Chiyambi: Kusankha Monga Chiwonetsero cha Sosaite

Chinsinsi chake cha demokrase ndicho chikhulupiriro chakuti mphamvu zoyenerera zimachokera kwa anthu. Mfundo imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mwa masankho, nthaŵi zimene dziko limaima kuti lisankhe malangizo ake. Kusankha si kugwiritsa ntchito njira yokhayo yolamulira. Zigaŵenga ndizo njira yapadera yosonyezera zinthu zofunika kwambiri za chitaganya, mantha, chiyembekezo, ndi makhalidwe abwino. Pamene nzika zisankha atsogoleri awo, iwo amalengeza mtundu wa anthu amene akufuna kumanga. Zotsatira za masankhoti kaŵirikaŵiri zimavumbula kusintha kwakukulu m’maganizo a anthu, miyambo, ndi nkhaŵa zachuma. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza mmene zimasonyezera makhalidwe a anthu, chifukwa chake kugawa, kupikisana, mavuto amene amawopseza umphumphu, ndi kusokoneza kumene kungachititse kuti apezere njira za democracy, ndi kulimbikitsa njira za democracy.

Democracy siisinthasintha; imasintha pamene nzika zikufufuza kusintha ndi kusintha. Masankho alionse amapereka chithunzi cha kumene chitaganya chili ndi /ndi kuti chiloze kumene chingakhale. Kumvetsetsa mbali imeneyi pakati pa masankho ndi makhalidwe kuli kofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kukhala ndi phande m’dongosolo la demokrase.

Ntchito ya Makhola m’Ndondomeko ya Democratic System

Ngakhale kuti makampani opanga mapulani amasiyana m’mayiko ndi m’mayiko ena, ntchito zimenezi sizisintha.

Chithunzi: Kupereka Mawu kwa Anthu Osiyana Maganizo

Kuimira kuli mwinamwake mbali yaikulu ya chisankho. Nzika zimasankha oyembekezera kukhala ndi malamulo awo, zinthu zofunika, ndi malingaliro. Njira imeneyi imatsimikizira kuti boma lisonyeza kusiyana kwa osankha. Pamene wovota akwera, nyumba yovomerezeka imakhala yoimira kwambiri chiŵerengero cha anthu ndi malingaliro awo. Malinga ndi [[FLT:] . . , Chigawo cha pulezidenti chisintha pakati pa 50% ndi 67%, ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa anthu a zaka za zana lapitalo, fuko, ndi ndalama. Kuchotsa zimenezi n’chitokosokoso kuchitika chimene chimayambukira mwachindunji mmene mawonekedwe a magalasiwo amayendera.

Kuyang'ana mwakuya pa oimira, Conferenceal of State Legislatures imapereka chidziŵitso choyerekezera cha mmene maiko osiyanasiyana amapangira zigawo zawo za malamulo kutsimikizira kuimira koyenera.

Kuŵerengera: Kupatsa Atsogoleri Mlandu

Zisankho zimapanga ndandanda ya kudziŵerengera mlandu. Akuluakulu ozembedwa amadziŵa kuti adzayang'anizana ndi ovota pa chisankho chotsatira, chimene chimawachititsa kuchitapo kanthu m’chikondwerero cha anthu mmalo mwa iwo eni. Pamene ovota alingalira kuti woimira waswa malonjezo kapena watumikira zikondwerero zapadera, angavote. Njira imeneyi siimakhala yokwanira , kuyendetsa bwino, ndipo ndalama m'ndale zingafooketse kuŵerengera mlandu kwa anthu. Koma imakhala imodzi ya zida zamphamvu koposa zimene nzika ziyenera kusungitsa ulamuliro wabwino.

Kutengamo Mbali: Kumanga Minofu

Democracy imakhala bwino pamene anthu agwirizana. Kusankha sikumangoyambitsa kuloŵerera kwa ndale. Kampeni, maholo a tauni, makambitsirano, ndi kutsutsa utala wa mapangano zonse zikuyendera pamodzi ndi ndandanda za masankho. Kutengamo mbali kumalimbitsa mgwirizano wa anthu ndi kukumbutsa anthu kuti nawonso ali ndi udindo woyang'anira dziko lawo. Maphunziro a ku Komiti ya zandale ya za dzikolo. Makampani a American Political Science Review [

Lamulo: Maziko a Kudalira Anthu Onse

Boma losankhidwa mwa chisankho chaulere, cholungama, ndi choonekeratu limapeza ulamuliro wa makhalidwe abwino kulamulira. Ngakhale awo amene amavotera wobatizidwayo ali othekera kwambiri kulandira chotulukapo ngati akhulupirira kuti njirayo inali yoyenerera. Komabe, kutha kwa lamulo pamene masankho aonedwa kukhala ochirikizidwa, otsenderezedwa, kapena oipitsidwa. Kusunga chikhulupiriro kumafuna kuyang'anira masankho, kuŵerengera kowoneratu, ndi njira zolimba zopangira chigamulo. [FLT: 0] Brennan Center ya Woweruza imawopseza kusanthula ndi kuchirikiza kukhulupirika kwa malamulo otetezera chidaliro cha anthu.

Mmene Zisankho Zimavumbulira Mapindu a Sosaite

Nkhani zimene zimalamulira nyengo ya chisankho kaŵirikaŵiri zimachitira chitsanzo cha zimene ovota ambiri amasamalira panthaŵi imeneyo. Makhalidwe sasinthasintha; amasintha mogwirizana ndi zochitika, magulu, ndi kusintha kwa mbadwo. M’munsimu muli zinthu zazikulu zimene zimakhudza mmene makhalidwe abwino amaonekera m’masankho.

Mayanjano ndi Makhalidwe Ofunika Kwambiri

Mbiri imasonyeza kuti makampani opanga udzu angasinthe kwambiri malo opangira masankho. Kugwirizana kwa ufulu wa anthu kwa ma 1960 kunasonkhezera kudutsa kwa Chikalata cha Zoyenera za Anthu ndi Chikalata cha Chifuniro cha Chibadwidwe, chomwe chinasinthanso kulinganiza kwa ndale zadziko kwa madera onse. Posachedwapa, magulu onga Black Lives Matter, Akazi, ndi maseŵero a nyengo asonkhezera oyembekezera kukhala ndi malo a chilungamo cha fuko, kufanana kwa amuna, ndi malamulo a malo. Pamene ofufuza a gululo aona zofuna za kachitidwe ka kampeni, iwo amawonekera kwambiri pa mafomu ofufuza.

Mwachitsanzo, chisankho cha pulezidenti 2020 cha U.S. chinaona mbiri pakati pa achichepere ovota, osonkhezeredwa kwakukulukulu ndi kudera nkhaŵa za chilungamo ndi kusintha kwa mkhalidwe wa dziko. Malinga ndi kunena kwa [[FLT: 0] CORCY pa Tufts University, wovota wachichepere anawonjezereka ndi maperesenti 11 kuchokera 2016, chizindikiro chowonekeratu kuti miyezo ya mbadwo uno inafotokozedwa ndi bokosi la boloti.

Mavuto a Zachuma ndi Odzivutitsa

Nkhaŵa zakuthupi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kusintha kwa Chikhalidwe ndi Kusintha kwa Chikhalidwe

Magulu akusiyana pafupifupi m'mbali zonse: ufuko, fuko, chipembedzo, ndi mbadwo. Zisankho zimenezi zimasonyeza masinthidwewa pamene magulu atsopano apangana pa kudalirana kwa anthu ndi zokumana nazo. Mwachitsanzo, chisonkhezero chomakulakula cha ovota a Latino ndi Asia America apanga kusintha ndi kupezeka kwa zinenero zazikulu m'mafuko ambiri. Mofananamo, kuvomerezedwa kowonjezereka kwa LGBTQ + zoyenera kwasonkhezera kulingana kwa ukwati ndi kutetezeredwa kwa nkhani zopanda malire ku mapangano aakulu.

Malo Oulutsira Nkhani ndi Odziŵitsa

Mmene ovota amaphunzirira za ofunsira ndi nkhani ali ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu pa makhalidwe osonyezedwa pa bokosi losanthula. Oulutsira nkhani zamwambo, masiteshoni a za manyuzi, ndi kusatsa malonda andale kuzungulira chidziŵitso cha anthu. Kugawidwa kwa nkhani ndi wailesi . Kugawidwa kwa anthu kukhoza kusankha zinthu zimene zimatsimikizira kuti tsankho lawo nlogwirizana. Manyuzipepala asintha makhalidwe osiyanasiyana ngakhale pamene ali ndi makhalidwe ofanana. Zoyesayesa kuwongolera luso la kuwerenga ndi kuchepetsa kusocheretsedwa kwa nkhani nkofunika kutsimikizira kuti masankho akusonyezadi kuti masankho akusonyezadi kuti anthu akudziŵadi zimene akudziŵa.

Ntchito Yofunika Kwambiri ya Ukwati

Chipangano cha Copic chimaphatikizapo zambiri osati kungodzipereka pa makampani opanga masankho, kupezeka pa misonkhano ya anthu, kulankhula ndi akuluakulu osankhidwa, ndi kulimbikitsa nkhani.

Kusintha: Chiyambi

Kupatsa munthu ntchito imodzi yamphamvu kwambiri imene angatengere demokalase. Voti iliyonse ndi ndemanga yachindunji ya makhalidwe. Komabe ovota ambiri oyenerera savota. Zoletsa zimaphatikizapo malamulo oletsa kusiyanitsa, maola otsatsa, kusoŵa zoyendera, ndi kungolingalira kuti voti ya munthuyo siifunika. Kuchotsa zopinga zimenezi mwa kugwiritsa ntchito makalata, kulembetsa tsiku limodzi, ndi kuvota mwamsanga kwasonyezedwa kuti kwawonjezeka kwambiri. Maboma amene alandira kusintha kotereka koteroko, monga Colorado ndi Oregon, nthaŵi zonse amaona kukwera kwa ziŵerengero.

Kusamala ndi Kuchitapo Kanthu

Kusiyapo kuvota, kuletsa anthu kukakamiza anthu kuti asinthe. Magulu a ufulu wovota, kusintha ndalama, ndi kukonzanso kuonekera kwa anthu andale amadalira anthu amene amakonza, kulandirira alendo, ndi kuphunzitsa anthu. Kuphunzitsa kumagwirizanitsa mawu a anthu a m'madera otsika ndipo kukhoza kuchotsa pawindo la Overton. Kuchuluka kwa malingaliro oonedwa kukhala ovomerezeka m’nkhani yapoyera. Mayanjano apangitsanso kukhala osavuta kuwafikira, komanso achititsa kuti zikhale zolakwika. Kufalitsa mfundo zachinyengo kumafuna mfundo, kumanganso nyumba, ndi kupitiriza.

Kulinganiza Anthu

Makonzedwe a chitaganya amasumika maganizo pa kusonkhanitsa anthu m'malo akwanuko. Magulu a anthu, matchalitchi, maukwati, ndi phindu losapindulitsa zonse zimachita mbali yaikulu m'kupangitsa anthu kugawana mayeso. Kulinganiza zinthu kumapanga kudalirana ndi kusintha nkhani zosadziŵika kukhala zodetsa nkhaŵa. Icho nchothandiza kwambiri m'midzi ya mbiri yakale yokanika, monga ngati malo otsika olandirirako ndi mafuko. Magulu onga NAACP[FLT] ali ndi mbiri yaitali ya kulembetsa kulembera ndi kupezamonso zoyesayesa zapamwamba.

Maphunziro Abwino

Ovota odziŵa amapanga zosankha zabwino. Kuphunzitsa mmene boma limagwirira ntchito, mmene angapendere magwero, ndi mmene angatengere mbali . Mwatsoka, madongosolo ambiri asukulu achepetsa maphunziro a anthu. Kukonzanso maphunziro a boma, kuphatikizapo maprogramu amene amatsanzira masankho, kulimbikitsa kukambitsirana, ndi kuchirikiza kuwerenga, kungapatse mphamvu mbadwo wotsatira kuti uchite bwino. Katenti ya maphunziro a anthu a ku CBIN [1] Imapereka maphunziro ndi chuma kwa aphunzitsi ndi atsogoleri a chitaganya.

Zopinga Zimene Zimasokoneza Chisankho cha Democratic Edemocratic

Kuzungulira dziko lonse, mayiko amene amalimbana ndi zochita zimene zimasokoneza maganizo a anthu otchuka.

Kutsekereza kwa Maute

Kutsendereza Voter kumatanthauza mchitidwe uliwonse umene umakupangitsa kukhala kovuta kwa nzika zoyenerera kuvota. Zimenezi zingaphatikizepo malamulo a ovota, kuchotsa mavoti, kuchepetsa mawindo oyambirira opangira voti, kutsekera malo ofunsira m'madera ochepa, ndi kufuna umboni wa unzika. Mayeso ameneŵa akuyambukira kwambiri magulu olekanitsidwa m'mbiri, kuphatikizapo anthu a mitundu, okalamba, ndi ophunzira. ACLU [1] ndi magulu ena akutsutsa mwamphamvu zoyesayesa zoletsa kuyang’anira milandu.

Gerrymandering

Gerrymanindering ndi kuyendetsa zigawo za chigawo cha ovota kuti akonde chipani china kapena gulu. Pamene madera akopeka kulonga kapena kuvota crack, nyumba yovomerezekayo siimasonyeza bwino mbali ya voti yonse. Mwachitsanzo, m'mayiko ena, chipani chimene chimapambana 45% ya mavoti a boma okha chikhoza kuteteza malo ambiri a malamulo. Mabungwe a kusintha zinthu amalimbikitsa ntchito zapadera za kukonza makampani ndi njira za malamulo zimene zimaika patsogolo mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano wa chitaganya.

Kusadziŵa Zinthu Molakwika Ndiponso Kusamvana

Kufalikira kwa chidziŵitso chonyenga kungasokoneze kumvetsetsa kwa ovoti ofunsira ndi nkhani. Kuloŵerera kwa maiko ena, makampani a social media, ndi mabodza ochirikiza zonsezo zimathandizira vuto limeneli. Misformation ikhoza kuchepetsa chidaliro m'zosankha zenizeni . Mwachitsanzo, kunena zabodza za kuvota kofalikira kungapangitse anthu kukayikira kuyenera kwa zotsatirapo. Kutsutsa zolakwika kumafuna kuphatikiza malamulo apapulatifomu, kulemba mawu oulutsira nkhani, ndi kusamala mfundo zenizeni ndi mabungwe a paokha onga . FactCC. org .

Kusintha kwa Ndale zadziko

Magawano ozama pakati pa zigaŵenga ndi magulu a malingaliro amapanga kulolerana kovuta ndipo kungachititsenso kuwonjezereka. Kusintha maganizo kumakhudzanso masankho mwa kulimbikitsa kutsutsa ndi kuchepetsa kufunitsitsa kwa ovota kulingalira ofunsira ochokera kumbali ina. M'malo ogaŵanikana kwambiri, ofuna kupindula, ndipo osankhidwawo amagaŵanika kwambiri. Kusintha kwa chigawo kungafune kusintha kwa masankhoti monga kusanthula pepala, kumene kumachititsa ofunikira kukopa kupyola pa malo awo.

Ndalama m’Ndale

Kampeni yakwera kwambiri, makamaka pambuyo pa zosankha zonga United v. FEC FELT :1] yomwe inalola ndalama za kampani ndi zodziimira pazokha. Opereka amene amakweza ndalama zambiri kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi phindu lalikulu m'dzina ndi kutsatsa malonda, zimene zingamize mawu a oyembekezera kukhala olemera kwambiri ndi ochirikiza awo. Kampani ya zachuma yasintha zinthu monga ndalama zothandizira anthu pa masankho, malire a zopereka, ndi zofunika zosonyezera kuwona mtima kwa ndalama ndi kutsimikizira kuti masankho asonyezere mapindu a nzika m’malo mwa zikondwerero za olemera.

Kusintha Tsogolo la Kusankha Chidemokalase

Zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimene anthu amasintha n’zogwirizana ndi mfundo zachikhalidwe za boma lako, zomwe zingathandize kuti anthu asankhe bwino zinthu.

Luso Lopanga Nsalu Zamakono

Umisiri wotetezeka, wosavuta kupezeka, ndi wothandiza kuvota ungachititse anthu kukhala ndi mbali ndi kukhulupirirana. Mapepala okhala ndi makina oonera zinthu za maso amaonedwa kukhala otetezeka kwambiri kuposa makompyuta onse a magetsi. Kulembetsa pa Intaneti, kuvota papositi, ndi malo oyambirira opangira mavoti amapangitsa kuti anthu amene ali ndi zochita zambiri kapena opunduka azikhala osavuta kuponya makampani awo. Komabe, luso la zopangapanga ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala kuti apeŵe ngozi za pa Intaneti.

Kusintha kwa Madongosolo a Zinthu

Chosankha chokhala ndi cholowa chotchedwa RCV, kuimira kwa mlingo, ndi ma tripmagement akupeza njira zochepetsera kugaŵa ndi kupatsa ovota zosankha zatanthauzo. RCV imalola ovota kukhazikitsa osankhidwa m’njira yosankha. Ngati palibe wobatizidwa aliyense, wobatizidwa wocheperapo amachotsedwa, ndipo mavoti amachotsedwa kufikira munthu mmodzi atafika 50 peresenti. Zimenezi zimachepetsa "spoiler" chiyambukiro chake ndi kulimbikitsa ofunsira kugwirizanitsa anthu ambiri. Maine ndi Alaska alandira RCV kaamba ka masankhoti a boma, ndipo maiko ambiri akulingalira za kusintha kofananako.

Maphunziro a Anthu Ogwirizana ndi Ntchito Yoyamba

Sukulu, zipatala, ndi mabungwe osapanga phindu, angagwirizane kuyambitsa chikhalidwe cha kutengamo mbali m'zaumoyo wa anthu. Programu ngati Vote [1] Chigogomezero cha kulembetsa ovota achichepere, pamene kuli kwakuti ena amapereka masewero a mmene angagwiritsirire ntchito kapena kuloŵa m'makampani. Kuwonjezeka kwa chidziŵitso cha boma ndi kutembenuza anthu ambiri ndi kufunsira nzika zapamwamba.

Kulimbitsa Uyang’aniro wa Chisankho ndi Kudalirana

Independent, makampani a voti opanda gawo la masankho okhala ndi malamulo omveka bwino ndi ndalama zoyendetsera. Kuŵerengera ndi kupenda mavoti, limodzi ndi njira zomveka zosonyezera nkhani ndi mikangano, zimalimbitsa anthu. Kulengeza kwapoyera nthaŵi zonse kwa wovota, manambala olembetsa, ndi masankho a chisankho kungathandizenso kuchotsa njirayi. Ofufuza a padziko lonse, monga ngati aja ochokera ku bungwe la Organization for Security and Co - ault ku Ulaya, angapereke umboni wakuti masankhoti ali aufulu ndi oyenera.

Kumaliza

Zosankha ndizo zambiri kuposa zochitika za ulamuliro; zili chizindikiro cha demokrase. Zimavumbula zimene timasamala za ife, amene timakhulupirira, ndi mtundu wa mtsogolo umene timawonera kwa ife ndi ana athu. Pamene nzika zitengamo mbali . Mwa kuvota, kuchirikiza, kulinganiza, ndi kuphunzitsa, zimatsimikizira kuti boma likhalabe chisonyezero cha makhalidwe a anthu. Komabe demokrase njosalimba. Voter democracy, boverdiation, penation, ndi ndalama m'ndale zingasokoneze kutsimikizira kwake. Kuzindikira ziwopsezo zimenezi ndi kugwira ntchito kwawo kuli thayo la nzika iriyonse.

Tsogolo la demokrase limadalira pa kudzipereka ku zinthu zabwino, zotseguka, ndi zisankho zophatikiza. Mwakusintha zinthu monga kuvota koyenerera, kukonza maluso amakono osankha, ndi kusungitsa maphunziro a anthu, mabungwe angapange madongosolo amene amaimira bwino lomwe chifuniro cha osankhidwa. Potsirizira pake, thanzi la demokrase limayesedwa osati ndi ukulu wa nyumba zake, koma ndi umphumphu wa masankhoti ake ndi ukulu wa kuikiridwa kwa nzika zake. Vota iri njerwa m'mazindere mu maziko a democracy. Igwiritsireni mwanzeru.