Kodi Kusankha N’kutani?

Chisankho ndi njira yokha yopangira chosankha imene anthu amasankha munthu mmodzi kapena gulu kuti akhale ndi udindo wa boma kapena kusankha pa mafunso ena a boma. M'makampani a democracy, masankho ndiwo njira yaikulu imene nzika zimapatsira ulamuliro kwa oimira awo ndi kutsimikizira kuti boma likufuna. Pamene kuli kwakuti mfundozo zimasiyana kwambiri m'maiko onse. Kuchokera ku madongosolo osankhidwa kuti asankhe umisiri wamakono . Malamulo amakhalidwe abwino amakhala ofanana: nzika iliyonse yoyenerera iyenera kukhala ndi mpata wofanana womvera mawu awo.

Kusankha sikuli kokha mwambo wa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi; ndiko mwazi wa moyo wa democracy. Popanda masankho aufulu ndi abwino, nzika zilibe njira yamtendere yoloŵetsera mmalo atsogoleri amene amalephera kutumikira chikondwerero cha anthu. Kumvetsetsa mmene ntchito ya masankho, kuyambira kulembetsa kufikira ku chiŵerengero chomalizira, zimapatsa ovota mphamvu ya kukhala ndi phande m’tanthauzo ndi kutetezera umphumphu wa kachitidweko.

Zimene Zimafunika pa Kusankha

Pachosankha chake chosavuta, chimaphatikizapo kusankha ofunsira kapena zosankha. Koma kumbuyo kwa kachitidwe kakang’ono kameneko kuli ndi dongosolo lovuta la malamulo, njira, ndi mabungwe olinganizidwa kutsimikizira kuti zotsatirapo zake zikugwirizana bwino ndi zimene osankhidwawo amakonda. Mbali zazikulu zimaphatikizapo kuyenerera kwa ovota, malamulo a za ndawala, kapangidwe ka mapepala a pepala la pepala la kampani kapena mapulogalamu, ndi njira zogwiritsira ntchito kutsimikizira zotsatira zake.

Mfundo za Chikhalidwe za Chisankho cha Demokalase

  • [[FLT: 0] Suffrel Seffge : Nzika iliyonse yachikulire iri ndi kuyenera kwa kuvota, ndi ziletso zochepera, zoyenerera (m’chitsanzo, msinkhu, nzika).
  • Kutulutsa Mphamvu: Voti iliyonse imakhala ndi kulemera kofanana; palibe nzika imene iyenera kukhala ndi chisonkhezero choposa cha wina.
  • Ufulu ndi Programu Yabwino: Zisankho ziyenera kuchitidwa popanda kukakamiza, kuopseza, kapena chinyengo, ndipo ziyenera kupereka zosankha zenizeni.
  • SECREt Ballot:[[FL:1] Mavoti angavote popanda kuwopa kubwezera, kutsimikizira zachinsinsi ndi kudziimira.
  • Chisankho cha Priodic : atsogoleri amasankhidwa kaamba ka malamulo oikika, ndi masankho ochitidwa nthaŵi zonse kulola kusintha.

Mitundu ya Zosankha

Masankho osiyanasiyana amayendera zolinga zosiyanasiyana pa nkhani ya demokalase, kuyambira pa kusankha mamembala a sukulu yakumaloko mpaka kusankha mamembala a mamembala a sukulu a dzikolo.

Zosankha Zachisawawa

Malo osankhidwa amachitidwa kuti akwaniritse mamaofesi akuluakulu a dziko kapena a boma, monga pulezidenti, nyumba ya malamulo, kapena bwanamkubwa. Nthawi zambiri pamachitika madeti (m’chitsanzo, zaka zinayi kapena zisanu zilizonse) ndipo pamakhala anthu ambiri amene amavota. M’mayiko ambiri, masankho amasankha kuti pakhale boma limene limapanga boma.

Zosankha Zoyambirira

Upandu ndi mipikisano ya mkati ya chipani yogwiritsiridwa ntchito kusankha oyembekezera chisankho. Iwo angakhale otseguka (wosankha aliyense angakhale ndi phande), otsekedwa (ziŵalo za pa kagulu kolembetsedwa kokha), kapena otsekeredwa mwakamodzi. Upandu umalola ziŵalo za chipani kusonkhezera amene woloŵa kuloŵayo amaimira phwando lawo pa chisankho chomaliza.

Zosankha Zam’malowo

Masankho a boma kapena makampani amadzaza maofesi monga a meya, akuluakulu a mzinda, akuluakulu a boma, ndi mamembala a sukulu. Nthawi zambiri masankho ameneŵa amatsika koma amayambukira mwachindunji moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku . Malonjezero, masukulu, malo osungira zinthu, apolisi, ndi a msonkho wa kumaloko. Kumvetsa masankho a m'deralo n’kofunika kwambiri kuti athandize anthu a m'deralo.

Zoyamba Kuchita

Alosendim ndi chivoti chachindunji pa funso lalamulo lachindunji, monga ngati kusintha kwa lamulo kapena lamulo latsopano. Malamulo amalola nzika kupereka malamulo atsopano kapena masinthidwe kupyolera mwa pembedzero ndiyeno kuvotera. Ziŵiya zimenezi zimapatsa ovotawo chigamulo chachindunji (mmalo mwa kudalira kokha pa oimira osankhidwa) ndipo nzofala mu Switzerland, maboma ambiri a U.S.

Kumbukirani Zosankha

M’mademokrase ena, ovota angachotse mtsogoleri wosankhidwa asanathe ndi chisankho cha kukumbukira. Njira imeneyi imafunikira kusonkhanitsa ziŵerengero zina za siginecha kuti ayambitse voti lapadera. Zikumbukiro nzosapezeka koma zimatumikira monga njira yamphamvu yoŵerengera mlandu.

Njira Zopangira Mitengo: Mmene Mitengo Imakhalira

Njira imene mavoti amatembenuzidwira m’kuimira ili ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu pa zotulukapo za ndale zadziko.

Ukhondo (Poyamba Past-the Post)

M'njira zosiyanasiyana, wosankha amene alandira mavoti ambiri amapambana, ngakhale ngati sapambana ambiri. Dongosolo limeneli limagwiritsidwa ntchito ku United Kingdom, India, Canada, ndi United States ku maofesi ambiri. Nlosavuta ndipo limachititsa opambana odziŵika bwino, koma lingachititse ku "wavoti" ndi kugawana pakati pa voti ndi gawo.

Madongosolo Aakulu

Madongosolo aakulu amafuna wobatizidwa kupambana oposa 50% ya voti. Ngati palibe amene apeza zimenezo m'mbali yoyamba, amathamanga pakati pa oyembekezera aŵiri apamwamba. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira wopambanayo kukhala ndi chichirikizo chachikulu, monga momwe chikuwonedwa m'masankho a pulezidenti wa ku France ndi mpikisano wa m'magawo ambiri padziko lonse.

Kuimira kwa Malamulo (PR)

Madongosolo a PR amaika mipando yolingana ndi mavoti amene amalandira. Opanga mavoti amasankha mpambo wa chipani, ndipo mipando imagaŵiridwa ndi mbali ya voti ya dziko kapena yachigawo. PR ndi yofala ku Ulaya (Germany, Spain, Sweden) ndipo imapanga nyumba zomanga nyumba za malamulo zambiri zimene zimasonyeza malingaliro osiyanasiyana. Komabe, ingachititse maboma a mgwirizano amene amatenga nthaŵi yaitali kuti apange.

Madongosolo Osiyanasiyana

Madongosolo a osankhika osanganizidwa amaphatikiza mbali za kuchuluka ndi PR. Mwachitsanzo, Germany ndi New Zealand amagwiritsira ntchito mbali zosiyanasiyana zoimira (MMP), kumene ovota ali ndi mavoti aŵiri: imodzi ya wosankha (kuchuluka) ndi imodzi ya mpambo wa zipani (PR). Izi zikulinganiza kuimira kwa kumaloko ndi zotsatira zake.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Kuchokera pa kulembetsa mpaka kuponya chisankho, chinthu chilichonse chimakonzedwa kuti chitsimikizire kuti munthu amene wavota ndi ndani, kuteteza chinyengo, ndi kuonetsetsa kuti munthu akupezeka.

Kulembetsa Kulandira

M'mademokrase ambiri, nzika ziyenera kulembetsa zisanavote. Malamulo a kulembetsa amasiyana: Maiko ena amalembetsa okha nzika pamene afika zaka 18 (m., Germany), pamene ena amafuna kulembetsa ndi zikalata zamanja (m., United States). Malongosoledwe apadera kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizapo dzina, madeti, tsiku la kubadwa, ndipo nthaŵi zina kugwirizana ndi gulu. Kulembetsa ndi maziko a pulogalamu ya votoral , imene isankha amene ali woyenera kuvota pamalo ena.

Njira Zopangira Zinthu

Njira imene anthu asankha masiku ano imadalira pa zinthu zimene amafunika kuti apange, luso la zopangapanga, ndi malamulo.

  • Mu Persan Votion: Njira yamwambo imene ovota amapita kumalo opangira masankho osankhidwa patsiku la chisankho. Zimenezi zimalola thandizo lamwamsanga ngati kuli kofunika ndipo zimatsimikizira malo otetezereka, oyang’aniridwa.
  • Maposi Mu (Abcee) Voluting: [[FLT :1] Olandira chilolezo cholembedwa paposi, kuchidzaza kunyumba, ndi kuchibwezera ndi makalata kapena pepala loponya. Chosankha chakhala chowonjezereka kwambiri, makamaka mkati mwa mliri wa CHOVAD-19, ndipo n’chofunika m’maboma onga Oregon, Washington, ndi Colorado.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kujambula padera [1] Maboma ambiri amalola ovota kuponya mapepala pamaso pa tsiku la chisankho lisanakwaniritsidwe pa malo osankhira oyambirira. Zimenezi zimachepetsa mizera patsiku la chisankho ndi kuyang'anira ndandanda yotanganitsidwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] [1] Maiko ena amagwiritsira ntchito makina ovotera amagetsi (EVM) kapena kuvota pa intaneti. Pamene kuli kwakuti amafulumira ndi mabwenzi a m'makompyuta, makompyuta amayambitsa nkhaŵa za kuwonongeka kwa Intaneti ndi kuŵerengeka kwa zinthu.

Kuzindikira Madontho a Mtundu

Kuletsa chinyengo cha kuyerekezera, malo ambiri amafuna ovota kusonyeza zizindikiritso asanalandire pepala lovomerezeka. Kulimba kwa malamulo a ID kuli nkhani yotsutsana: ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti amasunga umphumphu, pamene kuli kwakuti osuliza amatsutsa modabwitsa kuchepetsa kagulu ka anthu, okalamba, ndi osankha ochepera. Maiko ena amagwiritsira ntchito ma ID osafuna (m’mphindi, magetsi), pamene kuli kwakuti ena amavomereza kokha ma wilo a ma Photo osonyezedwa ndi boma.

Tsiku Losankha

Tsiku la chisankho ndilo chimake cha kayendedwe ka voti, pamene ovota onse olembetsedwa ali ndi mwaŵi wa kuponya mavoti awo. Kwa ambiri, lirinso tsiku la kunyada kwa anthu ndi pangano la chitaganya. Komabe, ntchito yosangalatsa ya malo osankhira imadalira pa kulinganiza kosamalitsa ndi antchito zikwi zambiri opanga mavoti.

Malo Obzala

Malo osonkhanira amakhazikitsidwa m'masukulu, m'malo a chitaganya, matchalitchi, kapena malo ena othandizira anthu. Malo alionse amatumikira malo kapena malo ena. Patsiku la chisankho, amaikidwa ndi akuluakulu a masankho (nthaŵi zambiri ophunzitsidwa) amene amayang'anira ovota, kutulutsa mapepala, ndi kuthandiza kutumiza makina ovotera. Kupezeka ndi lamulo: malo ofunsira ayenera kukhala ndi osankhidwa ndi opunduka, kupereka chithandizo cha chinenero pamene afunikira, ndi kutsimikizira kuti adikire nthaŵi zabwino.

Kuponya Ballot

Malinga ndi chigawo, ovota angaike chizindikiro cha pepala lolembedwa, kugwira kanema, kapena kuika khadi m'makina. Chivoti nchachinsinsi . M'mayiko ambiri, misasa yovotera ili ndi malekete kapena magawa. Atamaliza kuvota, wovotayo angailembe m'bokosi losindikizidwa kapena kulitumiza. M'makompyuta, a ballet amakhala cholembera chakuthupi chimene chingapendedwe pambuyo pake. Madongosolo ena amatulutsa pepala lovomerezeka kuyang'ana pepala (VPAT), kulola wovota kutsimikizira zosankha zawo asanagonjeze pomaliza.

Kuŵerengera Kosiyanasiyana ndi Zotulukapo

Kuŵerengera mavoti kutayamba, mbali imeneyi ndi yofunika kwambiri kuti munthu akhulupirire: kulakwa kulikonse kapena kupotoza kungafooketse chisankho chonse. Kuona padera, kutsimikizira, ndi kukhala ndi nthaŵi ndiko zizindikiro za kuŵerengera kodalirika.

Kuwerenga Njira

  • Kuwerengera Mapepala: Mapepala amaŵerengedwa ndi manja, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi timagulu ta antchito aŵiri kapena ambiri ochokera ku zipani zosiyanasiyana kutsimikizira kulondola. Masewera a manja amachedwa koma amapereka njira yoyesera mapepala.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuŵerengera koyambirira: Optical scanner imaŵerenga mapepala olembedwa, ndi zotsatira za mapulogalamu ojambula. Kuŵerengera kwa magetsi kumafulumira koma kumafuna kuyesa ndi kuteteza.
  • Process : Maboma ambiri akuchititsa kupenda kwa pambuyo pa chisankho (mayeso) kapena malongosoledwe okwanira [1] Kutsimikizira kuti makina ndi njira zinapanga chotulukapo cholondola. Mapikica a kuwopsa kwa ngozi akufikira kukhala muyezo wa golidi.

Kulengeza Zotulukapo

Zotsatira zake zosayenera zingatulutsidwe usiku wa chisankho kapena masiku otsatira, koma chikalata chovomerezeka chingatenge milungu. Zotsatira zake zimalengezedwa ndi akuluakulu a masankho (m’chitsanzo, mlembi wa boma kapena bungwe losankhira). M'mafuko apafupi, zonena kapena zothetsa za lamulo zingachedwetse zotsatira zake. N’zofala kwa oulutsa nkhani kuti apeze makampani opambana chifukwa cha kubwezera padera, koma mapulogalamuwo saloledwa kufikira atavomerezedwa.

Kusankha Kotsatira: Kusintha ndi Kulamulira

Pambuyo pa zotulukapo, opambanawo amaloŵa m'malo mogwirizana ndi ndandanda ya nthaŵi. Kusintha kwamtendere kwa ulamuliro kuli chizindikiro cha kukhazikika kwa demokrase. Mbali imeneyi imaphatikizapo njira ya kutsogolera kwa akuluakulu atsopano, kupangidwa kwa boma (m'madongosolo a nyumba za malamulo), ndi kuikidwa kwa mamembala a kabungwe kapena atumiki. M'madongosolo a pulezidenti, maulamuliro ochoka amagwirizana ndi gulu limene likubweralo kutsimikizira kuti lipitirizebe.

Kufunika kwa Kusankha

Kusankha si njira yongochitira zinthu mwaluso chabe; ndiko njira yaikulu imene nzika zimasonyezera ulamuliro pa boma lawo.

Chithunzi

Kusankha anthu osiyanasiyana kumathandiza kusankha anthu amene amagwirizana nawo pa makhalidwe awo, zimene amakonda, ndiponso kumene anachokera. M’dziko losiyana, palibe gulu limene lingachite zinthu zonse. magetsi amachititsa kuti mawu osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo a anthu ochepa, azimveka m’zipinda za malamulo. Madongosolo monga kuimira malamulo apamwamba kwambiri.

Kuŵerengera

Masankho anthaŵi zonse amapereka mphamvu ya kubwezera kapena kulanga anthu. Ngati mkulu wosankhidwa walephera kupereka malonjezo, kuchita ziphuphu, kapena kunyalanyaza malingaliro a anthu, ovota angawalowe mmalo pa chisankho chotsatira. Kudziŵerengera mlandu kumeneku kwa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi kumapanga ulamuliro wovomereza.

Malamulo

Anthu a m’dzikolo amamvera malamulo, amakhoma misonkho, ndiponso amachita zinthu mogwirizana ndi akuluakulu a boma ngati akuona kuti zinthu zili bwino.

Chigamulo Chamtendere cha Kusamvana

Mapangano akupereka njira yopanda chiwawa yothetsera mikangano ya ndale zadziko. Mmalo mwa kutembenukira ku kulanda boma kapena nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni, magulu opikisana angalondole zikhumbo zawo kupyolera m'bokosi losungira pepala. Izi nzofunika kwambiri m'zitaganya zogaŵanika kwambiri.

Mavuto pa Zosankha

Ngakhale kuti masankho ndi ofunika kwambiri, anthu ambiri amakumana ndi mavuto ambiri amene angasokoneze chikhulupiriro chawo.

Kutsekereza kwa Maute

Kutsendereza Voter kumatanthauza njira zimene zimachepetsa dala kutembenuka pakati pa magulu ena. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo malamulo a ovota osamalitsa, kutulutsa mavota mpukutu, kuchepetsa malo ofunsira m'madera ochepa, kuchepetsa maola ovota amwamsanga, ndi kuchititsa kulembedwa kolemetsa. Njira zimenezi zimayambukira mokulira ndalama zochepera, okalamba, ndi ovota ochepa, kuchepetsa lamulo la dziko lonse la onse.

Gerrymandering

Gerrymander ndi kusintha malire a chigawo cha ojekita kuti akonde chipani chimodzi kapena gulu. Mwakupanga zigawo zooneka mwachilendo, chipani cha mphamvu chinga "crack" kapena "pack" otsutsa ovota kuchepetsa chisonkhezero chawo chonse. Pamene kuli kwakuti kupeputsako kuli kofunika, kuipitsa kuimira kwa gulu limodzi ndi kuchepetsa mpikisano.

Chinyengo ndi Kuulutsidwa Molakwika

Chinyengo cha Voter [1] monga ngati kuyerekezera, kuvota kaŵiri, kapena kuponya katundu wa mademokrase okhazikitsidwa, koma zinenezo za chinyengo zingafooketse chidaliro cha anthu. Zofalikira kwambiri ndi kufalikira kwa nkhani zabodza, kuphatikizapo kunena monama za masiku ovota, zofunika, kapena ofuna kuvota. Ofalitsa nkhani za chikhalidwe amasokoneza zonena zimenezo, kusokoneza osankha ndi kugwetsa chikhulupiriro.

Kampani ya Ndalama ndi Chisonkhezero

Anthu opereka ndalama, mabungwe a ziwongola dzanja, ndi magulu a ziwongola dzanja angawononge ndalama zambiri potsatsa malonda, pokopa anthu, ndi pokopa anthu, ndiponso popanga masankho aakulu kwambiri. Malamulo a zachuma a zachuma akuyesetsa kuchepetsa ziphuphu ndi kuwonjezera kuonekera kwa zinthu, koma njira zokanira zikhoza kutsatirikabe.

Kuopa Kutetezeka

Masankho amakono amadalira pa zipangizo zamakono: malo ovomerezeka ovomerezeka, mabuku oonera, makina ovota, ndi njira zoperekera lipoti. Madongosolo ameneŵa amagwiridwa ntchito pophwanya, pokonza mapulogalamu, ndi pochotsa mawu osokoneza. Kuteteza kusankhidwa kumafuna kutengera kwambiri njira za kugwiritsa ntchito Intaneti, mapepala, ndi kuyang'anira zinthu.

Mmene Nzika Zingalimbitsire Zosankha Zawo

Demokalase ya thanzi labwino si maseŵera ongowonerera.

  • [[FLT: 0] Dzimvetsetseni nokha:[FLT :1] Kumvetsetsa malamulo m'chigawo chanu , ziyeneretso za voti, ndi miyeso ya chivoti. Tsatirani zodalirika monga U.S. . . Komiti ya Chisankho kapena [[FLT: 4.] UKDECUK .
  • Cheza Kulembetsa Kwanu: Kutsimikizira kuti mwalembetsedwa ndipo chidziŵitso chanu ncholondola. Maiko ambiri amalola kutsimikizira kwa pa Intaneti.
  • Kuvota mu Chisankho Chilichonse: Primary, kumaloko, ndi kutha kwa chaka, kaŵirikaŵiri amaona kutsika kochepera koma kuli ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu koposa.
  • Ganizirani Kukhala Wochita Pokopa: Antchito a ubongo ngofunika m'ntchito zosalala. Maboma ambiri amalipira kapena kupereka ndalama za tsikulo.
  • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • Advocate ya Kusintha: Masitepe ochirikiza amene amafutukula kupezeka, monga ngati kulembetsa modzifunira, makampani osintha zinthu, ndi madongosolo apepala.

Kumaliza

Kusankha kuli maziko a demokrase. Kumatsogolera anthu ku ulamuliro walamulo, kumawachititsa atsogoleri kukhala ndi mlandu, ndi kupereka njira zamtendere zothetsera mikangano ya ndale. Komabe, monga momwe kupenda kumeneku kukusonyezera, kupanga masankho kuli kuyesayesa kwanthaŵi zonse . Kufuna kudikira motsutsana ndi kutsendereza, chinyengo, ndi kupondereza, ndi kutsimikiza, ndi kutsimikiza kuti aloŵetsedwe ndi kupezeka. Wovota aliyense ali ndi mbali ya kuchita, osati kokha mwa kukonza pepala, koma mwa kuzindikira njira ndi kuchirikiza umphumphu wake. Pamene nzika ziuzidwa ndi kuchitidwa masankho, amakwaniritsa lonjezo lawo: boma la anthu, ndi anthu, kwa anthu.

Kaamba ka chidziŵitso chowonjezereka ponena za njira za masankho ndi kutengamo mbali kwa anthu, chezerani .gov Votion wind wind kapena Internationalpotement for Electoral Systems .