Chiyambi

Chisinthiko chachinayi ku United States Constitution ndi chimodzi cha zitetezero zofunika kwambiri kwa munthu aliyense payekha ndi ufulu wa kuchenjeredwa ndi boma. Kuyesedwa mu 1791 monga mbali ya Bill of Rights, kusintha kumeneku kumakhazikitsa malamulo amene osungitsa malamulo ayenera kutsatira pofufuza, pogwira, kapena kulanda katundu. Ndi chivomerezo chachindunji ku nkhanza za anthu mu ulamuliro wa Britain, kumene akuluakulu a boma amalola akuluakulu kufufuza nyumba ndi anthu popanda chifukwa. Lerolino, Kusintha kwa Kane Kolamulira kumakhala chitetezo, kulinganiza kufunika kwa malamulo ndi ufulu wa nzika. Kumvetsa mfundo zake za makhalidwe abwino kumalimbitsa anthu kuti atsimikizire ufulu wawo mwachidaliro polimbana ndi akuluakulu a boma.

Chikalata ndi Cholinga cha Lamulo Lachinayi

Mawu onse a mu Lamulo Lachinayi la M’kakonzedwe kaja amati:

" Kuyenera kwa anthu kukhala osungika mwa anthu awo, nyumba, mapepala, ndi ziyambukiro, motsutsana ndi kufunafuna kosayenera ndi khunyu, sikudzagwiridwa, ndipo palibe a Warlant, koma pa chifukwa chothekera, chochirikizidwa ndi Oath kapena chitsimikizo, ndipo makamaka kulongosola malo ofunidwa, ndi anthu kapena zinthu zofunkhidwa.

Chinenerochi chili ndi mawu awiri aakulu. Choyamba, chodziŵika monga Kulolera Claus, chimaletsa kufufuza kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri. Chachiŵiri, Warrants Claus , imalongosola kuti chikalata chilichonse chiyenera kuzikidwa pa chifukwa chothekera, kuchirikizidwa ndi chikalata cholumbira, ndi kulongosola mwatsatanetsatane malo amene ayenera kufufuzidwa ndi zinthu kapena anthu amene ayenera kuwalanda. Cholinga cha chitetezo chimenechi ndicho kuletsa ntchito yodzifunira ya boma ndi kutsimikizira kuti kuloŵerera kulikonse m'chinsinsi cha munthu kuyenera kuchitidwa ndi chivomerezo cha lamulo lovomerezedwa ndi umboni. Chiyenso chimenechi chimagwira ntchito kwa otsatsatsa malonda onse a boma, kuphatikizapo boma, boma, ndi lamulo la kumaloko, mofanana ndi akuluakulu ena a sukulu kapena akuluakulu a boma, monga oyang’mangitsa ntchito zina za boma.

Kodi Nchiyani Chimasonkhezera Kufunafuna Kapena Kusauka?

Kuti agwiritse ntchito Lamulo Lachinayi, makhoti choyamba amasankha ngati ntchito ya boma iyenera kukhala "search" kapena "kufufuza". A afufuza pamene boma liloŵa m'malo kapena chinthu chimene munthu amayembekezera kukhala chinsinsi. Izi zingaphatikizepo kulowa m’nyumba, kufufuza galimoto, kufufuza zimene zili m’mafoni, kapena ngakhale kugwiritsira ntchito magetsi kuti adziwe kutentha kwa m’nyumba. Nkhani yosonyeza kutentha [[FLT:] Katz v. United States (1187) [1971:] ingachititse "mayeso abwino achinsinsi, amene akufunsa ngati munthu wasonyeza kuti akuyembekezadi nkhani yeniyeni ndiponso kaya akuiyembekezera kuti anthu aone ngati ali oyenera.

A amachititsa katundu pamene boma moyenerera lisokoneza chidwi cha munthu pa katunduyo. Mwachitsanzo, kutenga laptop kapena kulonga galimoto kumapanga kugwidwa. Kugwidwa kwa munthu, monga kumangidwa kapena [[FLT:] kuima [[FLT] [FLT:] (kutsekeredwa kwachidule kozikidwa pa kukayikira koyenera), kugweranso pansi pa chitetezo cha kuchepetsa. Si kuti machitidwe onse apolisi ngochititsa njiru; makambitsirano aufulu kumene munthu amalingalira kuti sakutengedwa kukhala wambanda. Ngati munthu wolingalira kukhala wolingalira kukhala wamwaŵidwa. Ngati munthu wolingalira bwino amamva kukhala wosamasuka kunyalanyaza ntchito zawo za apolisi ndi kupita ku bizinesi yawo.

Zitetezo Zofunika: Zochititsa Zosavuta Kuzitsatira ndi Ozigwiritsa Ntchito

Chitetezero chachinayi cha Demendulo chimadalira pa ziyeneretso za zothekera ndi zifuno. chochititsa chotsimikizirika [[FT:1] chimakhala pamene zenizeni ndi mikhalidwe m’chidziŵitso cha ofisala imakhala yokwanira kutsimikizira munthu wanzeru kukhulupirira kuti upandu wakhala, ukuchitidwa, kapena udzachitidwa, kapena umboni wa upandu uli pamalo ena. Umenewu ndi muyezo wapamwamba kwambiri kuposa kukayikira koyenera, umene umafuna kokha mfundo zenizeni zopereka lingaliro la upandu. Chifukwanitsa chokhoza kupezera chilo choyenera ndi cha kumangidwa.

ndi zikalata zalamulo zoperekedwa ndi majaji wosaloŵerera ndi wosasankha, zozikidwa pa kusonyeza chifukwa choyenera kuchirikizidwa ndi lumbiro kapena chitsimikizo. Chikalatacho chiyenera kulongosola mwapadera malo oti afufuzidwe ndi zinthu zimene ziyenera kugwidwa. Chiyeso chimenechi chimaletsa zilolezo za akapitawo zopatsa apolisi zikalata zothandizira kugwiritsa ntchito katundu wa munthu. Chiyeso choyenera chimagwira ntchito monga kuyang'anira kwa apolisi ndipo chimatsimikizira kuti woweruza wodziimira payekha wapenda kulungamitsa kuloŵerera. Komabe, si zonse zimene zimafuna chilolezo ndi njiru; zambiri zosakhala zapadera zimene zikufotokozedwa pansipansipa.

Anasiya Kutsatira Lamulo Losafunika

Makhoti azindikira kuti pali malamulo angapo amene angachititse kuti lamulo lifufuzidwe kapena kugwidwa popanda chilolezo, ngati zimene zachitikazo zikhalabe zomveka m’mikhalidweyo.

Kuvomereza

Ngati munthu avomereza modzifunira kufunafuna, palibe chilolezo chofunikira. Chivomerezocho chiyenera kuperekedwa mwaufulu, osati chifukwa cha kukakamiza kapena kukakamiza. Apolisi safunikira kudziŵitsa anthu kuti ali ndi ufulu wokana, koma mlanduwo uli ndi thayo la kutsimikizira kuti chivomerezo chinali chaufulu. Chivomerezo chachitatu chingakhalenso chovomerezeka ngati gululo lili ndi ulamuliro umodzi pa malo kapena katundu. Mwachitsanzo, munthu wokhala naye m’chipinda chimodzi angavomereze kufunafuna malo amodzi a moyo, koma osati kutsekedwa mwachisungiko.

Mikhalidwe Yosadziŵika

Ngati pakufunika kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga kuti apeŵe kuvulala, kuwonongedwa kwa umboni, kapena kuthawa kwa wonyumwiridwayo, apolisi angaloŵe m’nyumba kapena malo ena popanda chilolezo. Zitsanzo zofala zimaphatikizapo kumva kulira m’nyumba, kulondola kuyembekezera kuthaŵa, kapena kununkhiza utsi umene umapereka lingaliro la moto. Mikhalidweyo iyenera kukhala yofulumira kwenikweni ndipo osati yopangidwa ndi apolisi enieniwo.

Lingaliro Lomveka

Ngati wapolisi alipo mwalamulo pamalopo ndi kuona kuti akuletsa kapena umboni woonekeratu, angaugwire popanda chilolezo. Kuti agwiritse ntchito, wapolisiyo ayenera kukhala ndi ufulu walamulo wakukhala pamalo pamene anayang’anira chinthucho, ndipo mkhalidwe wa chinthucho uyenera kuonekera mwamsanga. Mwachitsanzo, pamene kuima kwapamsewu kololedwa, wapolisi angawone thumba la ufa woyera pa mpando wa wokwera; ichi chingatengedwe pansi pa chiphunzitso chowonekera chopanda pake.

Muzifunafuna Nthawi Yogwira

Pamene wapolisi agwira mwalamulo, iwo angafufuze munthu wa womangidwayo ndi malo amene ali m’manja mwawo kuti apeze zida kapena umboni umene ungawonongedwe. Kupatula kumeneku kwalinganizidwira kutetezera ofisala ndi kusunga umboni. Sikufikira panyumba yonse kapena galimoto pokhapo ngati mikhalidwe yeniyeni ifikiridwa.

Kuchoka pagalimoto

Magalimoto ali ndi chiyembekezo chochepa cha kukhala okha chifukwa cha kuyenda kwawo ndi chikondwerero cha boma powalamulira. Ngati mkulu wa asilikali ali ndi chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti galimoto ili ndi umboni wa upandu, iwo angafufuze galimoto lonse, kuphatikizapo zotengera zimene zingasungire umboniwo, popanda chilolezo. Kuleka kumeneku kumachokera ku mlandu wa Supreme Court Carroll v. United States (1925) ndipo kwakhala koyengedwa m'malamulo otsatira. Onani kuti kuima kwa nthaŵi zonse kwa galimoto kokha sikumapereka chifukwa choyenera cha kufufuza galimoto.

Sma ndi Frisk (Kuima Pamalo Ochitira Chionetsero)

Pansi pa Terry v. Ohio (1968) , apolisi angagwire munthu kwa kanthaŵi kuti afufuze khalidwe lokayikira ngati ali ndi kukayikira koyenera kwa ntchito ya upandu. Mkati mwa kuima koteroko, ngati apolisi ali ndi chikayikiro choyenera chakuti munthuyo ali ndi zida ndi wowopsa, angapange kufunafuna zida kosamalitsa. Uku sikufunafuna kokwanira kwa umboni koma si muyezotetezera. Kuimako kuyenera kukhala kwa kanthaŵi ndipo osati kopambanitsa.

Zosiyanitsa Zina

Ophatikizapo kufufuza zinthu zina (ngati galimoto yatsekeredwa), kufufuza m’malire a maiko (amene amalingaliridwa kukhala osatetezereka), kufufuza m’mawu apatsogolo ndi apambuyo (monga ngati kuyesa antchito ena kapena ophunzira), ndi kufufuza kozikidwa pa zikalata zaulamuliro (monga mayeso a zaumoyo). Kusiyana kulikonse kuli ndi malire apadera ndipo kuyenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito mosamalitsa.

Ulamuliro wa Malo Okhawokha ndi Chiyambukiro Chake

lamulo la kutsekereza. Khoti Lalikulu linakhazikitsa lamulo la boma mu Weeks v. United States (1914) ndi kuigwiritsira ntchito kukhoti la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo m'nkhani yotchuka [[FLT:] Malamulo a boma a boma a boma mu [FLT:] Weks v. [1914] ndi kuigwiritsa ntchito kukhazikitsa makhoti a milandu m'nkhani yotchuka [[FLT:]. (6]

Komabe, lamulo lopatula limakhala ndi malire. Silimagwira ntchito pa nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni, milandu yaikulu, kapena pamene apolisi anachita zinthu modalira chikhulupiriro chawo pa lamulo limene pambuyo pake silinakhale logwira ntchito (kusiyana kwa chikhulupiriro). Makhoti amazindikiranso kuti lamulolo siliyenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito pamene kutsekeredwa kuposa mapindu oletsa, monga ngati m’nkhani zophatikizapo maupandu aakulu kwambiri kumene umboniwo uli wovuta. Ngakhale kuti kupatukapo, lamulo lopatula limakhala chida champhamvu choperekera ufulu wa Kuletsa Kukonzanso Koyamba Kulamulira.

Dziŵani Ufulu Wanu m’Ntchito

Kumvetsa ufulu wanu pansi pa Lamulo Lachinayi n’kovuta kwambiri pochita zinthu ndi malamulo osungitsa malamulo.

  • Muli ndi kuyenera kwa kukhala chete. Simufunikira kuyankha mafunso kuwonjezera pa kutchula dzina lanu ndi kudziŵikitsa m'madera ena. Mukhoza kunena kuti: "Ndikuchita kuyenera kwanga kukhala chete.
  • Funsani ngati muli waufulu kuchoka. Ngati simugwidwa, mungafunse wapolisiyo kuti, ‘ Kodi ndili m’ndende, kapena ndili womasuka kupita? ’ Ngati wapolisiyo akunena kuti muli ndi ufulu wa kuchoka, mungachoke modekha. Ngati wamangidwa, uli ndi ufulu wodziŵa chifukwa chake.
  • Simuyenera kuvomereza kufufuza. Apolisi angapemphe chilolezo cha kufufuza munthu wanu, galimoto, kapena nyumba. Muli ndi kuyenera kwa kukana. Boma momvekera bwino: "Sindikuvomereza ku kufufuzaku. Ngakhale ngati apolisi achitabe, kutsutsa kwanu kungagwiritsiridwe ntchito pambuyo pake kutsutsa lamulo la kufufuzako.
  • Ngati apolisi ali ndi chilolezo, mungafunse kuchiona. Santhula chikalata chotsimikizira kuti chili ndi keyala yolondola, chasainidwa ndi woweruza, ndi kundandalika zinthu. Ngati chilolezocho chikuwoneka kukhala chosagwira ntchito kapena chotakataka, mungawone kuti koma simuyenera kuchikana mwakuthupi.
  • Musakanize mwakuthupi. Ngakhale ngati mukhulupirira kuti ufulu wanu ukupotozedwa, kukanidwa kungatsogolere ku milandu yowonjezereka ndi kukulitsa mkhalidwe. Mmalomwake, mverani ndipo pambuyo pake funsani loya kulembetsa chidandaulo kapena kutsutsa kufunafuna m’khoti.
  • Chikalata chokhudzana ndi zimene mukuona. Ngati zili bwino, jambulani foni yanu. Onani nambala ya mabeji a wapolisi, nambala ya galimoto, ndi tsatanetsatane aliyense. Musasokoneze ntchito za apolisi pojambula.

Ufulu umenewu umagwira ntchito kwa nzika ndi anthu osakhala a zenike omwe ali mu United States. Apolisi a kusuta ndi Customs Enforcement (ICO) ayeneranso kumamatira ku miyezo ya Four Amendment, ngakhale kuti malamulo apadera amagwira ntchito pafupi ndi malire ndi madoko oloŵera. Nthaŵi zonse amanyamula chizindikiritso , koma kumbukirani kuti m'mayiko ambiri, simufunikira kusonyeza ndandanda ya intaneti pokhapo ngati mukuyendetsa galimoto kapena ngati mwasungidwa mwalamulo.

Kusintha kwa Chinayi m’Nyengo ya Chiŵerengero cha Anthu

Luso lamakono lachititsa mafunso ovuta okhudza mmene Lamulo Lachinayi lagwirizanitsidwira ntchito pa makompyuta. Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira kuti anthu amayembekezera kukhala obisika pa foni zawo za m'manja. Riley v. California (014.]], khotilo linavomereza kuti apolisi amafunikira chilolezo chofufuzira foni imene yagwidwa kuti agwire, osati kuti zipangizo zimenezi zili ndi chidziŵitso chaumwini chochuluka.

Makampani ena achinsinsi a foni monga GPS, mfundo za malo kuchokera ku nsanja za maselo, ma email, kusungira makumbi, ndi manyukiliya. Mu Carpaenter v. United States (2018) , Khoti Lapamwamba linalamula kuti boma likufuna chilolezo kuti lipeze chidziŵitso cha malo a maselo, chimene chingavumbule njira za munthu panthaŵi yake. Chigamulo chimenechi chikuvomereza kuti mkhalidwe wapadera wa makompyuta angawonjezere zimene zikukhudza ngakhale pamene zinthu zakhala ndi mbali zachitatu zasayansi. Pamene makhoti akusintha, makhoti akupitiriza kutetezera mfundo zachinsinsi zachinsinsi popanda kuletsa zokhazikitsa malamulo.

Chizindikiro Chachinayi cha Kusintha Zinthu

Zigamulo zingapo za khoti Lalikulu zakhudza kumasulira kwa Lamulo lachinayi:

  • Mapp v. Ohio (1961) [[FL:1] --Apt malamulo opatula ku khoti, kubisa mopanda lamulo ku milandu ya boma.
  • Terry v. Ohio (1968) [1] – University of the system of dernslipt ndi frisk, koma inaiika ku kukaikira koyenera kwa zochita zaupandu ndi ngozi.
  • Katz v. United States (1967) [1] – inakhazikitsa chiyembekezo choyenera cha mayeso achinsinsi, kulowa mmalo njira yakale yozikidwa pa katundu.
  • United States v. Jones (202) – Woimbidwa amene amamangirira galimoto yojambula magalimoto ndi kuyang'anira kayendedwe ake ndilo kufunafuna pansi pa Demetriyo lachinayi.
  • Florida v. Jardines (2013) [1] – Lamulidwa kuti kubweretsa galu wogulitsa mankhwala ogodomalitsa pa khonde la nyumba kukafufuza nyumba kuli kufunafuna kofunikira chilolezo.
  • Riley v. California (2014[FLT :1] – adasankha kuti apolisi afunikira chikalata chofufuzira chidziŵitso cha manambala pa foni ya m'manja yogwidwa m’nthaŵi ya kumangidwa.

Nkhani zimenezi zimasonyeza kuyesayesa kosalekeza kwa oweruza kulinganiza nthaŵi ya kukhala kwaumwini ndi zosoŵa za kusungitsa lamulo m’dziko losintha.

Kumaliza

Chisinthiko chachinayi si kulimba koma ufulu wofunika kwambiri wosunga ufulu wa munthu mwini ndi ulemu. Mwa kukhazikitsa miyezo yomveka yofufuza ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri, chimatsimikizira kuti mphamvu za boma zimagwiritsidwa ntchito moletsa ndi kuŵerengera mlandu. Ngati munthu ayang'anizana ndi kuimika kwa kayendedwe kapena kuyang'anira kwa wailesi ya magetsi kwa magetsi, aliyense ayenera kuzindikira chitetezo chimene chikupereka. Kudziŵa zoyenera zanu kumakupatsani mphamvu kuti muwasunge modekha ndi mogwira mtima, kuchirikiza malamulo a chitaganya chaufulu. Kufufuzanso, kuyang'ana ku ndandanda ya [[FLT: 0] ACLU's A Know A Knowlective Rights Your [[FLT: 1]] kapena kulankhula ndi loya.