Ntchito ya Raje Sabha m’Malamulo a Chilango

Malamulo a nyumba ya malamulo ya India ndi bidaral, ndi Lok Sabhaha monga nyumba yaing'ono ndi Raja Sabba monga nyumba yapamwamba. Pamene kuli kwakuti nyumba zonse ziŵiri zimachita nawo ntchito yopanga malamulo, Rajeya Sabhaha ali ndi malo oonekera bwino monga chipinda chosinthira, makamaka pamene ifika ku malamulo ovuta a kakhalidwe monga malamulo a antchito ndi ufulu wa antchito. Chifukwa chakuti mamembala a Rajiya Sabba amasankhidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma (ndi chiŵerengero chochepa cha maluso), nyumbayo imabweretsa lingaliro la boma ndi chidziŵitso chakuya cha malamulo a boma. Kulemba kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti ntchito zantchitozo zimakhudza kaŵirikaŵiri m'makampani osiyanasiyana ndi maindasitalenti . Ndikulandiranso chidutswa chachiŵiri cha kuyang'anira mavuto, kapena kulephera kwa antchito.

Malamulo a Indiya amaika mphamvu yopanga malamulo pa nkhani zokhudza ntchito ku ndandanda ya masiku ano, kutanthauza kuti onse aŵiri Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi malamulo a boma angapereke malamulo. Komabe, pamene lamulo lalikulu liperekedwa, liyenera kupitirira zonse ziŵiri Lok Sabba ndi Rajiya Sabba. Chikalata cha Raji Sabba sichili ntchito ya mwambo chabe; chingachedwe, ngakhale kukana ndalama, kukakamiza Lok Sabha kuti aonenso. Kufufuza kumeneku ndi kulinganiza kwa ntchito kumatsimikizira kuti masinthidwe a ntchito sakufulumizidwira popanda kulinganiza bwino. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo aposachedwapa a ntchito 29 a ntchito ikhoza kulowa m'malamulo anayi. Malamulo a Wage, Kkomiti ya za Kakhalidwe, Social, Social Counce, ndi Oupation Secuty, ndi Oupalty Medensial Aunce.

Pambuyo pa mikangano yapansipansi, makomiti a Raje Sabba oimapo. Mwachitsanzo, makomiti a Palamente Staiman Committee pa Labour and Works, akuchititsa kufufuza kwatsatanetsatane kwa ndalama. Makomiti ameneŵa amaitana umboni kuchokera ku mabungwe a malonda, makampani, akatswiri a zamalamulo, ndi akuluakulu a boma. Malipoti awo kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala mapulani a kukonzanso malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, zikalata za komiti pa Malamulo a Wages 2019 za kusintha malipiro a ndalama ndi kuchuluka kwa malipiro a dzikolo. Mofananamo, komiti ya Occuption Sabat Usungity, Health ndi Malamulo a Kugwira Ntchito imalimbikitsa kwambiri kaamba ka mautumiki, owonjezera ndalama zotetezera, ndi zoyendera. komiti imeneyi imawonjezera ntchito yapamwamba kuti Lob ikhale ndi nthaŵi yake yosadawonjeza ndi nthaŵi yake yaikulu, ndipo ikhoza kukambirana.

Zopereka Zazikulu ku Ufulu Wantchito Kupyolera m’Malamulo a Chizindikiro

Chisonkhezero cha Raje Sabra chingapezedwe kuchokera ku malamulo angapo a ntchito otchuka amene amalongosola zoyenera za antchito zamakono mu India. Pamene kuli kwakuti Lok Sabba kaŵirikaŵiri amatamandidwa kaamba ka kuyambitsa malamulo opita patsogolo, nyumba yapamwamba mobwerezabwereza yawongolera malamulo ameneŵa kuti awapangitse kukhala okhazikika ndi osungika.

Chikalata Chochepa Kwambiri, 1948

Ngakhale kuti anapatulidwa malamulo asanayambe kugwira ntchito, Kampani ya Pangano ya Pansi pa Malamulo ya Leang Wages inasinthidwa pambuyo pake kambiri ndi mfundo zazikulu kuchokera ku Rajeya Sabba . Mkati mwa mkangano mu 1950 ndi 1960, Raje Sabha Sabha ziwalo za m'maboma a ulimi zinatsutsana za kuwonjezera ntchito za pa famu, antchito apanyumba, ndi antchito m'magawo osagwirizana. Nyumbayo inasungiriranso masinthidwe a nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi omangidwa kukwera mtengo wa moyo wa zikalata. Monga chotulukapo chake, lamulolo tsopano limafunikira maboma ndi maboma apakati kupenda malipiro ochepa a zaka zisanu zirizonse, ndi makonzedwe a kuvomereza kwa chikondi. Popanda Rapya Sabba kuvomereza [FL:], antchito awo ambiri akanakhala ndi malipiro enieni.

Factorial Act, 1948

Factorial Act imakhazikitsa miyezo ya chisungiko, thanzi, ndi maola ogwira ntchito m'makampani. Pamene masinthidwe adaperekedwa m'ma 1980 kuchepetsa malamulo owonjezereka ndi kuwonjezera njira ya “mafotokozedwe a kampani”, Raje Sabba anasuntha. Ziŵalo zinatchula misonkhano ya ILO ndi zikalata za ogwira ntchito za fakitale zokhudza mikhalidwe yaupandu. Nyumba yapamwamba inalimbikira kusunga malire a maola 48 a mlungu ndi kukakamiza makomiti a chisungiko a mafakitale ogwiritsira ntchito antchito oposa 100. Inawonjezeranso makonzedwe a creche ndi malo otsukira antchito apadera, kuzindikira kuti kuntchito kumaphatikizapo [FLD: 0] kutetezeka ndi ulemu. Makomiti ameneŵa anasungidwa ndi makampani osagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zinzake za anthu.

Malo Opereka Ndalama za Olembedwa Ntchito ndi Lamulo la Zopereka Zosiyanasiyana, 1952

Act imeneyi inakhazikitsa njira yalamulo yoperekera ndalama (PF) ya antchito olembedwa. Raje Sabha anachita mbali yaikulu kufutukula kuchokera kwa antchito a maindasitale kufikira kwa antchito a makampani 20 kapena kuposapo. Mkati mwa 1960 ndi 1970, nyumbayo inatsutsana kuti kaya kaya “antchito onse aloŵetsedwe ndi madenga a malipiro, ndipo potsirizira pake inakakamizidwa kuchotsa kapiti wa PF lealique (amene Bwalo Lapamwamba linachirikiza). Nyumba yapamwamba inaumbanso [[FLT: 0] Emploeeeation Sce Creake, 1995, kutsimikizira kuti PFF igwiritsidwe ntchito ya pa mwezi uliwonse. Lerolino, antchito oposa 60 miliyoni ya EPya, pansi pa dongosolo la Syrab, ndi kusungidwa kwa pulogalamu yachi.

Kulimbana ndi Mafakitale, mu 1947

Mwinamwake palibe lamulo la antchito limene lakhala lotsutsana kwambiri monga Industrial Disputes Act . Act imalamulira kuchotsedwa, kutsekeredwa, ndi kutsekedwa kwa mafakitale. M'ma 1970, pamene boma linayesa kululuza mutu wa V-B (imene imafunikira chilolezo cha boma cha kutula mafakitale ndi antchito oposa 100), Raja Sabba mamembala angapo . Kuphatikizapo atsogoleri a malonda . Anatsutsa kuti popanda chitetezo chotero, antchito m'mafakitale aakuluwo angayang'anizana ndi kuthamangidwa. Pambuyo pake, 2020, Rajiyaha adatsutsana ndi malamulo a za makampani, amene anakhazikitsa ndi kuchotsa lamulo limeneli. Nyumbayo inalimbikitsa mwachipambano kaamba ka makonzedwe ofunikira a ntchito 14 kuti apereke chidziŵitso, ndi kuchotsapo ntchito yosatha, isanafike: [F1]

Makonzedwe ndi Mikangano: Kupenda Mosamalitsa Malamulo a Posachedwapa a Chilango

Malamulo anayi a antchito operekedwa pakati pa 2019 ndi 2020 amaimira kuchuluka kwa “malipiro odziŵika kwambiri a ntchito mu India. Matembenuzidwe oyambirira a Raje Sabba akuti ntchito yokonza malamulo ameneŵa ndi yophunzitsa. Pamene Malamulo a Wages Bill adakhazikitsidwa, Raje Sabba’s Staving Committee pa Labourt, kutsendereza lamulo lomaliza lokhala ndi“ malipiro ang'onoang'onoang'ono". Matembenuzidwe oyambirirawo ananena kuti malipiro sadzakhala ochepera pa “malipiro a" olinganizidwa ndi boma lapakati. komiti, ikutchula kufunika kwa kupendedwa kwa lamulo, kotsendedwa komalizira tsopano kumafuna kuti pansi pakhale malipiro onse zaka zisanu, popanga kakhalidwe ka moyo. Mkhalidwe kake, potsutsana ndi kutsutsa, kuikidwa mwachipambano kwa chigamulo: [F.0]

Social Security Code inayang'anizana ndi kuyang'aniridwa kwambiri. Poyamba, inakhudza antchito a m'chigawo chimodzi chokha. Raje Sabha ananena kuti 93% ya antchito a ku India ali m'chigawo chosalinganizidwa. Kuphatikizapo antchito omanga, antchito omanga, othandizira, ndi ogulitsa m’misewu. Nyumbayi inafuna kuti antchito opatulidwa, zimene boma linkavomereza. Malamulo tsopano amalamula kuti mabungwe a boma apakati a [[FL:0] a moyo ndi kupunduka, mapindu a thanzi ndi a kumanga, kutetezeredwa kwa okalamba, ndi mapindu ena a antchito. Kuwonjezerapo, lamulolo limafuna kuti antchito ameneŵa azilandira makampani (g.g., Ubermato) kuti atetezeoke ku Zambia a anthu atsopano. Malamulowa anali othandiza kuteteza anthu a Sabign.

Occipeational Safety, Health and Working Memones (OSH Code) inakonzedwa mofananamo. Lamulo loyamba linalola mafakitale kulemba antchito akazi usiku, malinga ndi wolemba ntchitoyo adatsimikizira chisungiko. Rajiya Sabba anawonjezera chiyeneretso cha “komiti yokakamiza [1] yolimbana ndi kuvutitsidwa kwa kugonana ndi kulamulidwa ndi kuikidwa m’zimbudzi ndi kumwa madzi. Inakulitsanso mafotokozedwe a“ ntchito zapakhomo” kuphatikiza antchito otomera ku kampani iliyonse, kuletsa makampani kuthaŵa ntchito mwa kugwiritsira ntchito mamedia media. Nyumbayo inakana kuwonjezera kuyesayesa kwa ntchito kwa mlungu ndi mlungu wa kuvutitsa kwa ola lakuyambira pa 48 mpaka 60, kutchula nkhaŵa za thanzi ndi chitetezo. Mmalomwake, inalamula kuti [FL:0]

Chiyambukiro pa Ufulu Wantchito: Zotulukapo Zothekera

Chiyambukiro chowonjezereka cha kuloŵerera kwa Raje Sabba chiri lamulo la antchito lolinganizika kwambiri, launtchito, ndi lofulumira kwa magulu osavuta. Tiyeni tipende mbali zisanu zazikulu zondandalikidwa m’nkhani yoyambirira ndi umboni wowonjezereka.

  • Malamulo otetezera otsimikizirika [1]: Kupyola pa Factories Act, Rajiya Sabba analimbitsa Chilango cha Kumanga ndi Ntchito Zina Zomanga, 1996, mwa kukhazikitsa maphunziro a chisungiko, ziŵiya zotetezera, ndi inshuwalansi ya antchito omanga. Inasonkhezeranso kuphatikizidwa kwa “matenda a kusungitsa ” m'OSH Code, kufunitsa mabwana kukasimba nkhani za silcosis, astosis, ndi kuipitsa mankhwala. National Safety Council, inapangidwa mu 1966, imakhala ndi mizunzo yake mu Rayya Sabha pambuyo pa ngozi yaikulu ya maindasitale.
  • Malipiro ndi mapindu [1]: Chiyeneretso cha Wages chobwereramo panthaŵi ndi nthaŵi chiyeneretso cha kukonzanso, makonzedwe ofanana m'Malamulo a Wages, ndi malipiro a PF onse anachokera ku Rajiya Sabba. Kuwonjezerapo, nyumbayo inatsimikizira kuti [[FLT:] mabonobus [ pansi pa kuperekedwa kwa Act ya BHOOM, 1965, amaŵerengedwa pa ndandanda yomwe imayenderana ndi malipiro apamwamba, osati ochepa chabe.
  • Kuchinjiriza ku kuchotsedwa kwa lamulo kosalungama [1]: Industrial Disputes Act chigawo 25-F (kufunsa chidziŵitso ndi chiwonjezeko asanaikidwe) kunasungidwa kwakukulukulu chifukwa cha kutsutsa kwa Rapya Sabba kululuzidwa kwake mu 2014. Makampani a Resoligion code anayambitsanso thumba lothandizira antchito, lomwe linalingaliridwa koyamba ku komiti ya Rajiya Sabbaha.
  • Miyezo ya chisungiko cha boma [1]: Malamulo a boma a Inishuwarensi a boma anafutukulidwa kubisa masitolo, hotela, ndi masukulu pambuyo pa Rajeya Sabhaha ziŵalo za ntchito za m'magawo a ntchito inatsutsa kuti malonda ndi antchito a m'magawo a ntchito amafunikiranso chisamaliro cha mankhwala ndi mapindu a matenda. Chikalata cha Social Security Code cha antchito a jig ndi mapindu a [[FLT:] mapindu a akazi onse (kuphatikizapo kuyendetsa ntchito zapansi) ndizotsatira zachisamaliro zapa.
  • Kuimira ndi mawu a ogwira ntchito [FLT : . . Raje Sabba walimbitsa mosalekeza kuyenera kwa kupanga maukwati a malonda ndi kutsatizana. Icho chinatsekereza zoyesayesa kufuna 50% ya ziŵalo za bungwe la chigwirizano, kusunga chitseko cha 30. Inafunanso kuti Act, 1926 Act kulola maukwati kuloŵa m'zochita zandale popanda kutaya ufulu wawo woimira antchito m'mikangano ya maindasitale.

Mavuto ndi Mikangano m’Udindo Waulere wa Raje Sabha

Ngakhale kuti zimenezi zimakhudza kwambiri, Raje Sabba amalimbana ndi mavuto ambiri popanga malamulo a ntchito. Choyamba, ndale zawonjezeka, makamaka chaka cha 2014, pamene anthu ambiri a boma ku Lok Sabba akutsutsana kwambiri ndi Rajiya Sabhaha. Zimenezi zachititsa kuti nthawi zambiri zikhale zovuta ndiponso kuti anthu azigwiritsa ntchito ndalama zochepa. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo anayi a ntchito anaperekedwa mu Rajiya Sabbaha kokha pambuyo pa kugawana mavoti, ndipo mamenti angapo anakanidwa pa zigawa. Nyumbayi inakhala ndi luso la kugwira ntchito monga bungwe lochotsa ndalama za kampani.

Chachiwiri, komiti ya Rajiya Sabra, ngakhale kuti ndi yamphamvu, imachedwa. Lipoti la komiti yoima pa Lamulo la Wages linatenga miyezi 18 kuti lithetseretu, panthaŵi imene dziko landale linali litasintha. Zikalata zina zinanyalanyazidwa pomalizira chifukwa chakuti anafika mochedwa kwambiri. Nthaŵi zofulumira za malipoti a komiti zithandiza kuti nyumbayo ikhale yogwira ntchito.

Chachitatu, pali kusiyana kwa chidziŵitso: Ngakhale kuti mamembala osankhidwa amayambitsa ukatswiri, anthu ambiri samvetsa bwino za ntchito, makampani, kapena malamulo a antchito apadziko lonse. Maprogramu ophunzitsa ndi kupeza njira zothandizira anthu ofufuza akhoza kuwongolera njira zothandizira. kampani ya Rajiya Sabba inayamba ntchito yofufuza, koma mphamvu yake siingathe kuiyerekezera ndi ya anthu a ku United States kapena UK.

Komabe, mwaŵi waposachedwapa ukuchuluka. Kulimbikitsa [[FLT: 0] chisungiko cha anthu chapadziko lonse [1] [1] kuphatikizapo malo osungirako antchito (e- SSRAM) ndi njira zoyendera zothandiza anthu zoyenda ndi zowonjezereka ndi Rajiya Sabba. Nyumba ingapitirizebe kuchirikiza za kusungidwa kwa misonkhano ya bungwe la ILO, monga ngati C190 pa chiwawa ndi kuvutitsidwa, zimene India walepherabe kukwaniritsa mokwanira. Kuwonjezera apo, monga luso la zojambulajambula zamakono, ndi nzeru zokhala kutali, ntchito, ndi gagig platifomu ya , . . . [1] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mwayi wina umapezeka mu yogwirizana kwambiri. Popeza malamulo a antchito achitika pamlingo wa boma, Rajiya Sabha ,replating maboma . Kukhoza kutheketsa mgwirizano wapakati pa dziko. Mwachitsanzo, ikhoza kupereka malamulo a boma ogwirizana pa malipiro ochepa ndi mikhalidwe yogwira ntchito kuchepetsa liŵiro la mpikisano wa mpikisano wa kutsikira pansi pa dziko lofuna kuikizira ndalama. Mwa kufunsira kwa nduna za boma, maukwati a zamalonda, ndi makampani a , Rajiya Sabha angagwire ntchito monga mlawu pakati pa malamulo apakati ndi ntchito za kumaloko.

Kumaliza: Raje Sabha monga Chitetezo cha Ulemu wa Antchito

Pakhoti la ku India, Raje Sabba amatchedwa “Council of States” ndipo amalinganizidwira kupereka bata ndi chidziŵitso cha malamulo. Ponena za malamulo a antchito ndi ufulu wa antchito, kapangidwe kameneka kakhala kofunika kwambiri. Mwakufufuza mafaindi, kutumiza zinthu, ndi kuimira mawu osiyanasiyana oimira antchito za m'mafamu ku Assum ku Ascam ku makampani a zaluso ku Bengaluru . Nyumba yapamwamba imatsimikizira kuti ufulu wa antchito supatsiridwa kaamba ka kupata kwa kanthaŵi kochepa ka chuma. Malamulo atsatanetsatane a ntchito, kuphatikizidwa kwa antchito osagwirizana, ndi kutetezeredwa kwa mapangano oletsa ntchito ku , ndi kutetezera kutuluka kwa otsalira ku shabba.

Komabe, bungweli liyenera kusintha. Kuti likhalebe logwirizana, Raje Sabha afunikira njira za komiti, kufufuza kosakhala kwa mbali, ndi chikhalidwe cha kutsutsana kwa umboni. Liyeneranso kuchita ndi magulu a antchito ndi anthu, kuphatikizapo nzeru zawo zapamwamba za kupanga malamulo. Pamene India akufuna kukhala chuma cha ndalama zokwanira madola 5 biliyoni, mtengo wa malamulo ake udzasankha ngati kuwonjezereka kwa ntchito ntchito ndi chilungamo cha anthu. Raybya Sab, ndi lamulo lake la malamulo ndi mbiri yakale, ndilo limakhala ndi malo ake apadera kuti atsogolere kusandulika kumeneku, ndipo kukhoza kukhala kwa anthu okhoza kukonzanso.

Pomalizira pake, Raje Sabra wauchigamulo wa malamulo a antchito umasonyeza kuti demokrase imafuna kuyang'anitsitsa kwachiŵiri. Nyumba yaing'ono ikayendetsedwa ndi kufulumira kwa osankhidwa, nyumba yapamwamba imapatsa malo operekera kuwunikira ndi kuwongolera. Zoyenera za antchito ku India nzolimba lerolino chifukwa cha kulinganiza kumeneku. Vuto lomwe likubwera nlotsimikizira kuti Rapya Sabba apitirizebe kukwaniritsa ntchito imeneyi m'nyengo ya kusintha kofulumira ndi kuwonjezereka kwa kusiyana kwa malamulo.