Lamulo lachiŵeniŵeni ndi limodzi mwa mantha aŵiri aakulu a lamulo, osiyana ndi lamulo laupandu, ndipo limalamulira mikangano yambiri imene imabuka m’moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo laupandu limalongosola khalidwe limene limavulaza boma kapena dongosolo la anthu. Chonga kuba, kuukira, kapena kupha ndilo lamulo lokhala ndi maziko olinganiza othetsera mikangano pakati pa anthu achinsinsi, mabizinesi, kapena mabungwe ena. Cholinga chake si kulanga ochita zoipa koma kupereka zothetsera, kubwezeretsa zoyenera, ndi kuthetsa mikangano mwachilungamo ndi mwadongosolo. Kumvetsetsa chifuno cha lamulo lachikhalidwe cha anthu onse ophunzira mbiri yakale, lamulo, kapena ntchito ya anthu amakono, chifukwa chakuti malamulo a boma amayendetsa zonse kuchokera ku mapangano ndi katundu wawo ku unansi ndi chuma cha banja ndi kuvulaza.

Magwero a Mbiri Yakale ndi Kusinthika kwa Chilamulo cha Chiŵeniŵeni

Maziko a malamulo a boma amayambira zaka masauzande ambiri. Malamulo akale, monga Malamulo a Hammurabi (chirca 1754 BC), anali kale ndi makonzedwe a boma a mikangano ya katundu, mapangano, ndi nkhani za banja. Komabe, choyambirira chokhudza kwambiri pa malamulo a boma amakono ndi lamulo la Roma, makamaka Corpuris Julis JuLris . wolembedwa ndi Mfumu Justinian m’zaka za zana la 6 AD. Bungwe limeneli la malamulo a malamulo linalinganiza m'magulu onga anthu, zinthu, ndi zochita [1] Kachipang'ka kamene kadakagwirizanabe m'malamulo a boma lerolino.

Pambuyo pa kugwa kwa Ufumu wa Roma Wakumadzulo, miyambo yachiŵeniŵeni inasungidwa ndi kusinthidwa ndi Tchalitchi cha Katolika (lamulo lachikomyunizimu) ndipo pambuyo pake inadzutsidwanso m'mayunivesite a m'zaka zapakati a Yuropu. Napolonini Tragi yofala ya mu 1804 (Chilamulo cha Chifalansa) inakhala chosinthira, kugwirizanitsa malamulo a boma ndi kuwafalitsa kudutsa Ulaya, Latin America, ndi mbali zina za Asia ndi Africa. Mosiyana ndi, dongosolo la malamulo wamba limene linakulakula ku England linadalira kwambiri pa zochitika zachiweruzo ndi lamulo, koma madongosolo onse aŵiriwo pomalizira pake anatumikira cholinga chimodzi: kuthetsa mikangano yachikhalidwe.

Lerolino, madongosolo a malamulo a boma (otchedwanso madongosolo alamulo olinganizidwa) amagwira ntchito m'maiko onga ngati France, Germany, Japan, ndi Mexico, pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo ofala (monga United States, United Kingdom, ndi Canada) amaphatikiza malamulo ndi lamulo la milandu. Mosasamala kanthu za kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe kumeneku, zonulirapo zazikulu za lamulo lachiŵeniŵeni, kutetezera ufulu wa munthu payekha, kukhazikitsa mathayo, ndi kukhazikitsa njira zopangira chigamulo cha mkangano (* zikupitirizabe kukhala zogwirizana padziko lonse lapansi.

Chifuno Chachikulu cha Chilamulo cha Chiŵeniŵeni: Kuthetsa Mikangano ya Makhoti Akunja a Upandu

Cholinga chachikulu cha lamulo la boma ndicho kupereka njira yamtendere, yolinganizidwa, ndi yovomerezeka yothetsera mikangano pakati pa zigaŵenga. Mosiyana ndi makhoti aupandu, kumene boma limaweruza wolakwa ndi kufunafuna chilango (monga ngati faindi, kumangidwa, kapena kuikidwa) makhoti a boma amasamalira milandu kumene chipani chimodzi (woimbidwa mlandu) chimanena kuti chipani china (woimbidwa mlandu) chalephera kukwaniritsa lamulo lovomerezeka poswa pangano, kuchititsa chivulazo mwa kunyalanyaza, kapena kuswa katundu. Mankhwalawo amafuna ndalama zambiri ([[FLT: 0] [FLT]], kuchita zinthu zinazake zimene chigamu chinalonjeza, kapena kuletsa chipani (kuletsa chigamu chachigawenga).

Kusunga Ubwino wa Mayanjano ndi Kusasokonezeka kwa Chuma

Mwakupereka njira yodalirika mmalo modzithandiza kapena kubwezera, lamulo la boma limasunga mtendere wa anthu. Popanda lamulo la boma, anthu angayambe kukakamiza kapena kuchita chinyengo kuti athetse kusamvana, kuchititsa chisokonezo ndi kusakhazikika. Mabizinesi amadalira pa lamulo la boma kuti akhazikitse mapangano, athetse mikangano, ndi kuteteza zinthu zaluntha. Anthu amadalira pa ilo kuti apeze chithandizo cha mankhwala pambuyo pa ngozi, kuchotsa ukwati, kapena kupikisana ndi chifuniro. Mwa njirayi, lamulo lachiŵeni limachita monga chitseke cha anthu okhazikika, odalirana kuti ufulu ndi ntchito zithe kufotokozedwa bwino ndi kusungidwa.

Kukonza Zolakwa

Chifuno china nchakuti achititse ovulalawo kukhala athanzi, mlingo wothekera. Ngati dalaivalayo monyalanyaza achititsa ngozi ya galimoto, wodwalayo angasunge ndalama za mankhwala, kutayikiridwa, ndi kupweteka ndi kuvutika. Ngati mwininyumba akana kubweza malo osungidwa popanda chifukwa, wodwalayo angatenge mlanduwo ku khoti laling'ono. Lamulo lachiŵeniŵeni silimatsimikiza kulanga (kubwezera chilango kukhoza kuperekedwa m'zochitika zosadziŵika kuti athetse kupulupudza kwa ); mmalo mwake, limayang'ana kubwezera ndi kubwezeretsa zinthu zolakwika. Lamulo limeneli kaŵirikaŵiri limafotokozedwa mwachidule ndi mawu achilatini mu "FLT] [FLM:]

Kusiyana Kokulira pakati pa Chilamulo cha Chiŵeniŵeni ndi Lamulo la Mpandu

Kuti timvetse bwino cholinga cha boma, tikambirana mwachidule kusiyana kwakukulu kwa malamulo a boma:

  • Partis bikkilizidwirapo: [[FLT :1] M'lamulo, mkangano ndi pakati pa zipani zachinsinsi (zolembapo mawu otsutsa. woimbidwa mlandu). M'lamulo laupandu, boma (wozunza) libweretsa milandu kwa munthu aliyense (woweruza).
  • Zigamulo zaumboni: milandu yachiŵeniŵeni imafunikira kusinkhasinkha za umboni [ (kuposa 50% woimbidwa mlandu ali woyenerera). Milandu yaupandu imafunikira umboni [[[FLT:] kupyola kukaikira koyenera (muyezo wokulirapo).
  • Malamulo a boma amaphatikizapo zivulazo, malamulo, kapena zochita zachindunji. Zilango zaupandu zimaphatikizapo kulipira, kumangidwa, kuyesedwa, kapena utumiki wa m'chitaganya.
  • Purpose: lamulo lachiŵeniŵeni limathetsa mikangano ndi kubwezera mikhole. Lamulo laupandu limalanga kuchita zoipa ndi kuletsa upandu kutetezera chitaganya.
  • A mlandu wa kuswa pangano (chivomezi) v. kuweruza mlandu wa kuphwanya lamulo (m’chilango).

Kusiyana kumeneku kukusonyeza kuti lamulo la boma silimaimba mlandu munthu pankhani ya makhalidwe abwino kapena kumpatsa chilango chokulira boma; limakhala lokhudza kuthetsa kusamvana kwachinsinsi pa nkhani yolungama ndi yadongosolo.

Mitundu Yokulira ya Milandu ya Malamulo Achiŵeniŵeni

Malamulo a boma ndi osiyanasiyana ndipo ena mwa malamulowa ndi awa:

Chilamulo Chogwirizana ndi Malamulo

Mapangano ovomerezeka ndi lamulo. Ngati chiŵalo chimodzi chilephera kuchita monga momwe chinalonjezedwera (kuchotsedwa kwa pangano), chiŵalo china chingaimbe mlandu kaamba ka chiwopsezo. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo wogulitsa wolephera kubweretsa katundu, wopanga wosiya ntchito yosamalizidwa, kapena kuswa kampani. Lamulo la bungwe la otsatsa malonda ndi malonda a tsiku ndi tsiku ndilo maziko a malonda.

Lamulo Losafunika

Matovu ndi zolakwa zachiŵeniŵeni zimene zimavulaza kapena kutayikitsa, zina zosakhala kuswa pangano. Zimaphatikizapo [[FLT: 0]gnegence (m’ lekuatiso, ngozi za galimoto, kusagwira ntchito bwino ntchito), zotayirira [mmene munkafunira kuti anthu adziphere] (m’mphini, kuipitsa, kulakwa), ndi kulakwa (e.g., zinthu zolakwika). Kufuna kubwezera anthu ovutika ndi makhalidwe oipa.

Chilamulo cha Zinthu

Mikangano ya katundu imaphatikizapo kukhala ndi malo, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi malire a nyumba kapena katundu. Nkhani zambiri zimaphatikizapo mikangano ya malo okhala malo, mikangano pakati pa anansi, kuchepetsako zinthu, ndi kutsatsa katundu. Malamulo a malo amatsimikizira kuti ufulu wa kukhala ndi mwini amalemekezedwa ndi kusungidwa.

Lamulo la Banja

Milandu ya m’banja ndi monga kusudzulana, kusunga ana, kulera ana, kulera ana, ndi chiwawa m’banja. Nkhani zimenezi n’zokhudza munthu aliyense payekha, ndipo malamulo a boma amathandiza kuthetsa vutoli moyenera ndiponso moyenera.

Lamulo la Ntchito

Nthawi zambiri, anthu amene amalemba ntchito ndi antchito anzawo amasemphana maganizo ndi malamulo a boma, kuphatikizapo kuphwanya malamulo, malipiro ndi ola, kukondera anthu pantchito, ndi kuphwanya mapangano a ntchito.

Lamulo la Zamalonda ndi la Ufulu

Mabungwe a zamalonda nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito malamulo pofuna kuthetsa mikangano yokhudza ufulu wa anthu, kugwirizana, kusokoneza katundu, ndiponso zinsinsi za anthu ogulitsa.

Ufulu wa Chiŵeniŵeni wa Malamulo

Ngakhale kuti malamulo a boma nthaŵi zambiri amakhudza boma, malamulo a boma amalolanso anthu kuweruza mlandu wa kuswa ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu chifukwa cha kusamvera ufulu wa anthu.

Njira ya Kuimba Malo: Kuchokera pa Kudandaula Kufikira ku Chiweruzo

Ngati pakufunika kukambirana, mukhoza kuthetsa mikangano yapachiweniweni mwa kukambirana, kukambirana, kapena kuzenga mlandu.

1. Atsogoleri

Placttiff amafaya akufotokoza ndi khoti loyenerera, akumafotokoza zenizeni ndi maziko alamulo a mlanduwo. Woimbidwa mlanduyo ayenera kuyankha yankho [, kuvomereza kapena kukana zinenezo, ndipo angalembenso mavotimenti [1] motsutsana ndi mtsogoleri wachipembedzo. Ngati Mfulitsi walephera kuyankha, chiweruzo chosalephera chingalowe.

Kutulukira

Mabungwe onse aŵiriwo amasinthana chidziŵitso ndi umboni wopangira malo awo. Ziŵiya zopezedwa zimaphatikizapo zodzisankhira (mafunso olembedwa), madekishoni [ (umboni wa lumbiro]), mapangano , ndi mapangano a kulowa . Mbali imeneyi ingakhale yosavuta ndi yokwera mtengo, koma imatsimikizira kuti mbali zonse ziŵiri zili ndi mpata woyenerera wotulukira mfundo zofunika.

3. Kuyenda Pasadakhale

Chiŵalo chimodzi chingapemphe khoti kugamula nkhani zina asanazenge mlandu. [[FT:0] Mawu a chiweruzo chachidule [[FT:1] amatsutsa kuti mfundozo nzosatsutsika ndipo kuti wosonkhezerayo ali ndi ufulu wa kuweruza monga nkhani ya lamulo, kupeŵa kuzenga mlandu. Zochita zina zingatsutse kudandaulako kapena kufunafuna kuchotsa umboni wina.

4. Kuzengedwa Mlandu

Ngati nkhaniyo siingathetsedwe, imapita ku mlandu , (kapena pamaso pa woweruza ( kuzenga mlandu kwa bench ) kapena jaji. Mbali zonse ziŵiri zimapereka umboni ndi zitsutso. M’kuweruza kwa ajuli, oweruza amasankha mfundo ndi kupereka chigamulo; kenaka woweruzayo amapereka chiweruzo chozikidwa pa chigamulocho. M’kuweruza kwa ben ben, woweruza amasankha zonse ziŵiri mfundo ndi lamulo.

5. Chiweruzo ndi Njira Zothetsera Mavuto

Khotilo lingapereke chigamulo chomaliza, chomwe chingakhale chopereka cha zowawa, lamulo, kapena chilengezo cha ufulu wa munthu wotayikiridwayo, chingafunikirenso kulipirira ndalama za khotilo ndipo, nthaŵi zina, ndalama zolipiridwa ndi boma ngati zavomerezedwa ndi lamulo kapena pangano.

Akopa

Chigawo chimodzi ndi chimodzi chingapereke chigamulo ku khoti lapamwamba, kutsutsa kuti khoti lozenga mlandu likupanga chiwongolero. Kupinga sikuli kuzenganso mlandu; iwo amasumika maganizo pa kaya ngati lamulolo linagwiritsiridwa ntchito molondola. Kuchonderera kochuluka kumagamulidwa ndi gulu la oweruza lopenda mwachidule zolembedwa ndi zigomeko za pakamwa.

Kulimbana Kosiyana Kothetsa Vuto (ADR)

Chifukwa chakuti kugaŵa nthaŵi kungakhale kugwiritsa ntchito nthaŵi ndi kukwera mtengo, lamulo la boma limalimbikitsa kugwiritsira ntchito [[FT:0] masinthidwe a Alternivative Dispute Resolution (ADR) . ADR imalola maphwando kuthetsa mikangano kunja kwa bwalo, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi liŵiro lalikulu, mtengo wotsika, ndi kusinthika kwambiri. Mitundu itatu yaikulu ndi iyi:

Kusintha

Chiŵalo chachitatu chauchete, nkhoswe, chimatheketsa kulankhulana pakati pa anthu otsutsanawo ndi kuwathandiza kusanthula zosankha kaamba ka pangano lovomerezeka. Chiyanjo sichomangirira; nkhoswe samakakamiza chigamulo. Chimagwiritsiridwa ntchito mofala m'malamulo abanja, mikangano ya zamalonda, ndi mikangano ya m'chitaganya. Mabwalo ambiri amafuna kuti ayese kuyankha mlandu usanachitike.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo

Pa kuvomereza, munthu wachitatu (wosaloŵerera) amamva umboni ndi mikangano kuchokera ku mbali zonse ziŵiri ndipo amatsutsa chigamulo chomangirira kapena chosamangirira. Kusankha kaŵirikaŵiri kumagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'mapangano a malonda, mikangano ya ntchito, ndi mapangano a ogula. Malamulowo samakhala oyenera kwenikweni kuposa milandu ya khoti, ndipo chigamulocho chingaperekedwe monga chiweruzo cha khoti.

Kulankhulana

Kulankhulana ndi njira ya ADR yolunjika kwambiri, kumene maphwandowo amakambitsirana mwachindunji kapena kudzera mwa maloya. Palibe munthu wachitatu wosaloŵerera amene akuloŵetsedwamo. Kukambitsirana kwaluso kungathetse mikangano popanda kupitiriza, kusunga nthaŵi ndi kusunga maunansi.

Njira zina za ADR zimaphatikizapo [ lamulo lolinganiza [kumene onse aŵiriwo ndi maloya awo amavomereza kugwira ntchito mogwirizana kulinga ku malo popanda kupita ku khoti) ndi kusaloŵerera kwa poyamba [ (pamene katswiri akupereka kupenda kosakondera kwa mlanduwo kuti alimbikitse kugaŵikana). Kutchuka kwa ADR kumasonyeza chikhoterero cha dziko lonse cha ku chipambano, kusafikira ku chilungamo cha anthu.

Chifukwa Chake Lamulo la Chiŵeniŵeni Lili Lofunika M’chitaganya Chamakono

Kufunika kwa malamulo a boma si mlandu wa munthu aliyense koma ndi mmene amakhudzira moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku:

Kupita Patsogolo Kwachuma ndi Kudalira Mabizinesi

Mabizinesi afunikira chitsimikizo chakuti mapangano adzalemekezedwa, chuma cha anthu odziŵa bwino adzatetezedwa, ndi ngongole zosonkhanitsidwa. Dongosolo lamphamvu la malamulo a boma limachepetsa ndalama zogulitsidwa, limalimbikitsa kuikizira ndalama, ndi kulimbikitsa kudalirana. Mayiko amene ali ndi malamulo odziŵika bwino a boma akopa anthu ambiri a kumaiko ena ndi kukhala ndi chuma chochuluka. Malinga ndi World Bank, kutsutsana kopindulitsa kuli chizindikiro cha [[FLT:] Key cha malo abwino a bizinesi.

Munthu Aliyense Woyenerera Kupatsidwa Ufulu Wogula Zinthu ndi Kutetezedwa

Malamulo a boma amathandiza anthu amene achita zinthu zolakwika kukana kuchita zinthu zopanda chilungamo.

Kugwirizana kwa Mayanjano ndi Demokrase

Mwa kuloŵetsa mikangano m’malamulo, lamulo la boma limaletsa mikangano kuwonjezeka ndi kukhala chiwawa kapena zipolowe.

Kukhala Bwino m’Banja ndi M’dera

Milandu ya lamulo ya banja imaphatikizapo nkhani zina zovutitsa maganizo kwambiri , kusudzulana kwa ana, chiwawa chapanyumba. Lamulo lapachiŵeniŵeni limapereka njira yolinganizidwira imene imaika patsogolo ubwino wa ana ndi kutetezera zipani zosavuta. Mofananamo, mikangano ya mnansi pa mipanda, phokoso, kapena zofeŵetsa zingathetsedwe popanda kuwononga maunansi a anthu, chifukwa chakuti lamulolo limapereka miyezo ndi mankhwala auchete.

Mavuto ndi Kusuliza Chilamulo cha Chiŵeniŵeni

Anthu ena amanena kuti malamulo a boma ayamba kuvuta chifukwa choti malamulo a masiku ano ndi abwino.

  • Cost ndi Libazisa: Litigs n’njokwera mtengo, ndipo zikalata za m'makhoti ambiri zimapangitsa milandu kutenga zaka kuti ithetsedwe. Zimenezi zimayambukira anthu otsika amene satha kuimira mwalamulo.
  • Kupimira: malamulo a boma, miyezo yowonekera, ndi lamulo lopinga zingadabwitse kwa osakhala malamulo, kupangitsa kudziimira kukhala kovuta.
  • [[NT.0] Malamulo omveka: Mafaelo ena otsatsa malonda osafunikira kuyembekezera kuti apeze malo amodzi, akumakakamiza oimbidwa mlanduwo kukhazikika mmalo mwa kumenyana.
  • Kusalingana kwa Mabuku: Mapwando achuma kaŵirikaŵiri angapereke otsutsa, kulemba maloya abwino ndi kuwonjezera kuchulukitsa kuti akakamize midzi yosalungama.

Masinthidwe osiyanasiyana amathetsa nkhani zimenezi, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito ADR kowonjezereka, kufeŵetsa njira zonenera zochepera, zipewa pa zowonongedwa, makonzedwe a ndalama zoperekedwa, ndi ndalama zoperekera mabungwe opereka chithandizo chalamulo.

Mbali ya Maphunziro a Chilamulo cha Chiŵeniŵeni

Kumvetsa malamulo a boma si kongokhudza anthu amene amaphunzira za malamulo basi, koma aphunzitsi, akatswiri a mbiri yakale, akatswiri a zamalonda, ndiponso anthu amene akugwira ntchito ndi nzika, kumathandiza anthu kudziwa mfundo zake.

  • Zindikirani pamene ufulu wawo walamulo waswedwa ndi kudziŵa mmene angapezere chothetsera.
  • Muzisankha zochita pa nkhani za anthu kapena zamalonda, monga kusaina mapangano a zamalonda kapena kugula zinthu.
  • Yang’anirani kusinthika kwa malamulo kwa mbiri ndi chikhalidwe.
  • Kulitsani kulingalira kosuliza ndi maluso a kupenda malingaliro ndi milandu mwa kupenda zitsanzo za lamulo.

Masiku ano, sukulu zambiri zimaphunzitsa za malamulo m’masukulu a boma kapena m’mbiri, kufotokoza nkhani monga kusiyana kwa malamulo a boma ndi apandu, mmene mlandu umagwirira ntchito, ndi ntchito ya ajuli.

Kumaliza

Lamulo lachiŵeniŵeni limatumikira chifuno chachikulu m'chitaganya mwa kupereka njira yamtendere, yadongosolo, ndi yovomerezedwa mwalamulo ya kuthetsa mikangano kunja kwa makhoti. Imalimbikitsa chilungamo, chilungamo, ndi kuŵerengera mlandu pamene ikumapereka njira yodalirika yopezera zidzudzutso. Kuchokera ku mizu yake yakale m'lamulo la Roma ku zifuno zake zamakono, zikole, nkhani zabanja, ndi mikangano ya zamalonda, lamulo lachiŵeniŵeniŵeni limakhala maziko a kukhalira pamodzi kwa anthu. Pamene aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira amagwirizana ndi malamulo ake, iwo amathandizira kuwongolera, kusungidwa kwa ufulu wake, ndi kugwira ntchito kumene kuyenera kwake kwamakono, kuchitidwa, ndi mikangano sikumathetsedwa mwa mphamvu, koma mwa lamulo.

Kuti muŵerenge mowonjezereka, fufuzani zinthu zodalirika zonga Cornell Legal Information ya kupenda lamulo la boma , kutsogolera kwa American Bar Association ku milandu yachiŵeniŵeni [, ndi insaikulopediya yalamulo pa milandu yachiŵeniŵeni .