Kumvetsetsa Bungwe Lapakati: Pulezidenti ndi Maboma

Dongosolo la boma la America limadalira pa lamulo la kusiyanitsa maulamuliro, nthambi yaikulu ikumatumikira monga injini imene imayendetsa malamulo operekedwa ndi Congress ndi kumasulira ndi makhoti. Pamapeto a nthambi ino imaimira Pulezidenti, mochirikizidwa ndi bungwe lalikulu la mabungwe a maulamuliro. Kwa nzika, kuzindikira mmene madongosolo ameneŵa akugwirira ntchito kuti amvetsetse mmene malamulo a dziko amapangidwira, mmene malamulo amakhudzira moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, ndi mmene boma limachitira ndi mavuto. Nkhaniyi imapereka umboni wokulira, kuyang'ana ntchito za Pulezidenti ndi mabungwe akuluakulu, maziko awo a malamulo, ndi kugwirizana kochititsa kaso pakati pawo.

Mbali ya Malamulo a Pulezidenti

Pulezidenti wa United States ndi mkulu wa boma panthaŵi imodzi, mbali ziŵiri zimene zimachirikiza ulamuliro ndi udindo waukulu. Mfundo II ya mapasiti a Konsichushoni “mphamvu ya ulamuliro” mwa Pulezidenti, kukhazikitsa ntchito monga wokakamiza wamkulu wa lamulo la boma. Izi zikuphatikizapo ntchito ya “kusamalira kuti Malamulo aperekedwe mokhulupirika, [1] Chikalata chimene chimapatsa Prezidenti mphamvu zoyang’anira bungwe la boma ndi kutsimikizira kuti malamulo a bungwe la Constantionation agwiritsidwa ntchito bwino.

Mphamvu ndi Mathayo

Maulamuliro a Prezidenti a malamulo ngotakata ndipo ali m’magulu aakulu angapo:

  • Kusungitsa ndi kuyang'anira kwa lamulo: Pulezidenti amatsogoza mabungwe onse osungitsa lamulo a boma, kuchokera ku Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) kupita ku Drug Inforcement Administration (DEA), ndi kuika zofunikira zoyambirira.
  • Malamulo ndi mayanjano achilendo: Monga kazembe wamkulu wa dziko, Pulezidenti akambirana mapangano (mogonjera ku kuperekedwa kwa Nyumba ya Malamulo), kukhazikitsa akazembe, ndi kuzindikira maboma achilendo.
  • Commander-pansi: Pulezidenti ali ndi ulamuliro wotheratu pa Magulu ankhondo a U.S., kuphatikizapo mphamvu ya kutumiza asilikali, kuukira kwa asilikali, ndi njira zolunjikitsira dziko.
  • Chisonkhezero cha lamulo: Kupyolera mu mphamvu ya chivomezi, Pulezidenti angakanize ndalama zoperekedwa ndi Congress, kufunikiritsa unyinji wa matatu aŵiri m'zipinda zonse ziŵiri kuletsa. Kuwonjezerapo, Pulezidenti angapereke lamulo, malamulo a akuluakulu a boma, ndi kupereka za Boma la Union kukhazikitsa malamulo.
  • Mphamvu ya Kukhazikitsa: ndi chitsimikiziro cha Nyumba ya Malamulo, Pulezidenti amaika alembi a Kabinati, oweruza a boma (kuphatikizapo oweruza a Bwalo Lapamwamba), akazembe, ndi atsogoleri a mabungwe odziimira okha.
  • Mapardon ndi ma propie: Pulezidenti angapereke chiwonjezeko kaamba ka upandu wa boma, mphamvu imene ingagwiritsiridwe ntchito popanda kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kusankha, Malire, ndi Kusintha

Mapulani asankhidwa pa zaka zinayi zilizonse kudzera ku Electoral College, njira imene imagwirizanitsa boma ndi kuimira kotchuka. Chiyambire kuikidwa kwa Malamulo 22 mu 1951, palibe munthu amene angasankhidwe kukhala prezidenti kuwirikiza kaŵiri. Kuletsa kumeneku kumatsimikizira kusintha kwa utsogoleri ndi kuletsa kuchuluka kwa ulamuliro. Kusintha pakati pa maulamuliro [1] Masabata 11 (kulimbana ndi chitetezo cha dziko ndi kupitirizabe kwa ulamuliro, kuyang'aniridwa ndi bungwe la General Service Administration ndi White House Transonicatinating Coodinating Councial.

Kufufuza za Mphamvu ya Prezidenti

Pamene kuli kwakuti Prezidenti ali ndi ulamuliro wokulira, njira ya macheke ndi kulinganiza imaika ziletso. Malamulo a ndalama zoyendetsera, angagonjetse makampani, ndipo ali ndi ulamuliro wovomereza. Oweruza amapenda malamulo a zochita za maulamuliro. Lingaliro la anthu ndi ofalitsa nkhani limagwiranso ntchito monga kuyang'anira kwamwayi. Kumvetsetsa mphamvu zimenezi nkofunika kuti mukhale ndi mphamvu ya kukhala pulezidenti ndi kuyankha mlandu.

Kupangidwa kwa Maboma

Mabungwe otsogolera ndiwo mabungwe apadera amene amapanga bungwe lolamulira la boma. Amagwira ntchito pansi pa ulamuliro wa Pulezidenti ndipo ali ndi udindo wokhazikitsa malamulo, kuyendetsa maprogramu, ndi kuyendetsa makampani. Bungwe loyang’anira si gulu lapadera la madipatimenti, mabungwe odziimira okha, makampani a boma, ndi mabungwe a boma.

Madipatimenti a Kabiteni

Madipatimenti 15 a Kabinati amapanga maziko a nthambi ya akuluakulu. Madipatimenti onsewa amatsogozedwa ndi Mlembi (kusiyapo Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo, yotsogozedwa ndi Attorney General) amene akutumikira monga chiŵalo cha Kbiteni ya Pulezidenti. Madipatimenti ameneŵa amasamalira malamulo aakulu:

  • Kutenga Usilikali – Usilikali ndi chitetezo cha dziko
  • Malo a Kernal – malamulo a Fiscal, ndalama, ndi zopereka za msonkho
  • Gawo la Boma [ – zochitika za kumaiko ena ndi zokambirana
  • [[FUL:0] Kutenga Chilungamo [[[FULT:1] – kusungitsa malamulo ndi nkhani za lamulo
  • [[ML:0] Malo a Thanzi ndi Mautumiki a Anthu – thanzi la Anthu, Medicare, ndi Medicaid
  • Department of Education – maprogramu ndi malamulo a maphunziro a Federal
  • Desikishoni ya Homeland Security [[FLT :1] – chitetezo cha malire, kusamuka, ndi chivomerezo cha tsoka

Dipatimenti iliyonse ili ndi ntchito zambiri, ma breau, ndi maofesi. Mwachitsanzo, Dipatimenti ya Homeland Security imaphatikizapo Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Customs and Borders Protection (CBP), ndi Transportation Security Administration (TSA).

Ntchito Zofuna Kusintha Anthu ndi Zochita za Anthu

Si mabungwe onse a boma amagwa pansi pa dipatimenti ya Kabinati. Mabungwe a ndawala, monga ngati Entron Protection Agency (EPA) . ndi [[FLT]] Confectal Intelligence Agency (CIA) [FLT]], amagwira ntchito ndi mlingo wa ufulu. Amatsogozedwa ndi woyang'anira kapena wotsogolera mmodzi woikidwa ndi Pulezidenti. Mabungwe onga [[FLT:]] Sacurity ndi Comse Commistion (TC) [FLTC] yopangidwa ndi yothandiza ndi andale, ndipo yothandiza ndi yothandiza. [FLT.FFC]

Mabungwe a Boma

Gulu laling'ono ndi makampani a boma, amene amapereka mautumiki a msika. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo U.S. Service (USPS) [FL:1] ndi Tennesse Authority ya Chigwa (VA) [1]. Mabungwe ameneŵa amapanga ndalama kudzera mwa ndalama ndipo amayembekezeredwa kugwira ntchito bwino, ngakhale kuti amakhalabe oyang'anira boma.

Mmene Pulezidenti Amatsogozera Akuluakulu a Ntchito

Ngakhale kuti pulezidenti amakhazikitsa mfundo zogwirizana ndi zimene akufuna kuchita, anthu ogwira ntchito m’makampaniwo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi luso lokhwima ndiponso amakumbukira zinthu zimene zikuchitika.

Kusankha Antchito

Pulezidenti amaika pafupifupi 4,000 malo a ndale zadziko m’boma la boma, kuphatikizapo alembi a boma, atsatiri a alembi, othandiza alembi, ndi akuluakulu a mabungwe. Akuluakulu ameneŵa anakhazikitsa malamulo ndi kuyang'anira antchito a anthu a m'dziko. Nyumba ya Malamulo iyenera kutsimikizira ambiri mwa anthu ameneŵa, kupereka macheke a chisonkhezero cha pulezidenti. Apolisi amalandiranso antchito zikwi mazana ambiri pa ntchito zausilikali zolembedwa ndi boma zopikisana, zotetezedwa ku ku kuchotsedwa kwa ndale ndi Pendleton Act.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ndalama

Kulamulira bajeti kuli chipangizo champhamvu kwambiri chothandizira kulinganiza zinthu zofunika. Pulezidenti akupereka chigamulo cha bajeti ku Congress, chomwe chimaphatikizapo pempho latsatanetsatane la kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama za bungwe lililonse. Pamene kuli kwakuti bungwe la Congress limayenerera ndalama, Office of Management and Bac (OMB) imachita mbali yaikulu m'makalata a bajeti, kuyang'anira ndalama zimene akugwiritsa ntchito, ndi kutsimikizira kuti malamulo onse olinganizidwa ndi malamulo a boma ayendetsedwe. OMB achitanso kupenda malamulo onse operekedwa asanayambe kukonzedwa.

Malamulo Otsogolera ndi Metranda

Mapresidenti nthaŵi zambiri amagwiritsira ntchito maofisala a akuluakulu ndi mapresidenti kutsogolera makampani popanda lamulo latsopano. Malamulo ameneŵa ali ndi mphamvu ya lamulo kwa nthambi yoyang'anira koma ayenera kuikidwa mu ulamuliro wa malamulo wa boma womwe ulipo kapena Malamulo a Konsichushoni. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo lamulo la pulezidenti Biden la kupititsa patsogolo malamulo a fuko ndi Pulezidenti Trump pa kusungitsa anthu oloŵa m'dziko. Makhoti angagonjetse malamulo a akuluakulu amene amaposa ulamuliro wa pulezidenti.

Ulamuliro Wolamulira ndi Kulamulira

Mabungwe ambiri amapanga mphamvu zalamulo zoperekedwa kuti apange malamulo ogwiritsa ntchito malamulo. Kukhazikitsa malamulo, kotsogozedwa ndi Administrative Procedure Act (APA) , kumafuna mabungwe kufalitsa malamulo olinganizidwa, kuitanira ndemanga yapoyera, ndi kutulutsa malamulo omalizira motsimikizira. Pulezidentiyo amasonkhezera njira imeneyi mwa kupenda OMB ndi mwa kukhazikitsa atsogoleri a bungwe amene amakhazikitsa zofunika. Mwachitsanzo, EPA pansi pa madongosolo osiyanasiyana yasintha kwambiri malamulo a malo.

Zitsanzo Zazikulu za Otsogolera Ochitapo Kanthu

Kuti timvetse mmene makampani a boma akukhudzira anthu, tikambirana mmene mabungwe enaake amayendetsera ntchito ya pulezidenti.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

EPA, yomwe inakhazikitsidwa mu 1970, ili ndi udindo woteteza thanzi la anthu ndi malo okhala mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo onga Ceador Air Act ndi Ceaner Water Act . Pulezidenti amaika EPA , ndipo mapulani a bungwelo akusonyeza zimene oyang'anira malo okhala. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la Obama Leaner Provice Plan loyang'anira kuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya wa carbon ku zomera zamphamvu, pamene ulamuliro wa Trump unaloŵa mmalo mwake ndi lamulo la Affordcle Ener Ener Energy . Lamulo la EPA limagwiritsira ntchito kwambiri kufufuza kwa sayansi ndi zachuma.

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

CIA imasonkhanitsa, kupenda, ndi kufalitsa nzeru zachilendo kuti idziŵitse malamulo a boma. Monga bungwe lodziimira lokha, imachitira lipoti kwa Mtsogoleri wa National Intelligence ndipo pomalizira pake kwa Pulezidenti. Ntchito za CIA zimaphatikizapo kubisa, zimene zimafuna kuti pulezidenti apeze ndi kudziŵitsa kwa bungwe. Ntchito ya bungweli ndi maziko a mphamvu ya ulamuliro m'malamulo a dziko lina, ndipo mphamvu yake imadalira pa kugwirizana ndi White House.

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

FBI, mbali ya Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo, imatumikira monga bungwe lalikulu la boma losungitsa malamulo ndi bungwe la luntha la boma. Pulezidenti amaika Mtsogoleri wa FBI ku mawu a zaka 10 kuti ateteze malowo ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko. FBI imafufuza milandu ya boma, kuphatikizapo uchigaŵenga, upandu wa pa Intaneti, ndi ziphuphu za anthu. Zochita zake ziyang'aniridwa ndi Congress, Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo, ndi makhoti a boma.

Department of Education

Department of Education imapereka chithandizo cha ophunzira a boma, imasonkhanitsa chidziŵitso pasukulu, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe m'maphunziro. Kulengedwa kwa , mbali yake yakhala yokayikiridwa; ena akutsutsa lamulo la maphunziro ayenera kukhalabe kumaloko. Mfundo za Prezidenti za maphunziro zinasumikidwa pa maphunziro, Thet IX joint, kapena kusintha kwa ophunzira. Njala ya maphunziro ndiyo mbali yaikulu ya Khampten amene amagwira ntchito ndi Congress ndi nduna za boma.

Chisinthiko Cha mbiri Yaukulu wa Nthambi Yotsogolera

Nthambi yamakono yoyang'anira njaikulu kwambiri ndi yocholoŵana kuposa imene Oyambitsa anailingalira. Boma loyamba la boma linalemba anthu mazana oŵerengeka okha m'madipatimenti a Boma, Treasury, War, ndi Chilungamo. Kufutukuka kwa ulamuliro wa boma mkati mwa New Deal, Great Society, ndi kukwera kwa nyengo yapambuyo pa 9 / 11 kunawonjezera kwambiri ukulu ndi ukulu wa mabungwe akuluakulu.

Mapresidenti afutukulanso antchito awo kupyolera mwa Ofesi Yauyang'anira ya Pulezidenti (EOP), yopangidwa mu 1939. EOP imaphatikizapo Ofesi ya Nyumba yachiyera, National Security Council, Office of Management and Baclage, ndi Council of Economic Adviers . Nyumba zimenezi zimalola Pulezidenti kugwirizanitsa dongosolo lapamwamba la boma ndi kuyankha mofulumira ku mavuto a panyumba ndi a mitundu yonse.

Chofunika kwambiri nchakuti, unansi pakati pa Congress ndi desidenti wasintha mkupita kwa nthaŵi. Pamene kuli kwakuti Nyumba ya Malamulo yapereka ulamuliro waukulu kwa mabungwe akuluakulu, imapereka uyang'aniro mwa kuweruza, kufufuza, ndi mphamvu ya chikwama. Khoti Lapamwamba, m'nkhani zonga IN v. Chadha (19983) ndi [FLT] NFIB v. Sebelius . (202], adamasulira malire a bungwe ndi mphamvu ya pulezidenti.

Mavuto ndi Kutsutsana kwa Nthaŵi Yomweyi

Nkhani zingapo zopitirizabe zimasonyeza mavuto ndi zovuta za ulamuliro wa akuluakulu a boma.

Woyang’anira Wolamulira ndi Woyang’anira Bungwe

Mapresidenti ena ndi akatswiri a zamalamulo amatsutsa “chiphunzitso cha mkulu wa bungwe la polisi”, chimene chimanena kuti Prezidenti ali ndi ulamuliro wonse pa nthambi ya boma ndipo angachotse nduna iliyonse ya bungwelo ngati akufuna. Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti zimenezi zikuopseza ufulu wa mabungwe monga FBI ndi SEC.

Kusintha ndi Kuletsa Chilango

Kupenda ndi kukonzanso malamulo omwe alipo. Conregional Review Act (CRA) imalola Nyumba za Malamulo kugwetsa malamulo atsopano ndi anthu wamba, chida chogwiritsidwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri m’miyezi yoyamba ya Trump. Maulamuliro a Biden asumika maganizo pa kufutukuka kwa malamulo m'madera monga kusintha kwa nyengo ndi chitetezo cha ogula. Kulinganiza malamulo ndi chitetezo cha anthu kukukhalabe vuto lalikulu.

Luso la Zamakono, Zinthu Zamakono

Mabungwe oyendetsa ntchito amadalira kwambiri luso la zopangapanga, kuchokera ku njira za IRS zoyendetsera msonkho mpaka ku maprogramu a pa Intaneti. [FT:0] General Service Administration (GSA) ndi [FLT] Office of Management and DB [FLT:] imatsogolera zoyesayesa zamakono mwa njira zonga za Technology Modernication Fund . Komabe, madongosolo a zapansi ndi a intanetinerate adakali ndi ngozi zazikulu.

Kudziimira pawokha kwa Agency ndi Chitsenderezo cha Ndale Zadziko

Kufufuza kothekera m'chidodo cha ndale zadziko pa mabungwe onga Dipatimenti ya Chiweruzo ndi EPA kwadzutsa nkhaŵa ponena za kunyonyotsoka kwa malamulo a zaumoyo. Hatch Act imaletsa ntchito ya ndale zadziko yochitidwa ndi antchito a boma, koma chitsenderezo cha prezidenti pa zosankha za bungwe chingakhale chachinyengo.

Chifukwa Chake Nzika Ziyenera Kumvetsetsa Masukulu Ameneŵa

Pulezidenti ndi mabungwe akuluakulu a ku America amakhudza mbali zonse za moyo: mpweya umene timapuma, chakudya chimene timadya, chitetezo cha kuntchito kwathu, chitetezo cha dziko lathu, ndi maphunziro a ana athu. Pamene nzika zizindikira mmene mabungwe ameneŵa amagwirira ntchito, zingaloŵetsepo bwinopo mfundo za boma, kuchirikiza kusintha, ndi kuchititsa akuluakulu a boma kukhala ndi mlandu. Kutengamo mbali m’kachitidwe ka kukhazikitsa malamulo mwa kupereka ndemanga zapoyera, kuvota, ndi kufunsa oimira a pa masankhoti ndiyo njira yotsimikizirika yosonkhezera zochita za nthambi.

Kwa awo ofunafuna chidziŵitso chowonjezereka, zopereka zotsatirazi nzodalirika:

Kumvetsa udindo wa Pulezidenti ndi mabungwe a akuluakulu si nkhani ya maphunziro chabe, koma kuti boma la America likhale ndi ulamuliro wodalirika pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kumadalira anthu odziwa bwino ntchito yawo, amene angaone moyenera zinthu zimene boma limachita ndiponso kuonetsetsa kuti likuchita zinthu mogwirizana.