenga, ndi zokometsera zolipilira zolipilira. Kuyesayesa kumeneku kuwonjezera kutulukira, makamaka pakati pa maziko a wofuna kulembetsa. Kufufuza kukusonyeza kuti kukhoza kuwonjezera maperesenti 3-8, malinga ndi njirayo.
  • Kusintha kwa Vitacy : Wofunsira amene amakweza ndalama zambiri mwamsanga kaŵirikaŵiri amaonedwa kukhala wodalirika ndi wothekera kwambiri kupambana. “ndalama monga chizindikiro” zimakopa zopereka zowonjezereka, zivomerezo, ndi kuulutsira nkhani, kupanga kayendedwe kaumwini. Ofuna kufunsirawo angavutike kutengeredwa mosamalitsa, ngakhale ngati ali ndi malingaliro amphamvu kapena mizu ya udzu yochirikiza.
  • Agenda-Profespose Power: Opereka ndalama angakakamize ofunsira ndi mapwando kusumika maganizo pa nkhani zina. Mwachitsanzo, maindasitale onga zandalama, zosamalira zaumoyo, ndi mphamvu amapereka zopereka zochulukira kwa ochirikiza zonulirapo zawo zalamulo. Zimenezi zingasinthe mkangano wapoyera ku nkhani zoyanjidwa ndi zikondwerero zachuma, zimene zingasokoneze nkhani za anthu onse.

Olemba nkhani sangakhale akuwona mwachindunji ndalamazo zikuyenda, koma amawona ziyambukiro zake m'mawu amene amawonera, oyembekezera kupanga mapanganowo, ndi zinthu zofunika zimene zimawonekera m'mikupiti. Kusanthula 2020 kochitidwa ndi Brennan Center ya Justice [ anapeza kuti opereka aang'ono (kupereka $200 kapena ochepera) anapanga gawo lowonjezereka la zopereka m'mafuko a pulezidenti, koma opereka ndalama zambiri zothandizira okonzekera msonkhanowo, kuwapatsa iwo chiyambukiro chowonjezereka.

Kupenda Nkhani: Chisankho cha Pulezidenti cha 2020

Mpikisano wa masankho 2020 unawononga ndalama zoposa $14 biliyoni. Joe Biden ndi Donald Trump anaphatikiza pamodzi ndalama zopitirira $2. Makampani a Biden adadalira kwambiri pa zopereka za pa Intaneti zochepera za Trump, pamene mkupiti wa Trump unali ndi chichirikizo champhamvu kuchokera kwa opereka ndi Algabean Super PACs. Makampani ochuluka otsatsa malonda, makamaka m'makampani, anawonjezera chidziŵitso. Ofufuza kuchokera kwa Wesleyan Media Project anasonyeza kuti TV iwonongedwa m'makampani a pulezidenti inaposa $.3 biliyoni, ndi malonda otsutsa 60% ya anthu onse. Mwachiwo mwachidziŵikire chiwonse chopsinjika maganizo m'zopanga ndi kuthandizira, ngakhale kuwonjezera kwa gulu lililonse la anthu.

Ntchito ya Zipangizo

Zipangizo zamakono zasintha ndalama za kampeni. Makina opanga zipangizo zamakono amalola kuti pakhale njira zatsopano zopezera ndalama ndiponso njira zochitira ovota zimene zinali zosayembekezereka ngakhale zaka 10 zapitazo.

  • Online Fundraiting: Madansi angatunge ndalama kupyolera mwa manyuzi a manyukiliya, ma mail, ndi mapulatifomu otsatizana onga Act Blue ndi Win Red. Mapulatifomu ameneŵa amachepetsa chopinga kuti aloŵe, kutheketsa anthu aang'ono opereka madislar kupereka mopepuka. Mu 2020, Act Bluean wogawapanga ndalama zoposa madola 5 biliyoni m'zopereka, ambiri mwa iwo pansi pa $25. Kusintha kwa ndalama kwa kupatsa alendo a kumaiko akunja kulola anthu a kupikisana, ngakhale kuti amawonjezeranso mawu a awo okhala ndi nthaŵi ndi kufunitsitsa kupereka.
  • Kampeni zotchedwa DAT Analytics: Imagwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zapamwamba za chidziŵitso ndi kuvota chigawo. Mafaelo a Voter, makompyuta ogula, ndi makhalidwe a pa Intaneti amaphatikizidwa kuyang'anira chiŵerengero cha anthu ndi kuchonderera kopeka. Mwachitsanzo, ndawala ingatumize mameseji odzifunira kwa wopereka amene poyamba anapereka kwa zisonkhetso za malo okhala, kupempha ndalama kuti athetse kusintha kwa nyengo. Makipikito akuwonjezera ziŵerengero za kutembenuza anthu koma amawonjezeranso nkhaŵa zachinsinsi.
  • Sactial Media Campaign: Platforms monga Facebook, Twitter (tsopano X), ndi TikTok amagwiritsiridwa ntchito osati kokha kaamba ka kufikiridwa kwaulere komanso kutsatsa malonda a ndale zadziko. Makampani a zamalonda amalola ndawala kuyesa mauthenga mofulumira, kuvomereza zochitika m’nthaŵi yeniyeni, ndi kumanga midzi ya ochirikiza. Komabe, kusoŵa kwa kuwonekera kwa pa zida za ndale zadziko zomafuna [1] Makamakamakamaka kufalitsa kumene kumaletsa maina a otchuka [1] kwachititsa lamulo. Bungwe la Federa Evotion lakhala ndi nkhondo kukonza malamulo ake kaamba ka nyengo ya manambala.
  • Kachipangizo kabwino ndi Blockchain: M'nyengo zaposachedwapa, ndawala zina zinayamba kuvomereza Bitocoin ndi ma procypocrecy. Ngakhale kuti kachidutswa ka ndalama zonse, kangakule pamene operekawo afunafuna dzina lachinsinsi kapena zinthu zina. Maluso a zamakono angawongoletse kuwonjezereka kwa kuchuluka kwa ndalama zandale, koma tsopano akuwonjezeranso mbali ina ya kucholoŵana kwa zinthu.

Zipangizo zamakono zathandizanso kuyambitsa “mapilo” a zopereka zazing'ono zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwezi ndi mwezi popereka mapulogalamu opereka ndalama zoyendera bwino. Zopereka zimenezi, kaŵirikaŵiri zimakhazikitsidwa pa zochitika zapamwamba, zingachirikize magulu a oyembekezera kulowa ndi otsalira otsalira. Komabe zipangizo zomwezo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu achilendo poyesa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zosayenera, monga momwe zikuwonedwa pofufuza kuloŵerera kwa Russia kudzera m'zoulutsa nkhani za makampani a 2016

Zitokoso ndi Kusuliza

Ngakhale kuti ndalama za kampani zili ndi tanthauzo lake, zitsutso zambiri ndiponso kusulizidwa.

  • Its Suppects: Osankha ambiri samadziŵa za amene apanga ndawala za ndalama, zimene zimatsogolera ku kusakhulupirira. Magulu a ndalama a mdima, amene safunikira kuvumbula operekawo, anawononga ndalama zoyerekezeredwa kukhala $1.2 biliyoni m'liŵiro la 2020, malinga ndi Opensecrets . Kubisa kumeneku kumafooketsa lamulo la kuvomereza mwachidziŵitso ndipo kumalola zikondwerero zapadera kugwira ntchito popanda kuŵerengera mlandu kwa anthu.
  • Kusemphana maganizo kwa 'Sayansi: [[FT:1] Kulimbana ndi chuma cha ndalama zambiri kaŵirikaŵiri kuli ndi phindu losayenerera. Mu 2022, 90% ya Nyumba ya anthu amene anafunafunanso chisankho anapambana, makamaka chifukwa chakuti amatsutsa kwambiri. Mpikisano wa Akalamulo umawononga $20 miliyoni; mpikisano wa mpikisano wa opikisana umafooketsa oyenerera amene sapeza ndalama zambiri.
  • Maupandu a Corruption: Kuthekera kwa makonzedwe ofunsira kulinganiza kumadzutsa nkhaŵa za makhalidwe abwino. Pamene kuli kwakuti Khoti Lalikulu laletsa kuzengedwa kwa ziphuphu zachindunji, muyezo pakati pa zopereka za ndawala ndi ziphuphu ukhoza kusokonezeka. Mwachitsanzo, opereka amene amasunga ndalama zambiri kwa wofunsira angalandire kupezeka mwapadera kwa opanga malamulo [1] mayeso, nthaŵi, mfundo za malamulo. Ngakhale popanda chiphuphu, lingaliro la kukondera limawononga chikhulupiriro cha anthu onse.
  • Influence on Policy: Makampani amene amathandizira kwambiri kaŵirikaŵiri amawona zotulukapo za malamulo zogwirizana ndi zifuno zawo. Kufufuza kwa 2017 kochitidwa ndi Princeton ndi Northwestern kunapeza kuti makampani apamwamba ndi magulu a malonda ali ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu pa lamulo la boma la U.S., pamene kuli kwakuti nzika za avereji zilibe kanthu. Kupezaku, kaŵirikaŵiri kutchedwa “maphunziro a kusalingana kwa zikhalidwe m’ndale zadziko, [1] kumagogomezera ndawala ya ndawala ya za ndawala ya zachuma yopereka chigwirizano cha demokrase.

Otsutsa amanenanso za “ndalama zimene zimawononga nthaŵi ya ofuna kupereka ndalama. Kugwiritsa ntchito maola tsiku lililonse kuitanira opereka ndalama kumasiya nthaŵi yochepa ya kukambitsirana za lamulo, kukumana ndi ogwirizana, kapena kulamulira.

Ntchito Zogwirizana ndi Malamulo ndi Kusintha Zinthu

Malamulo a za ndawala za ndale ozungulira ali ovuta ndipo akusintha nthaŵi zonse. Masinthidwe osiyanasiyana othetsera mavuto obwera ndi ndalama m’ndale, koma amayang'anizana ndi malamulo a boma, ndale, ndi zopinga zothandiza. Mbali zazikulu zamakono zimaphatikizapo:

  • Khoti la Fereral Evolution Commission (FEC): [[FLT ] Bungwe lopangidwa mu 1975 kuyang'anira malamulo a ndawala ndi malamulo osungitsa kaŵirikaŵiri limasuliridwa kukhala lopunduka ndi kuferatu kwa gulu. Ndi oimira atatu okha kuchokera ku gulu lirilonse, zochita zosungitsa kaŵirikaŵiri zimagaŵa 3-3, zilango zotsekereza. Osintha zinthu alingalira kukonzanso FEC, koma malingaliro akhazikika mu Congress.
  • [[FLT: 0] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • Malamulo oikidwa: Malamulo alingalira za ndalama zambiri zosintha m'zaka zaposachedwapa. Chikalata cha DISCLOSE chingafunikire ma PAC ndi magulu a ndalama zakuda kuvumbula opereka. Mapangano a anthu opereka lamulo (H.R. 1) anaphatikizapo makonzedwe a zachuma, kulembetsa kodzisankhira, ndi kusintha kwa makhalidwe. Sipanapangidwe chifukwa cha kutseka mapulogalamu a pulogalamu. Pamlingo wa boma, njira zopimira m'malo onga Missouri ndi South Dakota zapereka miyezo yotsutsa kusakaza, kungofooketsedwa kapena kupepusidwa ndi malamulo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Khoti la Ansembe: Kusintha kulikonse kuyenera kuyendera bwino mmene khoti likufotokozera za Kusintha Koyamba. Milandu yonga Citaminizins United ndi [FLT] MCcheon v. FEC (2014 anaswa malire a zopereka zopereka zoperekedwa ndi zopimira zodziimira paokha. Kusintha kwa mtsogolo kungafunikire kumangidwa mopepuka kapena kudalira pa malamulo a malamulo osintha zinthu zimenezi.

Njira yosinthira zinthu njochuluka. Kufufuza kwa anthu nthaŵi zonse kumasonyeza kuchirikiza mwamphamvu kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama ndi kuchuluka kwa kuonekera kwa zinthu, komabe njira ya malamulo ikali yovuta. Chisonkhezero cha ndalama m’dongosolo la ndale zadziko icho chokha chimalepheretsa ngakhale kusintha kochepa, popeza kuti awo amene akupindula ndi dongosolo lamakonoli ndiwo amene angafunikire kusintha.

Mtsogolo mwa Ndalama za Mkupiti

Kulankhulana bwino pakati pa anthu osankha zinthu mwaufulu ndiponso mosakondera n’kofunika kwambiri.

  • Kusintha kwa Mtsogolo : Masinthidwe a mtsogolo angasumike pa malamulo okhwima kukulitsa kuwonekera, monga ngati kupempha ogula onse andale kuvumbula opereka awo apamwamba mosasamala kanthu za kuyerekezera. Maboma angayese ndi madongosolo otsimikizira [1] Kupereka ndalama zochepa za anthu onse zoperekera kwa wosankha wosankhidwayo (monga momwe pulogalamu ya Seattle’s Democracy Voucher. SEC ingafunenso makampani ogulitsa malonda kuti aulule ndalama zandale.
  • Grasroots Movements:[FLT :1] Kukwera kwa ndalama zoulutsira magetsi za magetsi zazing'ono, kosonyezedwa ndi chipambano cha Bernie Sanders ndi Elizabeth Warren, kumasonyeza kuti oyembekezera angapikisane popanda kudalira pa opereka aakulu. Magulu onga ngati American Propect ndi Wolf-PAC amasonkhezera kukhazikitsa kwa lamulo kugwedeza Citizens United[[FFFFFFY:3]. Ngati A. Ngati ASPURENT apitiriza kusonkhezera anthu aang'ono, liŵiro lingasunkire ku ku kuthandizira kopereka ndalama za democracy.
  • Zitsanzo za Zechnology: Tekinoloji yatsopano idzapitirizabe kuumba kukonza ndalama zothandizira ndi kutulukira. Luntha lakupanga lingapange zikalata zothandizira anthu pamlingo, komanso kutheketsa makampani osinthasinthasintha zinthu. “mapangano a zandale" angalole kutsata zopereka zandale panthaŵi yeniyeni, ngakhale kuti kulera kungafunikire kulongosola bwino. Mapulatifomu a kakhalidwe ka anthu angatenge dala njira zosonyezera njira zosonyezera kuonekera kwa zinthu, monga momwe anachitira Tutter mu 2019 mwa kuletsa malonda onse andale.
  • Nkhondo za Chiyudika ndi Malamulo: Kulemba kwa Khoti Lalikulu sikungalingaliridwenso kupendanso Citizens United [1] Posakhalitsa, koma Makhoti angasiye malamulo amene amachepetsa chisonkhezero chachilendo, kutseka ndalama zokhala mdima, kapena kupanga programu yaing'ono yofanana ndi masankhoti a boma. Mtsogolonso mungaone kuvomerezedwa kwa malamulo a za ndawala a boma, amene makhoti ena agwirizana ndi ufulu pansi pa Kukonzanso Koyamba ngati atumikira chikondweretso chokakamiza kuletsa chiphuphu kapena kuwoneka kwake.

Pomalizira pake, chivomerezo cha ndalama za projekiti chimadalira pa kufuna kwa anthu kusintha ndi kufunitsitsa kwa opanga malamulo kuchitapo kanthu motsutsana ndi zolinga zawo zazifupi. Aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira omwe akuphunzira nkhani imeneyi ayenera kulingalira osati kokha amakanika komanso mafunso otsatizana: Kodi tikufuna kusankha mtundu wotani? Kodi mphamvu za zachuma ziyenera kuloledwa motani kutembenuzira ku ulamuliro wandale? Mayankho a mafunso ameneŵa adzakhudza demokrase ya m'zaka za zana la 21.

Kumaliza

Chiyambukiro cha kampani ya ndawala pa chisankho ndi chivoti nchachikulu ndi chamitundumitundu. Kuyambira kusinthika kwa kuwonongera ndalama m'zaka za zana lapita mpaka mavuto amakono a ndalama ndi kutumiza ndalama za makompyuta, ntchito ya ndalama m'ndale imakhudza mbali iliyonse ya kachitidwe ka zinthu zosankhidwa. Kumvetsetsa mamembala kumathandiza kutsimikizira chifukwa chake oyembekezera kupambana, chifukwa chake nkhani zina zimalamulira, ndipo chifukwa chake oponya ndalama ambiri amalingalira kuti mawu awo akutha ndi opereka ndalama zolemera. Pamene aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira akugwirizana ndi nkhani imeneyi, kupenda bwino madongosolo m'malowo kudzakhala kofunika kuchirikiza nzika zodziŵa bwino kwambiri ndi zopotoza zinthu. Ndalama zamtsogolo sizidzakonzedwa ndi anthu olemera, zamakono, zasayansi, ndi tanthauzo lenileni la ndale zadziko.