Makina a demokrase ya ku America kaŵirikaŵiri angamve kukhala osawoneka, omwe alipo pakati pa mabukhu a boma a mabukhu a sukulu yasekondale ndi maseŵero apamwamba a pulogalamu ya chisankho. Ndi njira zochepa zimene zimagwirizanitsa kupsinjika kumeneku kuposa Electoral College . Zoikidwa m'nthaŵi yapasadage, pambuyo pa nyengo ya ulamuliro wa dziko, zidakali njira yotsimikizirika yosankha mtsogoleri wamphamvu koposa m'dziko. Kwa osankhidwa, kuzindikira dongosololi si njira yamaphunziro chabe; kuli kofunika kwambiri kuti amvetsetse kumene mphamvu yandale zadziko imakhaladi ndi mmene woponya pepala akuikira m'chiyambi cha dziko. Nkhaniyi imaswa mfundo zofunika kwambiri pa voti iliyonse yofunika kudziŵa ponena za Elctoral College, kuchokera ku mapromsmon amakono ogwirizana ake.

Malamulo Osiyanasiyana: Chiyambi ndi Chiyambi

Electoral College sinali cholinga chokondedwa kwambiri ndi Nyumba za Atate, koma kulolera koyenera kochitidwa pa Msonkhano wa Malamulo wa 1787. Nthumwi zinagawikana. Ena anachirikiza chivoti chotchuka ndi nzika. Ena anakhulupirira kuti Congress ayenera kusankha pulezidenti. Mfundo yachitatu inatsutsa za boma kuti agwire mphamvu. Kholiji ya Electoral inatulukira monga njira [ njira ya [1] njira yoyendera yovomerezeka mwachindunji ndi nzika za nzika za boma. [1] Njira yolinganizira chisonkhezero chachikulu ndi cha maulamuliro aang'ono pamene inali kukhazikitsa mlingo pakati pa bungwe la department ndi nthambi ya oweruza.

Pansi pa kulolera kwa Connecticut, Nyumba ya Oimira inayenera kugawidwa ndi anthu, ndipo Nyumba ya Malamulo ikapereka chizindikiro chofanana ku boma lililonse. Electoral College inatsanzira kapangidwe kameneka. Chiŵerengero cha osankhidwa a boma chimafanana ndi chisonyezero chake chonse mu Congress (Nyumba + Senate). Mwachibadwa zimenezi zinapatsa maufumu aang'ono mphamvu zambiri kuposa maboma aakulu, mbali imene ikukhalabe maziko a mkangano lerolino.

Polemba mu Federal List No. 68, Alexander Hamilton anatetezera dongosolo, akumatsutsa kuti ntchito ya pulezidenti isagwere kwa munthu aliyense yemwe "osati woyenerera mowonekera bwino. Oyambitsawo anaopa kuthekera kwa "kupanda pake ndi chipwirikiti" m'chosankha chachindunji ndipo anakhulupirira kuti gulu laling'ono la osankhila anzeru lingachite monga kupenda chisonkhezero chofala kapena chachilendo. Kusakhulupirira demokrase kwachinduku kumayambitsidwa m'chipangizo chenicheni cha bungwelo.

Ndithudi, dongosolo loyamba linalinso ndi kulolerana kwapadera pa ukapolo. Kulolera kwa Atatu ndi Atatu Ofese, kumene kunaŵerengera anthu akapolo kukhala magawo atatu a munthu kuti aimiridwe (ndipo mavoti osankhidwa), kunapatsa maboma a Kum’mwera chiwonjezeko chachikulu m'masankho a pulezidenti kwa zaka makumi ambiri, kusonkhezera mwachindunji zotulukapo za Republic yoyambirira. Choloŵa chonyansa chimenechi ndi mbali yaikulu ya mbiri ya Electoral College.

Makina a Koleji Yamakono

Lerolino, Electoral College iri ndi 538 osankha, ndi mavoti 270 osankhidwa kuti apambane unduna wa boma. Njirayo yakonzedwa ndi kusintha kwa malamulo alamulo ndi malamulo a boma, kupitirira kwambiri masomphenya oyambirira a osankha odziimira okha oweruza okha.

Kusintha kwa Ma electers

Chiŵerengero cha osankha boma lililonse chimagamulidwa ndi chiŵerengero cha zaka khumi zilizonse ndi United States wokhala ndi chiŵerengero chachikulu cha anthu . California ali ndi mavoti ambiri osankhidwa. Pakali pano 54, Texas 40, ndi Florida 30. Maboma aang'ono monga Wyoming, Vermont, ndi Alaska ali ndi mawu ochepera pa atatu. Malamulo 23 adapereka District of Columbia atatu osanthula, kutsimikizira kuti nzika za likulu la dzikolo zili ndi mawu m'masankho a prezidenti.

Chigawo cha Alektor ndi Chosankha cha Oimba

Pamene wovota aponya chisankho cha wosankhidwa kukhala pulezidenti, iwo ali osankha mwaluso kaamba ka [[FLT: 0]" protect" ya osankhidwawo adalonjeza kwa wosankhidwayo. Osankha ameneŵa ali kwenikweni ziŵalo za chipani chokhulupirika, ochirikiza, kapena akuluakulu a kumaloko. Pamene kuli kwakuti oyambitsawo anafuna osankhidwa kukhala odziimira okha, tsopano amamangidwa kotheratu ndi kukhulupirika kwa gulu ndi lamulo la boma.

Mu 48 maboma ndi District ya Columbia, wosankha amene amapambana voti yotchuka mkati mwa bomalo amalandira mavoti ake onse osankhidwa. Imeneyi ndi "winner-take" system. Maine ndi Nebraska ali opambana, kugwiritsira ntchito chitsanzo cha chigawo kumene mavoti aŵiri osankhidwa amapatsidwa kwa wopambana wa boma lonse, ndipo voti imodzi yosankhidwa imapatsidwa kwa wopambana chigawo chilichonse cha chigawo cha chigawo cha chigawo cha chigawo cha boma.

Opeka Chikhulupiriro

Kodi chimachitika nchiyani ngati wosankha aswa lumbiro lawo ndi mavoti a wina? "Osankha opanda chikhulupiriro" awa adawonekera mwakamodzikamodzi m'mbiri yonse, koma sanasinthe chitsiriziro cha chisankho . Kutchula ichi, Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula mogwirizana mu Chiafalo v. Washington [20] amene akunena ulamuliro wa lamulo wa kulanga kapena kuchotsa osankhidwa opanda chikhulupiriro. Chigamulo chimenechi chinatsimikizira mphamvu ya boma ndi chisankho cha chigamulo cha wosankhidwa, kuwonjezeranso kuzindikira kwamakono kwa EC monga chisonyezero choyera cha ufulu wa boma.

Kugwira Ntchito ndi Kulemba Zikalata

Mu December, opanga masankho amakumana m'malikulu awo a boma kuti avote. Mavoti ameneŵa kenaka amatumizidwa ku Congress, kumene amaŵerengedwa pa pulogalamu yachiŵiri mu January. Pulezidenti Wamkulu, monga Pulezidenti wa Nyumba ya Malamulo, amayang'anira chigawo chimenechi. Kachitidwe kameneka, kamachita mwambo, kanayamba kupendedwa kwambiri pambuyo pa January 6, 2021. Mapangano a Ellectoral Count Reformation Act a 2022 anaperekedwa kuti afotokoze bwino udindo wa Pulezidenti wa Pulezidenti monga wotumikira ndi kukweza maziko a kutsutsa, kukhazikitsa lamulo ndi kusamutsidwa kwadongosolo kwa ulamuliro.

Electoral College ndi Voter: Unansi Wocholoŵana

Electoral College imasintha kwambiri njira ya ukampeni ya pulezidenti ndipo, chifukwa cha zimenezi, mtundu wa ndale zadziko kwa mamiliyoni a Aamereka. Kukhalako kwake kumapanga malo ovuta kwambiri kuseŵera kumene wovota amatengera kwambiri malo awo.

SANS

Chiyambukiro chachindunji kwambiri pa wovota ndicho kaya amakhala mu "mogunda" kapena "mkhalidwe wotetezereka". Maboma a suling (kapena malo ankhondo) ndi aja amene chiwopsezo cha nkhondocho sichikutsimikizirika. M'zochitika zaposachedwapa, zimenezi zaphatikizapo maufumu onga Pennsylvania, Michigan, Consian, Arizona, Georgia, ndi Nevada. Candida akupereka unyinji wa chuma chawo, misonkhano, ndi zigwirizano . Wovota m'dziko la propent alandira chisamaliro chachikulu kwambiri ndipo angamve kulemera kwa munthu aliyense payekha pakati pa wogaŵana.

Mosiyana, ovota mu aubwino [[FLT: 1] odalirika ovota chipani chimodzi kapena chinzake. Alparyan ku California kapena Democrat ku Alabama angamve kukhala ogwiritsidwa mwala, podziŵa kuti voti yawo ya pulezidenti ili yotsimikizirika kugonjera ndi unyinji wa chipani chotsutsa. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku kuchepetsa chitembetso ndi lingaliro la ndale zadziko, mosasamala kanthu za kukhala mbali ya voti yotchuka ya dziko.

Zenizeni za Masamu ndi Magawo Achitatu

Dongosolo la EC limapanga chopinga chachikulu cha maganizo ndi chakumanga kwa opita ku mbali yachitatu. Kuti apambane kuchuluka kwa mavoti a voti, wobatizidwa ayenera kupambana maboma mwachindunji kapena kukakamiza chisankho cha gulu m'Nyumba ya Oimira. "iiimirira pa onse" yolimba kulangiza mokulira koma osazama. Wosankha wachitatu amene amapeza 5% ya ovota a dzikolo angapeze mavoti a doulo osankhidwa. Ankhondo ameneŵa amasankha kukhala "wopanda zoipa ziŵiri" calculus, kumene kusankhidwa kwa munthu wachilendo kaŵirikaŵiri kumaonedwa kukhala "wansi" kuvota kapena kuipitsa fuko la gulu lalikulu la otchuka.

Womaliza wosankha mavoti achitatu ndi George Wallace mu 1968. Kuyambira pamenepo, oyembekezera kulowa ntchito monga Ross Perot (1992, 1996) ndi Gary Johnson (2016) analephera kuswa chopinga cha EC mosasamala kanthu kuti anapambana mavoti mamiliyoni ambiri, kugogomezera kulimba kwa dongosolo la magawo aŵiri.

Chisankho Chabwino: Nyumba Isankha

Ngati palibe wosankhidwa amene afika pa mavoti 270 osankhidwa, Konsichushoni imalamula kuti Nyumba ya Oimira isankhe pulezidenti. Komabe, m'chosankha cha aunti, nthumwi za pa Nyumba iliyonse ya boma zimatenga voti imodzi. Zimenezi zimasintha mphamvu kwambiri, pamene maboma aang'ono akugwira ntchito mphamvu mofanana ndi mayiko aakulu. Kachipangizoka kangogwiritsidwa ntchito kaŵiri: mu 1801 (kusankha Thomas Jefferson) ndi 1825 (kusankha John Quncic Adams). M'nyengo yamakono, mbali yaikulu yachitatu ya kuonekera kwake kangayambitse chiwonetserochi, kuitsa vuto la kuyenerera ndi kukambitsirana kwandale.

Kutsutsana Kwakukulu: Kusuliza ndi Kusonkhezera Masinthidwe

Mosakaikira Electoral College ndi imodzi ya mabungwe otsutsana kwambiri m’boma la America. ochirikiza ake ndi otsutsa onse aŵiri amapanga zigomeko zosonkhezera m’masomphenya opikisana a zimene ufumu wa demokrase wa Amereka uyenera kukhala.

Kusuliza Koipa

Kusuliza kotchuka kwambiri ndiko kuthekera kwa "Mwini wolakwa" , wosankha amene amapambana paudindowo pamene akulephera mavoti otchuka. Zimenezi zachitika kasanu m'mbiri ya U.S.: mu 1824 (John Quincy Adams), 1876 (Rutherford B. Hayes), 188 (Benjamin Harrison), 2000 (George W. Bush), ndi 2016 (Mganitsi J Trump). M’nyengo ya kufalikira kwakukulu kwa dziko, lingaliro lakuti preziden wa dziko angasankhidwe popanda kuvota kochuluka.

Kupyola mpata wotchuka wa voti, otsutsa EC amatsutsa mphamvu yosankha ku maiko aang'ono. Pamene kuli kwakuti imeneyi inali mbali yadala kutsimikizira kupangidwa kwa bungwelo, imaswa lamulo la democracy lamakono la kulingana kwa ndale zadziko. Wovota mu Wyoming ali ndi mphamvu yosankha ya wovota ku California m'mavoti a voti pa munthu mmodzi.

Ndiponso, dongosololi limayambitsa vuto lotchulidwa pa "maboma otetezeka," oyembekezera olefula kuchitika m'madera aakulu a dzikolo. Mapulogalamu apolisi amagwirizanitsidwa ndi nkhaŵa za kuvota boma, kusiya zosoŵa za ambiri opanda malo awo. Pomalizira pake, wopambanayo angaletse wovotayo kutuluka, monga mmene maziko a gulu m’dziko lotetezereka ali ndi chisonkhezero chochepa cha kutembenukira kaamba ka mpikisano wa prezidentia pamene chitsirizo chidzakhala chitsirizo cha kumapeto.

Kusintha: Bungwe Loona za Anthu Ambiri la Boma la Vote Intertate (NPVIC)

Chikalata chotchuka chokonzanso ndicho National Popular Vote Intertate Community. Ichi ndi chivoti pakati pa maboma onse osankha opambana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pa 2024, 17 akufotokoza ndi D.C. agwirizana ndi bungwe lopanga mavoti, loimira 209. Njira imeneyi imatsekereza kufunika kwa kukonzanso koikidwiratu kwa lamulo, kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yalamulo la boma kusankha mmene angaperekere osankhidwa. Ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti limasunga Electoral College formattion pamene akutsimikizira kuti wopambana wa bungwelo ndiye wolandira mavoti ochuluka m’dziko lonselo. Otsutsa amaitcha mphamvu ya boma ndi kuitsutsa kuti ingachititse mavuto owonjezereka, monga ngati kusumika patsogolo misika yaikulu ya nyuzi, yotsutsana ndi kutsutsa pamlingo wa dziko lonse, ndi kulephera kwa dongosolo la dziko. Kuwona tsatanetsatane kowonjezereka, kuchezera [FL:] National [F:]

Kusintha Komwe Kunachitika: Kukonza Gawo ndi Kusamuka

Chisinthiko china chimatsanzira njira ya Maine / Nebraska: kubwezera voti imodzi pa wopata chigawo chimodzi ndi ziŵiri kwa wopambana wa boma lonse. Izi zingachititse zisankho kupikisana kwambiri m'dziko. Komabe, otsutsa amanena kuti zimenezi zingangosintha malo ankhondo kuchoka m'zigawo za boma kupita ku zigawo zodulidwa, zomwe zingapangitse kupotozedwa kwambiri.

Chitsanzo chogawiridwa molinganiza, kumene wosankha aliyense amalandira mbali ya mavoti olingana ndi mbali yawo ya voti yotchuka m’bomalo, ndi njira ina. Izi zingasonyeze bwino kwambiri zimene boma likufuna. Komabe, zingapangitse anthu achitatu kupata mavoti osankhidwa ndi kupangitsa kuti munthu aliyense avutike kufika pa mavoti 270, kukhoza kuponya chisankho chilichonse ku Nyumba ya Oimira.

Mlandu wa Kutetezera

Otetezera Electoral College amanena kuti ndi linga lowopsa la la madereshoni . U.S. si demokrase imodzi, koma kugwirizana kwa abusa ochepa kukunena. EC imafuna kuti anthu ofuna kukhala prezidenti apange mgwirizano waukulu wa dziko lonse. Munthu ayenera kupambana m'madera osiyanasiyana, kuletsa chochitika chimene munthu amapambana mwa kulonga mipando yaikulu m’mizinda yambiri ya anthu.

Ochirikiza Electoral College amanenanso kuti Electoral College imatetezera mawu a maiko aang'ono ndi madera akumidzi kulamulidwa kotheratu ndi malo aakulu a mzinda amene amasonkhezera voti yotchuka ya dziko. Popanda EC, pulezidenti woyembekezera kudzakhala pulezidenti angapambane mwa kuzula California, Texas, Florida, New York, ndi maiko ena aakulu angapo, akumanyalanyaza kotheratu nkhaŵa za maindasitale a Midwaster kapena kumidzi. EC imakakamiza mkupiti wa dziko lenilenilo, kapena kuzungulira dziko lina.

Iwo amatsutsanso dongosololo kupereka [[FLT: 0] kutsimikizirika ndi kutsimikizirika . Kupambana kwa lamulo lonse kumapanga zotulukapo zowonekera. Kumakakamiza anthu kukopa kusintha koyenera m'maulamuliro aakulu, mmalo mokhazikitsa maziko awo owopsa okha kuti atsimikizire. Otetezera amaloza ku kuwopsa kwa masamu a dziko m'chisankho, pamene boma-lokha EC limatulutsa mfundo zolunjika, zopikisana. Kaamba ka nkhani zambiri za mbiri yakale, ndi [FLT:] [FLT] [F:] ndi [FLT] BRIN]

Zimene Zimenezi Zimatanthauza kwa Inu Monga Mtokoma

Kumvetsa bwino sukuluyi n’kofunika kwambiri kuti munthu athe kuyendetsa bwino nkhani zandale za ku United States, kukambirana mfundo zandale, ndiponso mmene zinthu zilili.

Ngati mukukhala m’dziko lotchuka, voti yanu ya pulezidenti ili ndi mphamvu yooneka imene anthu amaifuna m’mayiko osatetezeka.

Ngati mukukhala m’dziko lotetezereka, mphamvu yanu siinganenedwe bwino. Pamene kuli kwakuti voti yanu ya pulezidenti ingamveke kukhala yolinganizidwiratu, mbali yanu m'kuumba mavoti otchuka a dziko idakali ndemanga yamphamvu. Ndiponso, mphamvu yanu mu kutsika mpikisano wa mpikisano (Sate, Nyumba, Bwana, Boma, State Legislature) ndi yaikulu. Mafuko ameneŵa amayambukira mwachindunji njira yopezera opikisana ndi ovota ndi ovota.

Pomalizira, Electoral College ndilo buku la malamulo a masewera a mapangano apamwamba kwambiri m'ndale za America. Kaya muchirikize kukonzanso, kuichotsa, kapena kuitetezera, kumvetsetsa malungidwe ake ndilo njira yoyamba yopangira mawu anu. Kuthandiza ofesi, komanso kumvetsa njira imene maofesiwo amagwira ntchito. Kuŵerenganso za lamulo la chisankho ndi ufulu wa wovota, [[FLT: 0] Brennan Center ya Chilungamo [[FL:1] kumapereka chuma cha kufufuza, ndi [[FLT:] Vairote . [FLT:] Fairte] ndi amene akutsogolera kumvetsetsa dongosolo la okonzanso.