Kumvetsa Koleji ya Electoral: Chitsogozo cha Maziko a Nzika Zonse

Electoral College ndi njira imene United States amasandutsa Pulezidenti wake ndi Pulezidenti wachiŵiri pa zaka zinayi zilizonse. Imene imakhalako m'Malamulo a United States, imaphatikizapo gulu la osankha amene anavota movomerezeka zimene amaonetsa zotsatira za mavoti otchuka m’boma lililonse ndi m'chigawo cha Columbia. Anthu ambiri, Electoral College angaone ngati ovuta kapena osokoneza, komabe imagwira ntchito yaikulu pokonza makampani a pulezidenti, mfundo za dziko, ndiponso zotsatira zake za masankhoti.

Dongosolo sili demokrase yachindunji m’lingaliro loyera kwambiri. Mmalomwake, linalinganizidwa monga kulolerana pakati pa voti yotchuka ndi chivoti cha bungwe. Lerolino, idakali imodzi ya mbali zotsutsana kwambiri za ulamuliro wa Amereka. Chitsogozo chimenechi chimapereka kulongosola kope latsatanetsatane la Electoral College, kutchula kwake m'mbiri, malamulo ogwirira ntchito, mfundo zofunika, mfundo zazikulu, ndi makambitsirano opitirizabe onena za kusintha zinthu.

Mbiri Yakale: Kulolera kwa Abambo

M’malo mwake, anayambitsa msonkhano waukulu pa msonkhano wa m’chaka cha 1787 ku Philadelphia. Oyambitsawo anafunsa funso lofunika kwambiri lakuti: Kodi dzikolo liyenera kusankha bwanji mkulu wake?

Msonkhano wa Malamulo wa mu 1787

Nthumwi ku msonkhano zinalingalira njira zingapo zosankhira Pulezidenti. Ena anatsutsa kuti chisankho chotchuka chikapatsa nzika mawu achindunji. Ena anakonda masankho ochitidwa ndi Congress, akumanena kuti nzika yapakatiyo siipeza chidziŵitso chokwanira kuti isankhe. Komabe ina inafuna kuti makhomagedi a boma asankhe. Chosankha chilichonse chinabweretsa mavuto. Chisankho chachiyaning'ono chinaopseza kupereka mphamvu zambiri ku maboma aakulu, okhala ndi anthu ambiri. Congressiontion ikanatha kuyambitsa chisankho cha Pulezidenti woyang'ana ku nthambi ya malamulo, kuchepetsa kugawa kwa maulamuliro.

Kulolera Molakwa kwa ku Connecticut ndi Chisonkhezero Chake

Potsirizira pake yankho linachokera ku Connecticut Ololera, imene inali itathetsa kale kuimira kwa Congress. Pansi pa kulolera kumeneko, Nyumba ya Oimira ikagaŵidwa ndi anthu, pamene kuli kwakuti Bungwe Lamilandu likapatsa boma lililonse mamejala aŵiri. Electoral College inatsanzira lingaliro limeneli. Boma lililonse limalandira chiŵerengero cha osandutsa onse a Senators (nthaŵi zonse) limodzi ndi chiŵerengero chake cha Oimira (osiyana ndi anthu). Maboma aang'ono ameneŵa amapanga chiwonjezeko cha mphamvu yokhudza anthu awo.

Kulinganiza Boma ndi Mphamvu Zadziko

Okonza Electoral College analinganizanso kuti alinganize ulamuliro wa boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma. Oyang’anira akasankhidwa ndi maboma, koma akakumana kuti akavote monga bungwe la dziko. Izi zinaletsa malamulo a boma kulamulira mwachindunji ndi kutsimikizira kuti dziko likhala ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri posankha. Kuwonjezera apo, oyambitsawo anali kudera nkhaŵa ndi chisonkhezero cha dziko lachilendo ndi chipani cha boma. Mwakupanga chotsekereza pakati pa voti yotchuka ndi kusankha komaliza, iwo anayembekezera kuchepetsa ngozi ya kuponderezedwa kapena kusankha kofulumira kwa osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa.

Mmene Kholiji ya Electoral Imagwirira Ntchito: Kusweka kwa Masitepe ndi Masitepe

Kumvetsa mfundo iliyonse n’kofunika kwambiri kuti munthu aliyense amvetse mmene mavoti ake amasinthira m’mikhalidwe ya pulezidenti.

Kugaŵidwa kwa Openda Zinthu

Chiwerengero chonse cha osankhira chinapangidwa pa 538. Chiŵerengerochi chimachokera ku kuwonjezera 435 a mamembala a Nyumba ya Oimira Oimira, 100 a bungwe la oweruza, ndi osankha atatu a ku District of Columbia, monga momwe chinalongedwa ndi 23rd Amend Amendment. Boma lililonse limalandira osankhidwa atatu, kusonyeza oimira ake aŵiri ndi ngakhale mmodzi woimira. Boma la anthu ambiri, California, lili ndi maboma 54 osankhidwa, pamene kuli kwakuti ali ndi mayiko aang'ono onga Wyoming, Vermont, ndi Alaska ali ndi atatu. Kugaŵirikizako kumaŵerengedwanso zaka khumi zilizonse pambuyo pa kuŵerengera kwa boma la boma, kumene kungasinthe mphamvu zosankhidwa kudutsa madera ena.

Mmene Openda Amasankhidwira

Osankha ameneŵa ndi ochirikiza chipani chotchuka, osankhidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma, kapena ochirikiza kwanthaŵi yaitali. Pamene nzikazo ziponya mavoti awo kwa pulezidenti, iwo amasankha mapepala awo a osankhidwa pa misonkhano ya boma kapena mwa kuvota a komiti yaikulu ya chipani. Osankha ameneŵa ndi odalirika kwenikweni, osankhidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma, kapena ochirikiza anthaŵi yaitali. Pamene nzikazo ziponya mavoti awo kaamba ka pulezidenti, iwo kwenikweni amasankha mapepala a wosankhayo. M'maboma ambiri, wosankha amene amalandira mavoti onse a chisankhoti cha boma. Zimenezi zimadziŵika monga mavoti a wopambana wa mtsogoleri.

Wachilakika Atenga-Zonse v. Dongosolo la Chigawo

Pamene kuli kwakuti 48 maboma ndi District ya Columbia amagwiritsira ntchito njira yopambana, Maine ndi Nebraska amagwiritsira ntchito njira yachigawo. M'maboma aŵiri ameneŵa, chigawo chilichonse cha bungwe lachigawo chimasankha chisankho chake chozikidwa pa voti yotchuka m’chigawocho, ndi chivoti cha boma chotchuka cha mavoti aŵiri owonjezereka kwa wosankha amene amapambana m'dzikolo. Dongosololi limalola nthumwi zogaŵa. Mwachitsanzo, Maine wagaŵa mavoti ake osankhidwa m'masankhoti angapo aposachedwapa, kubwezera wosankhidwa mmodzi kwa wosankhidwa aliyense wozikidwa pa zotulukapo za chigawo chimodzi. Chitsanzo cha chigawo chimenechi nthaŵi zina chimatchulidwa monga chowonjezereka kuti apambane a a pulomende onse.

Lamulo la 12 Lowonjezera ndi Chiyambukiro Chake

Malamulo oyambirira analola wosankhidwa aliyense kuvota aŵiri kwa Pulezidenti, ndi wothamangayo kukhala Pulezidenti Wamkulu . Dongosolo limeneli linalephera pa chisankho cha 1800, pamene Thomas Jefferson ndi mnzake wothamanga Aaron Burr analandira chiŵerengero chimodzimodzi cha mavoti a voti, kuponya chisankho ku Nyumba ya Oimira. Mpambo wa 12, wovomerezedwa mu 1804, inathetsa zimenezi mwa kulamula osankha kusandutsa mavoti a Pulezidenti ndi Pulezidenti. Kupatuku kudakali kofanana ndi kuchitika lerolino ndipo kumaletsa mtundu wa thayi imene inavutitsa Republicism yoyamba.

Antchito Otchuka ndi Kupambana Otsogolera

Kuti munthu afike paudindo wautsogoleri, amafunika kuti adziwe bwinobwino mfundo zina zimene zili m’gulu la anthu amene ali m’gulu la Congress.

Mpata 270

Ndi mavoti onse a Electoral College, wosankha ayenera kupambana 270 kuti asungike. Ichi ndi chigawo chochepa. Wosankha amene amafika 270 pa Usiku wa Chisankho amalengezedwa kukhala pulezidenti wosankhidwa, ngakhale kuti chivoti cha Electoral College chinachitika mu December, ndipo Congress imakhazikitsa zotsatira zake kumayambiriro kwa January. Mpata wa 270 umatanthauza kuti munthu wofuna kulowa m'chipembedzocholoŵa popanda kupata chivoti chotchuka cha dzikolo, malinga ngati atasunga chigwirizano choyenera cha maboma kuti adutse 270. Zimenezi zachitika m'masankhola asanu: 1824, 1888, 188, 2000, ndi 2016.

Zosankha Zomveka m’Nyumba ya Oimira

Ngati palibe wosankhidwa amene afika pa mavoti 270 a chisankho, Konsichushoni imalamula kuti pakhale chisankho cha anthu m'Nyumba ya Oimira. Chochitika chimenechi chachitika kaŵiri kokha, mu 1800 ndi 1824. Pa chisankho cha gulu la anthu, nthumwi iliyonse imapanga voti imodzi ya Pulezidenti, mosasamala kanthu za anthu a boma. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti maboma aang'ono ali ndi kulemera kofanana kwa maufumu aakulu m'dongosolo limeneli. Nyumba imasankha kuchokera kwa atatu oimira, ndipo unyinji wa maiko (pakali pano 26 pa 50) akufunika kupambana. Nyumba ya Malamulo imasankha nthaŵi imodzi Pulezidenti kwa anthu aŵiri otchuka, limodzi ndi woyendetsa mavoti amodzi. Kasankhoti kauzidwe kaungwe kaungwe kaungwe katezo katsopano kameneka kamaonedwa kukhala komaliza, ndipo kayendetsekera kadziko lonse kamodzi kukafika ku Elmenti yamakono.

Ophunzitsa ndi Kuteteza Mwalamulo Opanda Chikhulupiriro

Wosankhidwa amene amavota wobatizidwa wina kuposa amene analonjezedwa kuti adzasankhidwa kukhala wosankhira wopanda chikhulupiriro. Osankhidwa opanda chikhulupiriro akhala osoŵa m'mbiri ya America, koma achitika m'zochitika zapatali. Maboma ena ali ndi malamulo amene amalanga osankhidwa opanda chikhulupiriro ndi faindi, kuchotsa, kapena kuchotsa. Mu 2020, Khoti Lalikulu linalamulira mu [FL:0] Cafalo v. Washington [1] zimene zimanena kuti zingapereke chilango kwa osankhidwa opanda chikhulupiriro ndi kuwafuna kutsatira zikalata zawo. Zimenezi zinalimbitsa mphamvu ya malamulo a osankhidwa, kuchepetsa kuthekera kwa zotulukapo za kugamula kwa Ellaclaup Coption.

Kampani ya Electoral Imapindulitsa

Electoral College imakhudza kwambiri mmene mkupiti wa pulezidenti umachitidwira, mmene ovota amachitira masankho, ndi mmene mphamvu zimagaŵiridwira ku United States konse.

Kuteteza Maboma Aang’ono

Chimodzi cha mfundo zikuluzikulu za pa koleji ya Electoral nchakuti imateteza zinthu za mayiko aang'ono ndi madera akumidzi. Chifukwa chakuti boma lililonse limavota pafupifupi anthu atatu osankhidwa, mayiko osachuluka ali ndi mawu ambiri kuposa mavoti 72,000. Kumeneku kumakhala ndi anthu 5800,000 ndiponso mavoti atatu osankhidwa, kapena munthu mmodzi pa anthu 19,000 alionse. California ali ndi anthu 39 miliyoni ndipo 54 apamwamba ovoti, kapena munthu mmodzi yekha pa anthu 72,000 alionse amene ali ndi chivoti. Kusiyana kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti anthu ovota m’mayiko aang'ono kwambiri ali ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu kwambiri m'dziko la Elctores College. Ogwirizanawa akutsutsa kuti aperekere chisamaliro chachikulu, kuphatikizapo nkhani zaulimi, ndi nkhani zazing’ono za m’magawo a kumidzinja.

Nyumba Yolimbikitsa Kumanga Nkhokwe

Electoral College imalimbikitsa oitanidwa kukhazikitsa mgwirizano waukulu umene umadutsa madera, chiŵerengero cha anthu, ndi zachuma. Chifukwa chakuti kupambana kumafuna kusonkhanitsa mavoti 270 kuchokera ku mayiko osiyanasiyana, ndawala sizingadalire pa malo opapatiza okha. Madansi ayenera kukopa anthu ovota ku Midwest, Sun Belt, Rust Belt, ndi gombe. Ochirikiza kumanga pamodzi kumeneku, amatsutsa, kulimbikitsa umodzi wa dziko lonse ndi kuletsa ofuna kuyang'anira malo aakulu kwambiri a anthu.

Mbali yotsutsana kwambiri ya Electoral College ndi kukhoza kwake kutulutsa wopambana amene anataya voti yotchuka ya dziko. Zimenezi zinachitika mu 2000, pamene George W. Bush anapambana pautsogoleri ndi mavoti 271 osankhidwa ndi anthu 271. Zotsatira zake zawonjezera mavoti a Al Gore polephera ndi mavoti 5400,000. Mu 2016, Donald Trump anapambana pa mavoti a bungwe la Undunawa ndi 3044 pamene anataya chivoti cha Hillary Clinton ndi 2.9 miliyoni. Zotsatirazi zawonjezera kupempha kusintha, monga momwe otsutsa atsutsa a boma atsutsa kuti njira imene ingapondereze democracy ingachititse kuikidwa ndi ulamuliro wa democracy. Ochirikiza Elctoral College akutsutsa kuti dziko la United States ndi mayiko omwe akulamulira, kusasonyeza kuvomereza mavoti a dziko.

Kusuliza ndi Kutsutsana Kaamba ka Kusintha

Electoral College yayang'anizana ndi chisulizo chosalekeza m'mbiri yonse ya America, ndipo malingaliro ambiri a kusintha apita patsogolo. Kumvetsetsa zigomeko zimenezi nkofunika kupenda mphamvu ndi zifooko za dongosolo.

Kusiyana kwa Masinja Otchuka

Chisulizo chofala kwambiri nchakuti Electoral College ingatulutse chotulukapo chimene chimatsutsana ndi voti yotchuka. Kusintha kumeneku kumafooketsa chidaliro cha anthu m'zosankha, makamaka kwa osankha amene wosankhidwa amene anapambana mavoti ambiri m'dzikolo koma anatayika m'Alectoral College. Otsutsa amanena kuti mu democracy, munthu amene asankhidwa kwambiri ayenera kupambana pa chisankho. Amatchula kuti mapresidemokrati asanu atenga ntchito ngakhale atataya voti yotchuka, ndi kuti kutsutsana kumeneku kumakhala kothekera kwambiri m'nyengo ya kugaŵikana kwapafupi.

Chisonkhezero Chowononga cha Kutchera Madoko

Chifukwa chakuti maboma ambiri ngodalirika pa masankho a democratic kapena Republican, ndawala zimasumika maganizo kwambiri pa chiŵerengero cha maiko a mpikisano, odziŵika monga maboma ozungulira kapena ankhondo. Mu 2020, pafupifupi maboma khumi ndi aŵiri anatsutsidwa mwamphamvu, ndi oyembekezera kuthera nthaŵi yawo yambiri ndi ndalama m'malo ambiri monga Florida, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconian, Arizona, ndi Georgia. Zoters m'maboma ofiira kapena a bluu amanyalanyazidwa kwambiri ndi ndawala. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti nkhani za kusankhidwa kwa osankhidwa m'mayiko a projekiti imalandira chisamaliro chapamwamba m'manthano za malamulo osakhala a pulogalamu, pamene zinthu zofunika za anthu osankhidwa m'mayiko ogwirizana sizikulingaliridwa bwino.

Mgwirizano Wotchuka wa Boma la Interstate

National Popular Vote Interstate Communition (NPVIC) ndi kuyesayesa kwa kusintha Electoral College popanda kukonzanso koikidwiratu. Pansi pa kugwirizanitsako, maboma otengamo mbali amavomereza kulandira mavoti awo onse kwa wosankhidwa amene apambana chivoti cha dzikolo, mosasamala kanthu za zotsatira zake m'boma lawo. Chochitikacho chimayamba pamene maiko onsewo akugwira ntchito pa chisankho. Pakali pano, mgwirizanowo waperekedwa ndi mavoti a komiti 205 osankhidwa ndi mavoti a Columbie. Pamene kuli kwakuti chivoti cha chivoti cha 205 chikuyang'anizana ndi chilo ndi zitokosozo zalamulo ndi zothandiza, kuphatikizapo mafunso okhudza malamulo ake ndi kusungidwa, chimaimira kuyesayesa kotchuka kwa kusintha kwa kayendetseka pakali pano.

Mikangano Yotetezera Koleji ya Electoral

Oteteza Electoral College amakweza malo angapo otsutsana. Iwo amatsutsa kuti dongosololi limateteza boma mwa kukhazikitsa ntchito yosankha pulezidenti. Amatsutsa kuti limalimbikitsa kupanga magulu a anthu ambiri ndi kuletsa munthu wolowa m'gulu la Allector kupambana mwa kuyang'ana mizinda ing'onoing'ono. Iwo amatchulanso za kukhazikika ndi kupitiriza kwa dongosolo la dziko, limene lakhala likuchitika kwa zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri popanda kusokonezeka kwakukulu. Otsutsa ena amachenjeza kuti kuchotsa Electoral College ndi voti yotchuka angachititse kukambirana, puligation, ndi mikangano pa chivoti chilichonse m'dzikolo, mmalo mwa kuyambitsa mikangano m'mapikisano.

Mfundo Zofunika Kwambiri pa Nkhani Yochepa Mphamvu

  • Mavoti onse osankhidwa alipo m’dziko lonselo, kuimira mipando yonse ya Nyumba (435), mipando ya Nyumba ya Malamulo (100), ndi osankhira atatu a ku Columbia.
  • Mavoti osankhidwa akufunika kuti apambane desidenti. Izi ndizo mbali yokha ya koleji yosankhidwiratu.
  • Ofufuza amasankhidwa ndi maboma , osati ndi lamulo la boma. Chipani chilichonse chimasankha chikalata chake cha osankhidwa kupyolera mwa malamulo ake, makamaka pamisonkhano ya boma kapena ndi voti ya komiti ya chipani.
  • Maboma ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira yopambana-yonse [1], kutanthauza wofunsira amene apambana voti yotchuka m’bomalo amalandira mavoti ake onse osankhidwa. Maine ndi Nebraska ndi okhawo amene amapatula, pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya chigawo yondandalika.
  • Dongosolo lingatulutse opambana osiyanasiyana pa voti yotchuka ndi voti yosankhidwa , monga momwe zinachitika m'masankho a 2000 ndi 2016. Kusiyana kumeneku ndi mfundo yaikulu ya mkangano wokhudza kusintha kwa voti.
  • Osankha opanda chikhulupiriro ngosapezeka koma ngothekera . Khoti Lapamwamba lachirikiza kuyenera kwa maboma kusungitsa zitsimikizo ndi kulanga osankha amene amapatuka pa zoikika zawo.
  • Chisankho chotsimikizirika chimayambitsidwa ngati palibe wosankha amene afika 270 . M'chochitika chimenecho, Nyumba imasankha Pulezidenti, ndi nthumwi za boma zonse zikuponya voti imodzi, ndipo Nyumba isankha Pulezidenti Wamkulu.
  • Kholiji ya Electoral si malo enieni. Oyang'anira amasonkhana m'malikulu awo a boma pa Lolemba loyamba pambuyo pa Lachitatu lachiŵiri mu December kukapanga mavoti awo, ndipo mavotiwo amatumizidwa ku Congress kaamba ka chilolezo cha January.

Tsogolo la Electoral College: Kusintha, Kutsutsana, ndi Njira Yamtsogolo

Electoral College idakali imodzi ya mbali zotsutsana kwambiri za moyo wa ndale zadziko wa Amereka. Makalata akusonyeza nthaŵi zonse kuti anthu ambiri a ku America amachirikiza kusankhidwa kwa dziko, komabe chichirikizo chimasiyana kwambiri mwa kukhala ndi chipani ndi chigawo. Republican amachirikiza Electoral College, pamene kuli kwakuti Democrat ali othekera kwambiri kutsutsa, ngakhale kuti malo ameneŵa angasinthe malinga ndi kuti ndi liti gulu limene lingapindule ndi dongosolo la masankhoti.

Mgwirizano wa Interstate

Kusintha Electoral College kumafuna kusintha koleji ya malamulo, imene ili njira yovuta. Kukonza kuyenera kudutsa nyumba zonse ziŵiri za Congress ndi mbali ziŵiri zazikulu ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi magawo atatu m'ana a maboma (38 pa 50). Kuyang'ana kuchuluka kwamakono kwa malo ozungulira, kukonzanso kuti kukhale kogwirizana kukhoza kupambana popanda kuvomerezana kwa zigawo zazikulu. National Popular Vote Interstate Communic imapereka njira ina imene imatsutsa njira yothetsera njira yothetsera mavuto, koma imayang'anizana ndi lamulo lalamulo. Otsutsa atsutsa kuti mgwirizanowo uyang'onowo ukhoza kuyang'anizana ndi malamulo, makamaka pansi pa mgwirizano, umene umafuna kuti avomereze kuti agwirizane pa mgwirizanowo agwirizane ndi mphamvu zimene zikusintha mphamvu pakati pa mayiko.

Kusintha kwa Boma ndi Mbali ya Mapwando

Kusintha kukhozanso kubwera kuchokera ku masinthidwe a boma. Maboma ena alingalira kusiya dongosolo la kupambana ndi zonse zogwirizana ndi chitsanzo cha chigawo chogwiritsiridwa ntchito ku Maine ndi Nebraska. Ena atsutsana za kugawidwa kwa mavoti a voti. Masinthidwe a boma ameneŵa sangafune kuchitapo kanthu kwa boma, koma angachepetse chisonkhezero cha dongosolo lonse lopambana m'chitukuko. Magulu andale amachitanso mbali. Kusintha malamulo a gulu la kusankha osankha osankhidwa kapena ku makampani a boma kukhoza kuchotsa mphamvu za Electoral College land popanda kusintha kwa malamulo.

Electoral College m’Nyengo ya Kusinthasintha

M’nyengo ya chisankho chapafupi ndi kugaŵikana kwakukulu, Electoral College yakhala poyambira pa mikangano yaikulu yokhudza kuyenera kwa demokrase, kuimira, ndi chilungamo. Chisankho cha 2020, pamene kuli kwakuti chigamulo chikadali chotsimikizirika ku Electoral College ndi voti yotchuka, chinavumbulabe kusakhulupirira kwakukulu mchitidwe wa voti pakati pa osankha ena. Electoral College siingasinthidwe kapena kuloŵedwa mmalo mofulumira, koma idzakhalabe mutu wankhani wankhani m'kambitsirano m'kakonzedwe ka pulezidenti uliwonse. Kwa nzika, kumvetsetsa dongosolo layamba kukamba nkhani zatanthauzo ponena za mmene dziko limasankha atsogoleri ake.

Kumaliza: Chifukwa Chake Koleji ya Electoral Ikukukhudzani

Electoral College si nkhani ya mbiri yakale kapena tsatanetsatane wa malamulo a U.S. Imasintha kwambiri mmene ndawala za pulezidenti zikuyendetsera, nkhani zimene zimapatsidwa chisamaliro, malamulo amene amakhudza, ndi kuyenera kwenikweni kwa masankho. Kaya mukukhala m'dziko limene limayang'aniridwa nthaŵi zonse kapena boma lotetezeka kumene mumaona kuti mavoti anu a Pulezidenti akutha, Electoral College imayambukira mawu anu m'macheza a dzikolo.

Kuzindikira koleji ya voti kungakuthandizeni kumasulira zotsatira za masankho, kupenda zolinga za kusintha, ndi kukhala ndi phande logwira ntchito bwino kwambiri m'dongosolo la demokrase. Pamene mikangano yokhudza dongosololi ikupitirizabe, kukhala ndi nzika za chidziŵitso nkofunika kupanga zosankha zanzeru ponena za mtsogolo mwa zisankho za America. Electoral College yakhala yolimba kwambiri pa zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri, koma mbali yake m’zaka za zana la 21 imadalira pa mmene nzika zimadziŵira bwino kulimba kwake, kupenda malonda ake, ndi kuchirikiza masinthidwe amene amakhulupirira kuti adzatumikira bwino kwambiri dziko.