Table of Contents
Pamene Federal Reserve ikweza chiwongola dzanja ndi mlingo wa mlingo wa mlingo wa 25 peresenti, mamiliyoni a Aamereka awona malipiro awo a makhadi a ngongole akuwonjezereka mkati mwa milungu. Pamene atsika, ogula nyumba mwadzidzidzi amapeza kuti angapeze nyumba zimene kale zinali zosafikirika. Pamene asankha kuloŵetsa mamiliyoni zikwi zambiri m'zachuma panthaŵi ya mavuto, ziyambukiro kuchokera ku misika ya ntchito kufikira ku mitengo ya sitolo. Komabe mosasamala kanthu za [[FLT: 0] Deraleralthssssssss amakhudza kwambiri anthu a tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku, Aamereka ambiri ali ndi chidziŵitso chosadziŵika bwino cha zimene gululi limachita kapena mmene zosankha zake zimakhudzira miyoyo yawo ya tsiku ndi tsiku.
. .FEDAL Reserve System . Mwachisawawa amatchedwa "Ped"" [1] Nchito monga banki yapakati ya America, kugwiritsira ntchito zida zimene zingasonkhezere kapena kuchedwetsa chuma chonse. Zosankha zake zimakhudza ngati mupeza zimenezo, kaya ngati ndalama zanu zipeza chikondwerero chachikulu, kaya makampani alemba ntchito kapena amachotsa antchito anu, ndipo kaya ndalama m’thumba mwanu zimasunga mphamvu yawo yogula. Kumvetsetsa mmene ntchito za Fad sikuli kumangophunzitsa chuma chaku. Kudziŵa bwino lomwe kungakuthandizeni kupanga zosankha zabwino zachuma, kuyang'ana ndi kusintha kwa zachuma, ndi kuzindikira mphamvu zimene zimakupangitsani kukhaladi.
Kugwirizana kwa kufunika kwa Fad ndi kumvetsetsa kwa anthu kumayambitsa mavuto a ponse paŵiri demokrase ndi ndalama za munthu. Nzika zimavutika kupenda malamulo a zachuma kapena kuŵerengera atsogoleri pamene samvetsetsa mfundo zazikulu za ndalama. Anthu amapanga zosankha za ndalama ngati sazindikira mmene zosankha za Face zimakhudzira ngongole, kuikizira ndalama, ndi kusunga ndalama. Mwa kuchotsa mphamvu ya Federal Reserve ndi chiyambukiro chake pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, tingakhale nzika zodziŵa bwino ndi opanga zosankha zachuma.
Kodi Bungwe Loteteza Nyama la Federal Sistem Njotani?
Nyumba Ndiponso Ufulu Wake
Komiti ya Federal Reserve imaimira mbali zapadera za anthu onse ndi zaumwini, zolinganizidwa kulinganiza kuŵerengera kwa democracy ndi kudziimira pa kutsendereza kwa ndale zadziko. Inapangidwa ndi Congress kupyolera mwa Federal Reserve Act ya 1913 kutsatira mpambo wa kusokonezeka kwa zachuma, Fed imagwira ntchito monga banki yaikulu ya dziko pamene ikusunga ulamuliro wadziko ndi wa boma ndi wambali ziŵiri.
Dongosololi lili ndi mbali zitatu zazikulu zimene zimagwira ntchito m'makonsati. Board ya akazembe ku Washington, D.C., imaphatikizapo mamembala asanu ndi aŵiri oikidwa ndi Pulezidenti ndi otsimikizidwa ndi Khoti ya malamulo a zaka 14. Mawu ameneŵa, amene amapitirira maulamuliro a pulezidenti ambiri, amathandiza kuteteza malamulo a ndalama kuchokera ku zitsenderezo za ndale zadziko zachidule. Kaik ndi Vice Chaice, zotumikira mawu a zaka zinayi, amakhala nkhope ya onse ndi anthu oyambirira olankhula.
Mabanki khumi ndi aŵiri Fateral Reserve Banks [1] amagwira ntchito m'dziko lonselo, iliyonse ikugwira ntchito madera a malo. Mabanki ameneŵa . N’ngogwirizana m’mizinda kuchokera ku Boston mpaka ku San Francisco . Amalinganiza monga makampani achinsinsi ndi mabanki a mamembala, koma amagwira ntchito pa zolinga za anthu m’malo mwa kuwonjezera phindu. Mabungwe ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti Fed amvetsa mikhalidwe ya zachuma kupyola Washington ndi Wall Street.
Fateral Open Market Komiti (FOMC) [FLT ] imapanga zigamulo za Fad za chotulukapo chachikulu koposa ponena za malamulo a ndalama. Komiti imeneyi imaphatikizapo akazembe onse asanu ndi aŵiri a Board, pulezidenti wa New York Fed, ndi anayi ena a pulezidenti a m'chigawo omwe akutumikira mawu osinthasinthasintha. Iwo amakumana nthaŵi zisanu ndi zitatu chaka kuti aonetse mikhalidwe ya zachuma ndi kuika malamulo a ndalama, ndi zosankha zawo zokhudza chiwongola dzanja, ntchito, ndi kukwera mtengo kwa chuma.
Kusintha kwa Kanyama ka M’madzi
Nyumba ya boma yapereka Federal Reserve ntchito zitatu zazikulu zimene zimatsogolera ntchito zake zonse. Choyamba, ntchito yochuluka kwambiri imatanthauza kuti Fleed iyenera kulimbikitsa mikhalidwe kumene aliyense amene akufuna kugwira ntchito angapeze ntchito. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti malova ndi osalembedwa. Nsonga ina ya "kusoŵa ntchito" ndi yachibadwa pamene anthu akusintha ntchito . Koma mmalo mwake akupeŵa kusoŵa ntchito kosafunikira chifukwa cha mavuto a zachuma.
Chachiŵiri, kukhazikika kwa mtengo kumafuna Fod kuti kukhalebe ndi kukwera mtengo kochepa ndi kosasintha. Fed yamasulira zimenezi kukhala kukwera mtengo kwa 2% pachaka, kukhulupirira zimenezi kumalola kukula kwachuma kwabwino pamene akupeŵa mavuto a kukwera kwa mitengo ndi kukwera kwa mtengo. Chimenechi sichikupangitsa kuti chisawonongeke kwambiri pamene anthu akuvutika ndi kukwera mtengo.
Chachitatu, Opambanitsa a mlingo wa chiwongola dzanja cha nthaŵi yaitali amathandiza kutsimikizira kuti makampani angawongolere ndi mabanja panyumba pamtengo woyenerera. Cholinga chimenechi ndi ena . Kupinga ntchito yochuluka ndi kukhazikika kwa mtengo kumatsogolera ku ziŵerengero zachikatikati zachibadwa. Ngati chuma chili chosasunthika ndi chomakula, chiŵerengero chachiwongola chimapeza mlingo woyenerera umene suposa kapena kutsendereza ntchito yachuma.
Malamulo ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsana, kukakamiza Fed kupanga malonda ovuta. Kuchepetsa ulova kungafunikire malamulo amene amaika pangozi kukwera mtengo kwa ndalama [1]. Kulimbana ndi kukwera kwa ndalama kungafulumizitse machitidwe owonjezera kusoŵa ntchito. Fed nthaŵi zonse ayenera kulinganiza zolinga zopikisana zimenezi, kupanga zigamulo zimene zingachititse chiwopsezo chachikulu ku mkhalidwe wabwino wa zachuma panthaŵi iriyonse.
Mmene Maseŵerowa Amakhalira Odzifunira
Federal Reserve ya ufulu wa kulamulidwa ndi ndale zadziko imalingaliridwa kukhala yofunika kwambiri kaamba ka ka dongosolo la ndalama zogwira mtima. Andale zadziko oyang'anizana ndi chisankho angayesedwe kuwonjezera chuma kwakanthaŵi kupyolera mwa malamulo osathandiza a zachuma, ngakhale ngati kuchititsa mavuto a kukwera mtengo kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Kapangidwe ka Fed ka kuyesayesa kutetezera zosankha za ndalama kuchokera ku zitsenderezo za ndale zadziko za nthaŵi yaifupi zoterozo.
Ufulu umenewu suli wokha wokha . Cornold adalenga Fed ndipo angasinthe kapangidwe kake kapena lamulo. Pulezidenti angasinthe mamembala a Board ndipo angasonkhezere malamulo kupyolera mwa kukhazikitsa. Congress imakhala ndi milandu yoyang'anira nthaŵi zonse kumene akuluakulu a boma ayenera kulongosola ndi kutetezera zosankha zawo. Zimenezi zimapanga mlandu pamene akusunga ufulu wa kudzigwirira ntchito.
Ndalama za Ndalama za Ndalama za Ndalama za Pandalama zomwe zapezedwa ndi chiwongola dzanja cha boma, kupangitsa kuti zikhale zandalama kwa opereka nkhani za Congregation. Kudzifunira kumeneku kumaletsa akanema andale zadziko kugwiritsira ntchito ziwopsezo za bajeti kusonkhezera lamulo la ndalama. Komabe, Feded akubwezera phindu lake ku Treasury pambuyo pa kukwaniritsa mtengo wake wogwirira ntchito, kusungitsa ziganizo zake za anthu onse.
Ufulu wa kampani umakhala wotsutsanabe. Otsutsa amanena kuti akuluakulu osasankhidwa sayenera kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yaikulu ya zachuma mu democracy. Ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti malamulo a ndalama ngofunika kwambiri kuti ayambe kugonjera ku ndale ndi kuti ukatswiri wa zasayansi wa Fed' umabweretsa zotsatira zabwino kuposa kupanga zosankha zandale. Kulimbana kumeneku pakati pa democracy ndi kudziimira pawekha kukupitirizabe kuumba mikangano yokhudza ntchito yabwino ya Fed.
Zida Zogwiritsa Ntchito Status Policy
Kusamalira Chikondwerero
Chiŵiya chowoneka kwambiri ndi chogwiritsiridwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri ndi kukhazikitsa ndalama zachiwongola dzanja [1] mabanki achiwongola dzanja angaperekena kaamba ka ngongole za usiku. Pamene kuli kwakuti ichi chingawonekere kukhala chosadziŵika, liŵiro limodzi limeneli limakhudza chiwongola dzanja m'zachuma chonse. Pamene mlingo wa Fad ukukwera kapena kuchepetsa chiŵerengero chimenechi, umapanga chiyambukiro chokhudza chirichonse kuchokera ku makadi a ngongole ku migwirizano ya kampani.
Fed imalamulira mwachindunji ndalama za boma koma imayendetsa zinthu mwa kugulitsa. Mwa kugula kapena kugulitsa mabanki a boma, Fed amawonjezera kapena kuchotsa ndalama ku banki, kuyendetsa ndalamazo kwa chinthu chimene akufuna. Ngati Fad akufuna kutsika, imagula ndalama, kuloŵetsa ndalama m'mabanki ndi kupanga ndalama zochuluka. Kuwonjezera ndalama, imagulitsa zosungira ndalama, kuchotsa ndalama ndi kupanga ndalama zosowa.
Kusintha kwa ndalama za boma kufalikira mofulumira kudzera m'dongosolo la zachuma. Banks amasintha ziŵerengero zawo zotchuka [1] Mwezi woperekedwa kwa makasitomala abwino kwambiri . Pafupifupi pambuyo poyenda. Makhadi a ngongole, ogwirizana ndi mlingo woyamba, amasintha pakati pa ndandanda ya ndalama imodzi kapena ziŵiri. Mafuta, osonkhezeredwa ndi ziyembekezo zanthaŵi yaitali, angapite patsogolo poyembekezera machitidwe abwino kwambiri mmalo moyembekezera kusintha kwenikweni kwa mlingo.
Njira youlutsira zinthu imagwira ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Ogula ndalama amachepetsa ndalama zobwereka, amalonda amalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama komanso ogula. Amapanganso ndalama kukhala zosakongola kwambiri, kulimbikitsa anthu kuti athe kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama m’malo mosunga ndalama m'maakaunti otsika.
Kufeŵetsa Mafuta ndi Masamba Oyenera
Pamene ziŵerengero zachiwongola dzanja zamwambo zikhala zosakwanira . Pamene ziŵerengero za kufika pa zero . Makampani a Fad akugwira ntchito kuchepetsa (QE) . Izi zimaphatikizapo kugula ndalama zambiri za boma ndi zoikizira za ngongole kuti aike ndalama mwachindunji m'makampani. Mosiyana ndi ntchito zotsegulira za msika zimene zimafuna kugula zinthu, QE amafuna kuchepetsa ziŵerengero zanthaŵi yaitali ndi kuwonjezera ndalama pamene zida za magetsi atha.
M’chaka cha 2008 pamene chuma chinawonongeka, pulogalamu ya Fed QE inayambika, inawonjezera pepala lake la ndalama zokwana madola 1.5 biliyoni mpaka madola 4.5 biliyoni. Mliri wa CHOVID-19 unachititsa kuti zinthu zichuluke kwambiri, ndipo ndalama zotsalazi zinatsala pang’ono kukwera mpaka kufika madola 9 biliyoni.
MPUNDA imayendera njira zingapo. Mwakugula mabotolo, Fed imakwera mitengo yawo ndi kuchepetsa mtengo wawo, kuchepetsa mtengo wa kukongola ndalama pa chuma. Ogulitsa mabotolo ameneŵa ayenera kutumiza ndalama kwina, mwina m'makampani oika moyo pachiswe monga makampani kapena makampani, kuchepetsa mtengo ndi kuchirikiza mitengo ya ndalama. Zimenezi "Porfolio" zimafalitsa ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito m'zamalonda onse.
Pepala la Fed' lolemera limayambitsa mavuto atsopano. Kusawononga QE [1] [1] Kugulitsa zinthu kapena kuzilola kukhwima popanda kubwezeretsa [1] kungasokoneze misika yozoloŵereka ndi yothandiza. Fed ayenera kusamala ndi njira imeneyi, yotchedwa "kulimbitsa," kuti apeŵe kusakhazikika kwabwino kapena kusakhazikika kwa malonda. Zotsatira za nthaŵi yaitali za kusunga pepala lalikulu sizikudziŵika bwino, kuwonjezera kuvuta kwa zosankha za m'tsogolo.
Zofunika Kusunga Malo Ndiponso Zida Zothandiza pa Ngozi Yadzidzidzi
Mwamwambo, Fad fact imasonkhezera kuperekedwa kwa ndalama kupyolera mwa zofunika zosungidwa [1] [1] malamulo onena za mmene mabanki a ndalama ayenera kukhalira ndi mapangano osungidwa. Mwa kukweza ziyeneretso, Fad ingatsendereze; kutsitsa ndalama zowongoletsera ngongole. Komabe, mu 2020, ziyeneretso za Fad zochepetsedwa za sunga kuti zikhale zero, kusonyeza masinthidwe a mmene banki yamakono imagwirira ntchito ndi kupezeka kwa ziŵiya zina, zolondola kwambiri.
Fed imasunga zida zosiyanasiyana zangozi za mavuto. [[FT:0] windo la pulogalamu yoyendera kampani kulola mabanki kukumana ndi mavuto a kanthaŵi kochepa kubwereka mwachindunji kuchokera ku Fed, kuletsa mavuto akutali kufalikira. Mkati mwa vuto la CHOVID-19, Fedd inakhazikitsa malo apadera ambiri othandizira zinthu kuchokera ku ndalama zogulitsira ndalama ku mikate ya kampani, kusonyeza kukhoza kwake kupanga zida zatsopano pamene mikhalidwe ifuna.
" Kutsogolera" kwakhala chiŵiya chofunika kwambiri. Mwakulankhula momvekera bwino za malamulo amtsogolo, ziyambukiro za Malonda ndi khalidwe lerolino. Kufuna kusunga ziŵerengero zotsika kaamba ka nyengo zotalikira kungasonkhezere kuwonongetsa ndalama zamakono ndi kuikizira ngakhale kuchepetsa mlingo. Njira imeneyi imazindikira kuti ziyembekezo za malamulo amtsogolo zingakhale zamphamvu monga madongosolo amakono a kachitidwe.
Mizere ya kusinthana yokhala ndi mabanki apakati a dziko kutsimikizira kukhala ndi ndalama zopezeka padziko lonse mkati mwa mavuto. Popeza kuti malonda ambiri apadziko lonse amachitika m'madola, mabanki akunja nthaŵi zina amayang'anizana ndi kupereŵera kwa ndalama zimene zingasokoneze malonda a dziko lonse ndi ndalama. Mapangano a kusinthana ameneŵa amalola Fd kugaŵira ndalama ku mabanki akunja, amene amapereka ndalama zawo kubwezera, akumasungitsa chitukuko chachuma cha dziko lonse.
Mmene Zosankha Zabwino Zimakhudzira Moyo Wanu wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku
Chiyambukiro Chachindunji pa Zobwereka
Pamene Federal Reserve isintha ziŵerengero za chiwongola dzanja, ziyambukiro zimawonekera m'makalata anu a makalata ndi mapepala a banki mkati mwa milungu kapena miyezi. Credit chiwongola dzanja cha makhadi , kaŵirikaŵiri kusintha ndi kulumikizana ndi chiŵerengero chachikulu, kusintha mwamsanga pambuyo pa kuthamanga. Chiŵerengero cha Fedd . Chiŵerengero cha Feded cha 0.25% chimatembenuzidwa ku kukwera kofanana kwa makhadi a ngongole. Kwa munthu amene ali ndi ndalama zokwanira $5,000, kusinthakukukuoneka kuti n’kuwonjezera ndalama zowonjezereka pachaka. $2.50 pamtengo wa ndalama zimene anthu mamiliyoni ambiri a ku America, ndi chiyambukiro cha zachuma chiwonjeko.
Mwezi wa kuchuluka kwa mafilimu [[FT: 1] imayankha ku lamulo la Fact koma m’njira zovuta kwambiri. Pamene kuli kwakuti Fide imalamulira mwachindunji mlingo wa kanthaŵi kochepa, kukongola kwa nyumba kumadalira kwambiri pa kugwirizana kwa nthaŵi yaitali ndi kuyembekezera kukwera kwa zinthu. Komabe, malamulo a Fad amakhudza mwamphamvu zinthu zimenezi. Pamene ziŵerengero za m’tsogolo za zizindikiro za Fad zikuwonjezeka, kukongola kwa nyumba kaŵirikaŵiri kumakwera monga malonda oyembekezera kuwonjezereka. Koma, zoikizidwa kuti asungebe ndalama zotsala zingaletseke milingo ya ngongole kwa nyengo yowonjezereka.
Talingalirani chitsanzo chothandiza: Mu 2020-2021, malamulo a kukongola ngongole anapangitsa kutsika kwapadera pafupifupi 2.5% kwa ndalama zoikidwiratu za zaka 30. Wina wobwereka $500,000 pa 2.5% alipire $1,185 mwezi uliwonse. Pamene ziŵerengero zikukwera kufika ku 7% .Apo zinatero pofika 2023 . Ndalama zomwezo zimawonongetsa $1,996 mwezi uliwonse. Kusiyana kumeneku kumatanthauza kukongola ndalama zochuluka zokwana $30,000 mu chiwongola dzanja pa moyo wa ngongole. Kusintha kumeneku kungagulitse zigawo zonse za anthu osakhala ndi nyumba.
Ngongole zaumwini, ngongole zaumwini, ndi mizera ya ngongole yapanyumba zonse zimatsatira njira zofanana. Ndalama zokongola, makamaka kaamba ka ngongole zaumwini, kusintha ndi lamulo. Ngakhale ngongole za ophunzira za boma, ndi ndalama zoikidwa ndi Congress, Masheya a Boole amapatsa ziyambukiro za lamulo. Makampani aang'ono amamva ziyambukiro zimenezi mokulira " "kukwera kwambiri kungatanthauzitsa kusiyana pakati pa ntchito zowonjezereka kapena kusungitsa mkhalidwe, pakati pa kulembedwa kwa antchito atsopano kapena kupanga ndalama ndi antchito amakono.
Kugwira Ntchito ndi Kutengeka Maganizo
Federal Reserve imakhudza misika ya job imagwira ntchito m'mawiri ambiri, ngakhale kuti ndi matsinde aakulu. Pamene Fid centrents kusonkhezera chuma, makampani amapeza kukhala kopere kuwonjezera. Kachilombo ka sitolo kangatsegule malo atsopano, wopanga makampani angawonjezere mizere yopangira makampani, kapena kuyambitsa kwa tekinoloji kungafulumize kulembedwa. Zosankha zimenezi, , , kuwonjezereka kwa chuma, kupangitsa mwaŵi wa ntchito.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, pamene Fded ikweza mitengo yolimbana ndi kukwera mtengo kwa ndalama, malonda a ntchito amasangalatsa kwambiri. Makampani amayang'anizana ndi mtengo wobwereka ndalama zambiri ndi kuchepetsa kugula, kupangitsa kulembedwa malo ozizira kapena kuchotsedwa. Makampaniwa amagwiritsira ntchito ulova monga chida chochepetsera kukwera kwa mitengo . Kukwera mitengo kwa ndalama kunachititsa kuti kukwera kwa ndalama kukhale "kupweteka" m’mabanja ndi m'mabizinesi, makamaka kuvomereza kuti kusoŵa ntchito kunali mtengo wofunika kuti pakhale pamtengo wabwino.
Unansi pakati pa malamulo a Fed ndi malipiro ngwaukulu ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri umatsutsana ndi lamulo la ndalama [1] Malamulo a ndalama amene amapanga ntchito ayenera kuchititsa ntchito kukhala ndi malipiro ambiri pamene olemba ntchito akupikisana ndi antchito. Komabe, ngati machitidwe a Fad machitachita opambanitsa kupititsa patsogolo ntchito, kukwera mtengo kwa ndalama kungawononge mphamvu yogula mofulumira kuposa malipiro. Antchito angapeze ndalama zambiri koma angapeze ndalama zochepera.
Makampani osiyanasiyana amakhudzidwa ndi Feacts. Mafakitale okonda kusamala kwambiri monga kumanga ndi malo akuona kuti kuchuluka kwa zinthu kukusintha mwamsanga ndi mokulira. Kuwonjezeka kumene kungakhudze kampani ya mapulogalamu kungawononge womanga mapulogalamu. Manufactive, ndi kudalira kwake pa likulu lobwereka kaamba ka zipangizo, kaŵirikaŵiri amavomereza mwamphamvu ku malamulo a . Makampani autumiki angaone ziyambukiro zofooketsa kwambiri, ngakhale kuti amamvabe ziyambukiro zosadziŵika bwino za masinthidwe a ndalama zimene amagula.
Kukwera kwa Ndalama ndi Mphamvu Yanu Yogula
Limene limakhala ndi thayo lalikulu kwambiri . lakusunga kukhazikika kwa mtengo [1] Mowona mtima limayambukira zimene check yanu ya malipiro ingagule. Pamene Fad ilola ndalama zambiri kutsata chuma, mitengo imakwera pa kampanipo. Pamene ichepetsa ndalama mopambanitsa, kukwera mtengo kungachitike, kubweretsa mavuto ake a zachuma. Kukwera mtengo kwa Fed 2% pachaka monga malo abwino opezera kukwera kwa chuma pamene kukusunga mphamvu ya magetsi.
Talingalirani mmene zinthu zowonjezera kukwera kwa mtengo m'kupita kwa nthaŵi. Pamtengo wa Fed' 2%, mtengo umaŵirikiza zaka 35 zilizonse , koma n’kukhoza kuyendetsedwa. Pa 4% ya kukwera mtengo, mitengo yowirikiza kaŵiri m'zaka 18 zokha. Pa 9% yoona kukwera kwa mitengo pakati pa 2022, mitengo ingaŵirikiza kaŵiri pa zaka 8 zokha. Kusiyana kumeneku kungakhudze kwambiri kulinganiza ntchito yapambuyo pa ntchito, zolinga zosunga ndalama, ndi kukambirana. Kupambana kapena kulephera kuchepetsa kukwera kwa mtengo kumathandiza ngati ndalama zanu zisungabe kapena zikuphwa.
Kukwera mtengo kwenikweni kwa dziko kumakhudzana kwambiri ndi magulu a kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama. Kuwonongedwa kwa nyumba, kumene kumaimira ndalama zambiri za mabanja, kuvomereza pang’onopang’ono ku lamulo la Factive chifukwa cha kubwereka ndi nyumba. Zakudya ndi mphamvu, zosonkhezeredwa ndi zinthu zapadziko lonse zimene sizingalamulire, sizinganeneretu za ndalama. Fed imangonena za "core" kuchotsa chakudya ndi mphamvu, koma mabanja sangaletse zofunika zimenezi pa mabanki awo.
Nkhondo ya kukwera mtengo ya Fed imapanga opambana ndi olephera. Opuma pantchito pa malipiro oikika amavutika pamene kukwera mtengo kwa zinthu kupitirira ziyembekezo. Obwereka ngongole za pangongole amapindula pamene abweza ndalama zotsika mtengo. Osunga ndalamawo amaona kuwonongeka kwa mphamvu yawo yogulira zinthu, pamene kuli kwakuti amene ali ndi chuma chotetezeredwa ndi kukwera kwa mtengo angapambane. Kumvetsetsa mphamvu zimenezi kumathandiza anthu kudziimira moyenerera kaamba ka mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana ya kukwera kwa mitengo.
Zitsanzo Za m’mbiri: Zochita ndi Zotsatira Zake
Kusintha kwa Mavuto a Zachuma a 2008
Kuyankha kwa Federal Reserve kwa mavuto a zachuma a 2008 kunasonyeza mphamvu zake zazikulu ndi malire a kayendetsedwe ka ndalama. Pamene ntchito yomanga nyumba ndi mabungwe azachuma zinagwa, Fad inatumiza chida chilichonse chomwe chinalipo ndi kupanga zatsopano. Ndalama za boma zinatsika kuchokera pa 5.25% mpaka kufika pa 0 phukuto yeniyeni pofika December 2008. Pamene zimenezi zinatsimikizira kukhala zosakwanira, maprogramu a Fed QE amene anayambitsidwa amene akanakhala osalingalingalidwe zaka zingapo zapitazo.
Kupyola pa kudula ndi kugula zinthu, Fed adapanga malo ambiri othandizira ngozi. Sherm Auction Facility inapereka ngongole ku mabanki osafuna kugwiritsira ntchito windo la mtengo woluluzika. Commercial Funding Facial inachirikiza kubwereka kwa makampani a ndalama kwa kanthaŵi kochepa. Fad ngakhale ndalama zopimira ku AIG, kampani ya inshuwalansi kunja kwa purview, ikuwona kuti ikulephera kulephera. Zochita zimenezi, ngakhale kuti zikutsutsana, mwina zinatetezera kusweka kwa chuma.
Kuyankha kwa tsokalo kunavumbula mmene malamulo a Fed amapangitsira zotsatira zosayembekezereka. Opulumutsa otsala kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri omwe amalangidwa, makamaka opuma pantchito malinga ndi ndalama za chiwongola dzanja. Kugula katundu wochuluka ndi mitengo ya mapangano, makamaka kupindulitsa eni chuma. Zochita za Fed zingakhale zitaletsa kupsinjika maganizo koma zinathandizira kulemera kumene kukupitirizabe kuyambitsa kusagwirizana kwa ndale zadziko. Ziyambukiro zimenezi zimasonyeza mmene malamulo a , pamene zikuyendetsa zonulira zachuma, zimapangira opambana ndi olephera a zachuma ang’onong’onong’onong’onong’ono.
Kuchira ku vutolo kunatsimikizira kukhala kogwiritsa mwala mogwiritsa mwala mosasamala kanthu za chichirikizo cha Fed, kusonyeza kupereŵera kwa kayendetsedwe ka ndalama. Fad ikhoza kupereka madzi ndi mitengo yotsika koma sinakhoze kukakamiza mabanki kukongola kapena mabizinesi kuikiza. Vuto limeneli "kulimbana ndi chingwe" limasonyeza chifukwa chake malamulo a za ndalama . Kuwononga ndalama ndi msonkho kuyenera kukwaniritsa malamulo a ndalama. Ziŵiya za Fed' zimagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri pamene mapaipi a za ndalama afunikira kukonza, koma mavuto a zachuma amafunikira njira zosiyanasiyana.
Kulabadira kwa Chivomezi cha Covid - 19
Mliri wa Fed unachititsa kuti kachitidwe kake ka 2008 kaoneke kukhala kochepa poyerekezera ndi kanthu. Mu March 2020, pamene malockdown anayamba, kutsika kwa Fed mpaka kufika pa 0, ndipo analengeza kuti QE . N’zosadziwika kuti afuna kugula chilichonse chofunikira kuchirikiza misika. Chikalata cha ndalama chinaphulika kuchokera pa $4 biliyoni kufika pa $7,000,000,000,000 m’miyezi itatu. Malo amene anakhazikitsidwawo a kugula mabanki, ngongole za m'makampani, ndipo ngakhale ETFventure kumisika sanachirikizepo mwachindunji.
Komiti ya Makampani ya Makampani ya Makampani inayamba kugwiritsa ntchito makampani ang'onoang'ono ndi olankhulana, ngakhale kuti inali ndi chipambano chochepa. Makampani a Magazini a Boolity adaimitsidwa ndi kubwereka boma. Primarymake Corporate Credit Facelity inagulanso maunyolo a kampani atsopano operekedwa, makamaka kupereka ndalama zachindunji za kampani. Maprogramu ameneŵa anawonjezera lamulo la Fad ndi kudzutsa mafunso onena za malire a banki apakati oyenerera.
Kuyankha kwaukali kumeneku, limodzi ndi kusonkhezera kwakukulu kwa zachuma, kunapambana kuletsa kugwa kwa chuma koma kunathandizira kukwera kwa kukwera kwa mitengo komwe kunatsatira. Mwa kusunga chiŵerengero cha zero ndi kupopera mamiliyoni zikwi zambiri m’zachuma pamene kusungidwa kwa chuma kunasokonezedwa, Fed inathandiza kupanga mikhalidwe ya kukwera mtengo kwakukulu kwa zaka 40. Osuliza amatsutsa kuti Fd inapitirizabe kusonkhezera kwambiri, pamene ochirikiza amawona kusoŵa ntchito kosakaza kumene kukanakhalapo chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa nthaŵi.
Mliriwu unagogomezera mmene malamulo amagwirizanira ndi malamulo a zachuma m’njira zovuta. Boma limasonkhezera ndi kuwonjezera mapindu a ulova operekedwa ndi mphamvu, pamene malamulo a zachuma anatsimikizira kuti misika ya zachuma ikhoza kuyendetsa kuwonjezereka kosayerekezereka kumeneku. Kugwirizana kumeneku pakati pa akuluakulu a za ndalama ndi a zachuma, pamene kuli kofunika panthaŵi ya mavuto, kunayambitsa nkhaŵa za ufulu wa Fde ndi kuchepetsa malamulo a za ndalama.
Nkhondo Yokwera ndi Kukwera kwa Mafuta ya 202 - 2023
Pambuyo pa kukwera mtengo kwa ndalama kunali "timarary" mu 2021, Fad inazungulira modabwitsa mu 2022, ikuyamba mkupiti wake wamphamvu koposa m'zaka makumi ambiri. Ndalama za boma zinakwera kuchokera pa ziro kufika pa 5% m'miyezi 16 yokha. Fd inayambanso kuchepetsa chikalata chake cha kulinganizika, kulola mabiliyoni kukhala omangidwa popanda kusinthitsa. Kulimbana mofulumira kumeneku kuchepetsa zofuna ndi kubweretsa kukwera mtengo kwa zinthu.
Ziyambukiro zokhala ndi ziyambukiro zowonjezereka ku chuma monga momwedi zinalinganizidwira . Mortgage mlingo wokwera ku 7% , kusakaza malonda ndi kumanga panyumba. Makampani a Tech, ozindikira kwambiri za chiwongola dzanja, anachotsa antchito zikwi mazana ambiri. Mabanki achigawo anayang'anizana ndi vuto pamene kukwera kwa mtengo wa chigwirizano chawo, kutulukapo ku kulephera kwa mabanki angapo kuchiyambiyambi kwa 2023. Nkhondo ya kukwera kwa chuma inathetsa mavuto enieni a zachuma.
Komabe chuma chinatsimikizira kukhala cholimba kwambiri, kusokoneza zosankha za Fed. Ulova unakhala pafupi ndi kutsika kwa mbiri mosasamala kanthu za kukwera . Ogula anapitiriza ngakhale kuti kubwereka ndalama zambiri. Kupirira kumeneku kunadzutsa mafunso: Kodi miliri inayamba kusintha? Fd inayesetsa kumasulira zizindikiro ndi malamulo oyenerera, kugogomezera vuto la kuyendetsa malamulo a ndalama posatsimikizirika za nyumba.
Chochitikachi chinasonyeza mmene [[FLT: 0] Kudalirika kumakhudzira njira za kachitidwe kake . Atachedwa kuzindikira kulimbikira kwa kukwera mtengo, Fed inayenera kuchitapo kanthu mwamphamvu kukhutiritsa misika kuti ikhale yolimba ponena za kubwezeretsa ndalama. Kutayika kumeneku kunatanthauza kupweteka kwakukulu kwa zachuma kuposa kumene kukanafunikira ndi kachitidwe kakale. Chochitikacho chinagogomezera chifukwa chake mabanki apakati amasunga mosamalitsa ziyeneretso zawo za kukwera mtengo kwa ndalama.
Kumvetsetsa Kulankhulana Kochititsa Chidwi
Mawu Onyenga
Federal Reserve imalankhula ndi njira zosiyanasiyana, iliyonse imatumiza anthu osiyanasiyana ndi zolinga. pepala la FOMC lotulutsidwa pambuyo pa msonkhano uliwonse limapereka chigamulo chalamulo ndi kupenda chuma. Makalata ameneŵa olembedwa mosamalitsa amagwiritsira ntchito chinenero chenicheni pamene ngakhale mawu obisika amasintha malamulo a zizindikiro. Pamene masinthidwe a Fad "nthaŵi yolingaliridwa" ku "kuleza mtima" ponena za kukwera kwa liŵiro, misika imayendetsa mabiliyoni a madola ozikidwa pa kusintha kwa masuntwo a ma Semantic.
Msonkhano wotsendereza wa Thupi [[FL:0] wotsatizana ndi misonkhano ya FOMC umapereka kukambitsirana kwakukulu kwa malingaliro a Fad. Atolankhani amafufuza momvekera bwino pa ndemanga zosamvetsetseka ndi zolinga za mtsogolo. Chisayalo chiyenera kulinganiza kuwoneka bwino ndi kusinthika, kupereka chitsogozo chosagwirizana ndi zosankha zamtsogolo. Mawu olakwika angayambitse msika, kupanga machitidwe ameneŵa ochititsa kukambitsirana kwapamwamba.
Akuluakulu a boma akupereka nkhani ndi mafunso amene akupereka mtundu wowonjezereka pa mikangano ya malamulo. Zolankhula zimenezi zimatsatira nyengo zobisika pa misonkhano ya FAMC ndipo ziyenera kusamala kusaweruziratu zosankha za komiti. Fadgal" "yayamba kuyambika kuchokera ku kunyada kwadala pansi pa Alan Greenspan kumveketsa kwambiri pansi pa khosi zaposachedwapa, ngakhale kuti chinenerocho chimakhala chosamala ndi choyenerera.
Fad imafalitsa kufufuza kwakukulu kwa zachuma kupyolera m'mabanki a Fad ndi Board. Beige Book imasonkhanitsa chuma cha chigawo kasanu ndi kaŵiri chaka. Kaŵiri ka Monetary Policy Report kamapereka kukambitsirana kwa zachuma ndi malamulo. Mapepala ameneŵa amathandiza ofufuza kumvetsa chidziŵitso ndi kusanthula malamulo a boma.
Kusankha Zochita Molakwika
Kwa nzika za tsiku ndi tsiku zofuna kutsatira malamulo a Fad, ndalama zambiri zimapanga malamulo ovuta a ndalama. Webusaiti ya Falteral Reserve imapereka njira zonse zolankhulirana zalamulo, kuyambira pa ndemanga za FOMC mpaka nkhani za Thurs. Malo a Fad amasunganso malo ogula ofotokoza mmene malamulo a ndalama amakhudzira ndalama za munthu mwini.
Manyuzipepala a zachuma amagwirizanitsa kwambiri zosankha zapamwamba, ngakhale kuti zinthu zotchuka zimasiyanasiyana. Nkhani zapamwamba zimapereka nkhani za m’munsi ndiponso malongosoledwe aukatswiri othandiza kumasulira zochita zachinyengo kukhala zothandiza. Komabe, kukopa kungakumbukire kwambiri kukhudza kapena kusokoneza kulankhulana kwabwino. Kuphunzitsa kuphunzira pa nkhani za Fad kumathandiza kusiyanitsa mawu ndi phokoso.
CD CD CD CD CD , imagwiritsira ntchito mitengo ya msika kuŵerengera kuti mukhoza kukwera tsogolo. Ngakhale kuti si yolondola, maulosi ozikidwa pa msika ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala oona kwambiri kuposa zoloseratu za akatswiri. Kumvetsa zimene misika ikuyembekezera kungathandize kuyembekezera zochita zooneka ngati zokongola ndi zinthu zimene zingayambitse [1]
Zizindikiro za zachuma za malo ochezera Fd , malipoti a ntchito, chidziŵitso cha kukwera kwa mitengo, kukwera kwa GDP . Kupereka zizindikiro za njira ya m'tsogolo. Ntchito za mwezi ndi mwezi woyambirira Lachisanu ndi Consumer Price Index pakati pa mwezi imakhudza kwambiri maganizo a Free. Kudziŵa zimene zili zofunika kwambiri kumathandiza kuyembekezera zochita za Price kutukuka kwa zachuma.
Malingaliro Ofala Olakwika Ponena za Federal Reserve
"Ndalama Zolembedwa Pamanja"
Pamene kuli kwakuti anthu ambiri amanena kuti "kusindikiza ndalama," [[FLT :1] zimenezi zimawonjezera njira yocholoŵana. Fed imasindikiza ndalama yeniyeni . Ndizo Bureau ya Treasureal of Engraving and Publication . Mmalomwake, Fed imapanga ma stectronic book amene mabanki angawongetse, mowonjezereka ndalama. Pamene Fed agula mali kupyolera ku QE, imathokoza maakaunda a mabanki a mabanki a makompyuta ndi madola opangidwa chatsopano.
Chilengedwe cha ndalama cha pakompyuta chimenechi sichopanda malire kapena chopanda chotulukapo. Kupanga ndalama zopambanitsa kumadzetsa kukwera mtengo, kuchepetsa chilolezo cha mtengo wa Fed'. Fed ayenera kulinganiza kugaŵira ndalama zokwanira kaamba ka chitukuko cha chuma popanda kuchititsa kukwera mtengo kwa zinthu. Kachitidwe kolinganiza kameneka, osati makina osindikizira, kamatsimikizira kuperekedwa kwa ndalama.
Unansi pakati pa zochita za Machenjera ndi kuperekedwa kwa ndalama wakhala wocholoŵana kwambiri. Nthanthi zamwambo zinapereka lingaliro la maunansi achindunji pakati pa zosungira ndi zobwereketsa, koma kubanki zamakono zimagwira ntchito mosiyana. Banki zingapange ndalama kupyolera mwa kubwereketsa mosasamala kanthu za malo osungirako zinthu, olamulidwa ndi zofunika zamalipiro ndi kusungidwa kwa ndalama kuposa kusungidwa kwa ndalama. Kucholoŵana kumeneku kumapangitsa kuulutsa malamulo kwa Fad kukhala kosadziŵika bwino monga momwe mabuku akunenera.
"Chisoko chimalamulira Chuma ”
Pamene kuli kwakuti Fade imapereka chisonkhezero chachikulu, siingalamulire chuma mofanana ndi wailesi yolamulira thermostat thermat thermat ? Malamulo a monetary amagwira ntchito ndi mavirusus [1] lerolino kusintha kwa ziŵerengero sikungakhudze chuma chonse kwa miyezi 12-18. Fad singasonkhetse mikhalidwe ya zachuma ndi zisonkhezero koma singakakamize mabizinesi kuikiza kapena kugula ndalama.
Malamulo a Fiscal, opangidwa ndi Congress ndi Pulezidenti, kaŵirikaŵiri amakhudza kuposa malamulo a zachuma. Kusintha kwa misonkho, ndalama zowonongedwa ndi boma, ndi malamulo zimasintha zinthu zachuma zimene sungafanane nazo. Pambuyo pa kutsika kwa chuma, kulimbikitsa kwa zachuma kaŵirikaŵiri kumatsimikizira kukhala kopindulitsa kwambiri kuposa kuchepa kwa ndalama, makamaka pamene ziŵerengero za anthu zakhala zocheperapo. Fed imapereka chichirikizo chofunika kwambiri koma si yachuma yonse.
Zinthu zapadziko lonse zikuwonjezera kuletsa kuyendetsa bwino zinthu. Makampani a mayiko, malamulo a zamalonda a m'mabanki a m'mayiko ena, ndi makampani apadziko lonse amakhudza zinthu zachuma za ku America. Mapeedi satha kuchepetsa mitengo ya mafuta amene amagulitsidwa padziko lonse kapena kuperewera kwa zigaŵenga zochokera ku Asia. Zinthu zimenezi nthawi zina zimasokoneza malamulo a ndalama zapamudzi, zikumachepetsa zimene Fed angakwanitse.
"Mapeto Ndi Banki Yachinsinsi Yotumikira Wall Street"
Malo achilendo a Federal Reserve amayambitsa chisokonezo ponena za mkhalidwe wake ndi kukhulupirika. Pamene kuli kwakuti mabanki a m'chigawo cha Fad ali makampani aumwini okhala ndi mabanki a ziŵalo monga osunga, Fid imagwira ntchito kaamba ka zifuno za anthu pansi pa lamulo la Congress. Mabanki a m'magawo sakhoza kugulitsa gawo lawo, kulandira 6% yoikika, ndipo ali ndi chisonkhezero chochepa pa ntchito za Fact.
Boma la Bwanamkubwa ndi la akuluakulu a boma osankhidwa ndi Pulezidenti ndi otsimikiziridwa ndi Bungwe la Malamulo. FAMC imapanga zigamulo za malamulo zozikidwa pa malamulo a boma, osati phindu laumwini. Fde imabwezera phindu ku Ndalama pambuyo popereka ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito . Mabungwewa amapanga ufulu wa kupondereza ndale ndipo amayang'anira anthu.
Ndithudi, Fed imasunga maunansi apafupi ndi mabungwe a zandalama amene amailamulira ndipo imadalira pa kutumiza malamulo. Kugwirizana kumeneku kumayambitsa maupandu a "kulandira chilango" kumene Fade mosadziŵa amavomereza malingaliro a makampani a banki. Khomo lomasuntha pakati pa Fed ndi Wall Street limadzutsa nkhaŵa zomveka za chisonkhezero chosayenerera. Komabe, kutchula Fed Fad monga akungotumikira ntchito za banki kunyalanyaza lamulo lake locholoŵana ndi kudzipereka kwenikweni ku chitukuko chachuma.
Kusankha Mwanzeru Ndalama Potsatira Lamulo la Malonda
Kusintha Mogwirizana ndi Malo Oyendera
Kuzindikira ndandanda ya malamulo ya kampani kumathandiza kupanga zosankha za munthu mwini. Pamene zizindikiro za Fad zikula, akuganiza zotsekera m'ngongole zoikika padera mitengo isanawonjezere. Kusintha kwa malowolo oyenera kuwonjezera pa mlingo wa ndalama kusanaike ndandanda yopimira kukhoza kupulumutsa zikwi zambiri. Komanso, pamene Fad ichita zinthu zowonjezereka, ngongole zokhoza kusungidwa bwino zingapereke ndalama, ngakhale kuti ndi ngozi ngati malamulo a Fade asintha mwadzidzidzi.
Ngongole ya makadi angongole imakwera mtengo kwambiri m'nyengo ya kulimba kwa zinthu. Kuyamba kulipira ngongole zambiri zopindulitsa kwambiri musanawonjezere mitengo ya ndalama zowonongedwa pa nthaŵi yaitali. Lingalirani za kutumiza ndalama zofunikira kapena ngongole zaumwini zotsekereza m’miyendo yotsika isanapitire ku makhadi a ngongole. Kumanga ndalama zangozi kumakhala kofunika kwambiri pamene kukongola ndalama zapamtsogolo kukupanga kukongola kokwera mtengo kwambiri.
Maluso a kuikiza ndalama ayenera kukhudza makampani a zamalonda osiyanasiyana. Mabond amataya mtengo pamene ziŵerengero zikukwera [1] koma amapereka malipiro owonjezereka kaamba ka kugula kwatsopano. Makampani ogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kapena awo amene ali ndi phindu lakutali (monga makampani ambiri a zasayansi) amavutika kwambiri pamlingo wokwera. Kugaŵa ndalama ndi ndalama kungawonjezeke kwambiri pamene milingo ya makampaniwo ikwera. Kumvetsa mapangano ameneŵa kumathandiza malo a makampani apamwamba a zamalonda osiyanasiyana.
Kusunga njira kumadaliranso pa malamulo a Fad. Pamene ziŵerengero za kuchuluka kwa ndalama zosungidwa ndi ziŵerengero za CD zimakhala zoyenera. Mabanki a pa Intaneti kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka milingo yapamwamba ku mabanki amwambo, ndipo kusiyana kumakhala kwatanthauzo pamene mitengo ya ndalama, imene imasungidwa mosamalitsa, imapereka njira zina zokhalira ndi maakaunti amwambo panthaŵi ya kuchuluka kwa mabanki.
Kulinganiza Mabuku Ochuluka
Kupambana kwa Fed kapena kulephera kulamulira kukwera mtengo kwa ndalama kumayambukira kwambiri kulinganiza kwa ndalama. [[FLT: 0] Kukwera mtengo kwa ndalama kumawononga ndalama zosungidwa [[FLT: 1] ndi ndalama zoikidwiratu zopezedwa koma kungapindulitse okongola ndi ngongole yoikika. Kumvetsetsa kukwera mtengo kwa ndalama kwanu kumakonzekeretsa mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana. Opuma pantchito odalira kwambiri pa kukwera mtengo kwa ndalama kofunikira kulinganiza bwino.
Malo otetezeredwa ndi ndalama zotetezera ku mitengo amateteza mwachindunji ku mitengo yokwera. Masheya otetezera ndalama (ZIP) amasintha malo otchuka pa kukwera kwa mitengo, kuteteza mphamvu ya zinthu. Mapepala, omwe amapezeka mwachindunji ku Khirisimasi, amateteza anthu aang'ono osunga ndalama. Zida zimenezi zimafuna kubwezedwa ndi inshuwalansi ya kukwera kwa ndalama, kupangitsa ogula ndalama kukhala ozindikira kuti ali pangozi kapena amene atsala pang’ono kuleka ntchito.
Chuma chenicheni monga chuma ndi katundu, chimateteza anthu ku kukwera mtengo kwa zinthu, ngakhale kuti ndi projekiti ya makampani amene ali ndi mphamvu yowagwiritsa ntchito. N’zotheka kulipira ndalama zambiri kwa makasitomala. Kuchuluka kwa chuma padziko lonse kungathandize ngati mitengo ya zinthu ya dziko la United States iposa kukwera kwa mitengo ya dziko lonse, ngakhale kuti ndalama zingasokoneze njira imeneyi.
Kukambitsirana kwangozi kuyenera kuchititsa ziyembekezo za kukwera mtengo. Kumvetsetsa Nthano za Kukwera kwa Kukwera kwa Mtengo kumathandizira kukhazikitsa ziyembekezo za maziko a kukambitsirana kwa malipiro. Pamene kukwera kwa mitengo kuposa ziwopsezo za Fade, antchito amakhala ndi mikangano yolimba yodzutsa. Mosiyana, pamene Fad asunga kukwera mtengo kwa ndalama mokhutiritsa, kumakhala kovuta kulungamitsa.
Tsogolo la Lamulo la Kusamalira Chisaka
Kuthetsa Mavuto
Federal Reserve imayang'anizana ndi mavuto atsopano amene ziŵiya zamwambo zingavutike kukonza. Kusintha kwa zachuma [[FLT: 0] kumayambitsa ngozi zachuma zimene Fact iyenera kulingalira . Ngozi za kuwonongeka kwa nyengo ndi kusinthika kwa chuma pamene chuma chikusintha. Ena amatsutsa kuti Fed ayenera kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zake zolamulira kuti athetse mavuto a nyengo; ena amatsutsa zimenezi kupitirira lamulo lake.
Kusokonezeka kwa tekinoloji kumatopetsa maunansi amwambo a zachuma odalira pa Fad. Kusintha kwa ndalama kungafooketse kuyendetsa ndalama. Luntha la kupanga lingasinthe ntchito zosonkhezera. Chuma chimasokoneza kuchuluka kwa ulova. Kusintha kumeneku kumapangitsa kumasulira kwa zachuma ndi kulinganiza malamulo kukhala kovuta kwambiri.
Kusintha kwa anthu ofufuza zinthu , kusintha njira za anthu oloŵa m'dziko, kutengamo mbali kwa antchito . Kusintha mlingo wa kukula kwa chuma ndi mlingo wa chiwongola dzanja chachibadwa. Fed ayenera kusintha malamulo ndi masinthidwe a nyumba. Zimene zimagwira ntchito m'zaka zoyambirira za osunga ana sizingagwirizane ndi anthu okalamba ndi kudyetsa ndi kuyendetsa ndalama mosiyanasiyana.
Kugwirizana kwapadziko lonse kwa zachuma kumatanthauza malamulo osokonekera kwambiri apadziko lonse pamene kuli kwakuti kusintha kwa maiko akunja kukuyambukira kwambiri zotulukapo za United States. Fed ayenera kulingalira mmene zochita zake zimayambukirira misika imene ikubuka modalira pa ndalama za ndalama. Kugwirizana ndi mabanki ena aakulu kumakhala kofunika koma kovuta kwambiri pa malamulo osiyanasiyana ndi mikhalidwe ya zachuma.
Kusintha ndi Kutsutsana Zomwe Zingachitike
Mapangano opitirizabe onena za kusintha kwa Fad amasonyeza kufunika kwake ndi mkhalidwe wotsutsana. Ena amalingalira [[FLT: 0] kuti apeze ntchito zolembedwa mogwirizana ndi cholinga cha kukwera mtengo kwa ndalama, ngakhale kuti kulongosola ntchito yaikulu kumavuta. Ena akulingalira kukweza chifuno cha kukwera mtengo kuti apereke malo owonjezera olimbana ndi kutsika kwa chuma, ngakhale kuti zimenezi zingalephere kukwera mtengo kwa zinthu.
Makampani a ndalama a magetsi angasinthe kwambiri ntchito ya Fed. Ndalama yapakati ya banki ingalole Fed kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya ndalama mwachindunji mmalo mwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya kubanki. Chiŵerengero cha chiwongola dzanja chochepa, chosatheka ndi ndalama zapakompyuta, chimakhala chotheka ndi ndalama za pakompyuta. Zimenezi zimakopa akatswiri ena a zachuma pamene zikuopseza anthu amene akuda nkhaŵa ndi boma pankhani ya zachuma.
Mafunso onena za Okhala ndi lamulo [[FLT: 1] akupitirizabe kugaŵikana. Kodi kusalingana kwa Malonda kuyenera kuchitika kupyolera mwa njira ya ndalama? Kodi kuyenera kulemera kwa ndalama ndi malamulo amwambo? Kodi kupenda mkhalidwe kuyenera kusonkhezera malamulo a zaumoyo? Kutsutsana kumeneku kumasonyeza mafunso aakulu ponena za technocratic ndi democracy ya kuyendetsa kwa zachuma.
Kudziimira paokha kwa Fed kuli ndi mavuto osatha. Chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko cha kusunga ndalama chikukula pa masankho. Magulu a Populi amafunsa chifukwa chake akuluakulu osasankhidwa amagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zoterozo. Kusunga ufulu pamene akutsimikizira kuti kuŵerengera kwa demokrase kudakali vuto losathetsedwa limene lingayambitse mkangano wopitirizabe.
Kumaliza: Mmene Nzika za m’Nyumba Yosungiramo Nyama Zimakhudzira Anthu Tsiku Lililonse
Chiyambukiro cha Federal Reserve cha nzika za tsiku ndi tsiku chimaposa ziŵerengero zachuma zosaoneka. Chosankha chilichonse cha Thupi chimakhudza tsogolo lanu la ntchito, kubwereka, kubwerera, ndi kugula zinthu. Kaya mugula nyumba, kuyamba bizinesi, kusungitsa ndalama kuti mukhale ndi moyo wopuma pantchito, kapena kungoyesa kukwaniritsa zolinga zanu, malamulo amakhudza malo anu a zachuma m’njira zazikulu.
Kumvetsa Fed si kungophunzira chabe. Kuzindikira mmene malamulo a zachuma amakhudzira zinthu zosiyanasiyana kumathandizira kukonza njira zoyendetsera malonda. Kuyembekezera zinthu pazochitika zachuma kumathandizira kuti pakhale nthaŵi yaikulu yosankha zachuma. Kutsatira lamulo la Fad kumathandizira kumasulira nkhani zachuma ndi makambitsirano a malamulo.
Komabe kufunika kwa Fade kumafutukukira kuposa pa zandalama zaumwini ku mafunso aakulu onena za kulamulira kwa demokrase. Kodi makampani a zasayansi osasankhidwa ayenera kukhala ndi mphamvu ya zachuma yaikulu yotero? Kodi timalingana motani ndi ukatswiri wa kuŵerengera mlandu, kudziimira ndi demokrase? Mafunso ameneŵa ali ndi kanthu chifukwa chakuti zosankha za Fed sizimakhudza misika yokha komanso zotsatira za kakhalidwe, amene ali ndi ntchito, amene angapereke ndalama m’nyumba, amene ndalama zawo zimasunga phindu.
Kuvuta kwa Fed kumakhala kovuta kwambiri. Kusintha kwa nyengo, kusokonezeka kwa luso la zopangapanga, kusintha kwa anthu, ndi kugwirizana kwa dziko lonse kumakhudza zonse ziŵiri Fade ndi moyo wathu wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Kumvetsa kugwirizana kumeneku kumathandiza nzika kukhala ndi zolinga zapadera ndi mfundo za zachuma mmalo mozisiyira kwa akatswiri. Democracy imafuna nzika zokhoza kupenda osati atsogoleri andale okha komanso mabungwe a za tekinoloji omwe amapanga zotsatira zachuma.
Kwa anthu ambiri a ku America, Federal Reserve idakali chigwirizano chachinsinsi ngakhale kuti chiyambukiro chake nchachikulu. Kusiyana kumeneku kumafooketsa zonse ziŵiri kupanga zosankha za za ndalama ndi kutengamo mbali kwa demokrase. Mwakumvetsetsa zimene Fed amachita, mmene imayambukirira moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, ndi mavuto amene ikukumana nawo, nzika zimapatsidwa mphamvu za zamalonda mmalo mwa nkhani wamba za mphamvu zosadziŵika.
The path forward requires both individual and collective engagement. Individually, we must educate ourselves about monetary policy and make informed financial decisions accounting for Fed actions. Collectively, we must participate in debates about the Fed's proper role, mandate, and accountability. The economy is too important to leave to economists alone—it requires engaged citizens who understand the institutions shaping their economic lives.
Pamene Fade akufufuza mavuto amene sanachitikepo kuchokera ku kugwedezeka kwa dziko ndi kuopsa kwa nyengo mpaka kusokonezeka kwa tekinoloji, zosankha zake zidzakhudza kwambiri tsogolo la chuma cha America. Ngati Fed imasunga bwino ndalama pochirikiza ntchito, kaya imasintha ndi kukhazikitsa ngati ikukhala yoyenerera pakati pa mayiko andale, imakhudza anthu onse a ku America. Kumvetsa ndi kuchita nawo ntchito za Federal Reserve si nkhani yodzisankhira kwa nzika zachuma.
Federal Reserve ingawoneke ngati bungwe lakutali lochita ndi malingaliro osawoneka bwino, koma zosankha zake zimaumba chenicheni cha moyo wa zachuma wa Amereka. Kuchokera pa chiwongola dzanja chanu cha kubwera kwa ntchito, kuyambira pa phindu la ndalama zimene munasunga kupuma pantchito kufikira pa mtengo wa zogula, chisonkhezero cha Fed nchosapeŵeka. Mwakumvetsetsa chisonkhezero chimenechi, tingapange zosankha zabwinopo za ndalama, tingasunge opanga malamulo oyenera kuyankha, ndi kutengamo mbali m’kutsutsana kwatanthauzo ponena za mtsogolo mwathu. Anthu a tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku sakhudzidwa monga mphamvu wamba koma monga gulu lamphamvu limene tiyenera kuzindikira kuti litukuke ku America kwamakono.
Mabuku Owonjezereka
Kwa awo ofuna kukulitsa chidziŵitso chawo cha malamulo a Federal Reserve ndi ziyambukiro zake, [[FLT: 0] Federal Reserve Economic Data (FLT) yosungidwa ndi Federal Reserve Bank ya St. Louis imapereka malongosoledwe owonjezereka a zachuma ndi ziwiya zofufuzira. Board ya chuma cha Bwanamzerreat imapereka mafotokozedwe osavuta a malamulo a ndalama olinganizidwa kaamba ka anthu onse.
