Kumvetsetsa Koleji ya Electoral ndi Mphamvu ya Ntchito Yanu

Electoral College ndi njira ya malamulo ya United States yosankhira pulezidenti wake ndi wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti. Mmalo mwa chivoti chotchuka, dongosololi limadalira gulu la osankha amene amaponya zikalata zalamulo zimene zimagamula kuti apambane. Osankha ambiri, njirayi ikhoza kukhala yosamveka, koma kumvetsetsa mmene Electoral College imagwirira ntchito kuti aone mmene voti yanu imathandizira kukwaniritsa dziko. Nkhaniyi ikulongosola mmene njirayo ikugwirira ntchito. Nkhaniyi ikufotokozera mmene ilili, imayendera mmene imathandizira kupambana kwa Foce ndi mkupiti, ndi kupendanso kukambirana kumene ikuchitika m'malo ake a democracy.

Mmene Electoral College Imagwirira Ntchito

Pamlingo wake waukulu, Electoral College ndi gulu la osankha 538 amene akugaŵiridwa pakati pa maboma 50 ndi District of Columbia. Boma lililonse limalandira osankhidwa angapo olingana ndi kuimira kwake konse m'Congress: mmodzi wa chiŵalo chilichonse cha Nyumba ya Oimira, kuphatikizapo aŵiri a oimira ake. Disiturity of Columbia imalandira osankhidwa atatu pansi pa 23 Demendment, ngakhale kuti ilibe umboni woimira m'malamulo.

Pamene muponya chisankho chanu cha pulezidenti mu November, simukuvota mwachindunji kwa wobatizidwa. M’malo mwake, mukusankha chikalata cha osankhidwa olonjezedwa kuchirikiza wobatizidwayo. Osankha ameneŵa amasankhidwa ndi zipani za ndale zadziko pa misonkhano ya boma kapena ndi makomiti a zipani. M'mayiko ambiri, wosankha amene amasankha mavoti otchuka pa Tsiku la Countration amalandira mavoti onse a boma. Amadziŵika monga wopambana ndi dongosolo lonse. Maganizo aŵiri okha . Maboma amodzi (Maine ndi Nezah", amagwiritsira ntchito njira yoyenerera, kuvota mmodzi wopambana pa chivoti cha chigawo chilichonse ndi mavoti aŵiri pa mavoti aŵiri a boma loti a dziko lonse.

Pambuyo pa voti yotchukayo yavomerezedwa pa mlingo wa boma, osankha amakumana m'malikulu awo a boma pa Lachiwiri Lachitatu loyamba pambuyo pa Lachitatu lachiŵiri mu December. Kumeneko, amaponya mavoti a pulezidenti ndi wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti. Mavoti a voti ovomerezeka ameneŵa amatumizidwa kwa pulezidenti wa Nyumba ya Malamulo . Kuŵerengera kumeneku kumaperekedwa pa January 20.

Pamene kuli kwakuti osankha ambiri amavota monga cholonjezedwa, "Osankha osakhulupira" nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi osankha ena. Khoti Lapamwamba lachirikiza kuti maboma angafune osankhidwa kutsatira zitsimikizo zawo, ndipo maboma ambiri ali ndi malamulo osungitsa zimenezi. Kachitidweko kamalamulidwa ndi malamulo onse aŵiri a U.S. Constitution ndi Electoral Count Act ya 1887, ndi kusintha kwaposachedwapa mu Electoral Count Reformation Act ya 20222 kumasulira malamulo a kuŵerengera.

Chiyambi cha Malamulo ndi Chifuno

Electoral College inapangidwa pa Convention ya Constitution ya 1787 monga kulolerana pakati pa awo amene anafuna kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo isankhe pulezidenti ndi awo amene anakonda chisankho chotchuka. Opanga mafomuwo anadera nkhaŵa kuti apereke mphamvu zambiri kwa nyumba ya malamulo yapakati kapena kwa wosankhidwa wosaphunzira. Iwo anayang’anizananso ndi mavuto opindulitsa: kulankhulana m’dziko latsopano lalikululo kunali kochedwa, ndipo kukhulupirika kwa chigawo kukasokoneza umodzi wa dzikolo.

Dongosololi linalinganizidwa kulinganiza chisonkhezero cha maboma aakulu ndi aang'ono. Mwa kusanthula ozikidwa pa Nyumba ndi kuimira Nyumba ya Nyumba ya Nyumba ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, maboma aang'ono analandira gawo lamphamvu lochuluka kwambiri logwirizana ndi anthu awo. Mabungwe ameneŵa anali mbali ya zololera zazikulu zimene zinafotokoza ukapolo ndi kuimira. Pamene kuli kwakuti Opaleshoni atatu a kulolera kulolera kulakwa kunapatsa maboma a ku Southernwonso mavoti owonjezera m'Nyumba [1] ndipo chotero mavoti osankhidwa osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa ndi osankhidwawonjezedwa monga akapolo atatu a munthu, makonzedwe amenewo anaperekedwa ndi Dementi 14 pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeni.

Masiku ano, Electoral College idakali mbali yaikulu ya masankho a pulezidenti, amene akupitirizabe kukonza njira zochitira kampeni, khalidwe la wovota, ndi malingaliro a kusanthula mwalamulo.

Chiyambukiro cha Electoral College pa Zovala Zanu

Electoral College imakhudza kwenikweni mmene voti lanu limakhudzira. Pansi pa dongosolo la voti lotchuka, voti lililonse lingaŵerengere mofanana ku chiwonkhetso cha dziko lonse. Komabe, pansi pa dongosolo lamakono, voti yanu imachita chisonkhezero chake chachikulu kwambiri pamlingo wa boma. M'zosankha zanu zimathandiza kudziŵa kuti ndi ndani amene alandira mavoti onse a bomalo. Ngati mukhala m’dziko limene limadalira kwambiri gulu limodzi, voti yanu siingakhale ndi mphamvu pa zotsatira zake za dzikolo chifukwa chakuti mavoti a bomalo ali olondola bwino. Mosiyana, ngati mukhala m'dzikolo.

Mphamvu imeneyi yachititsa kugogomezera maboma otsatsa malonda a ndawala, maulendo ofuna kutsatsa, ndi nkhani. Maboma ankhondo monga Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Michigan, Arizona, Georgia, ndi Nevada alandira chisamaliro chachikulu kuchokera ku ndawala kuposa ovota m'maiko otetezereka monga California kapena Texas. Zimenezi zingayambitse kusiyana m'zogwirizana za ndale zadziko ndi kuvomereza lamulo.

Pa zisankho zisanu ndi chimodzi zomalizira za pulezidenti, .2000 ndi 2016 . wosankhidwa amene anapambana chivoti chotchuka m'dziko lonselo anataya voti ya Electoral College . Zimenezi zayambitsa mkangano waukulu ponena za kuyenera ndi chilungamo cha dongosolo. Kwa ovota m'dziko lonse amene anachirikiza kagulu kotchuka ka opata mavoti, dongosololi lingakhumudwitse. Osankha amene akupindula ndi zotsatira za Electoral College, dongosololo lingaoneke ngati likutetezera kupondereza kwa anthu ambiri ndi kusunga ufulu wa boma.

Mavoti anu ali osiyana pansi pa Electoral College. Zili zofunika kwambiri pamene muli mbali ya gulu limene limapambana mavoti a boma lanu, ndipo kuli kofunika kwambiri makamaka ngati mukukhala m’mkhalidwe wampikisano. Ngakhale m’maiko otetezereka, kutembenuka kungasonkhezere mafuko a anthu opikisana ndi kugawana kwa ndale zadziko, koma njira yeniyeni yofikira ku utsogoleri imapyola m'maboma ozungulira.

Mikangano Yokangana ndi Kholiji ya Electoral

Mikangano Imakomera

Ochirikiza Electoral College amanena kuti limatetezera zikondwerero za maiko aang'ono ndi osachuluka. Popanda, iwo amalimbana, oyembekezera kusumika maganizo awo pa malo a tauni aakulu, kunyalanyaza madera akumidzi ndi maboma aang'ono. Dongosololi limalimbikitsanso oyembekezera kumanga mapangano aakulu mmalo mwa kungosonkhanitsa mavoti m'madera angapo. Kuwonjezera apo, ochirikiza amanena kuti Electoral College imapereka bata mwakukhazikitsa dongosolo la magawo aŵiri ndi kulipangitsa kukhala lovuta kwambiri kwa oyembekezera kupambana. Mavoti 270 osankhidwa a m'voti athandiza kuletsa masankhoti ndi kuyendetsa zochitika zimene zingabuke m'mapangana m'magulu osiyanasiyana.

Mfundo ina ndi yakuti, Electoral College ili ndi mphamvu ya kusankhana mwa kuchepetsa mikangano m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Nkhani ndi zitokoso za zamalamulo, zikakhalapo, zimangokhala m’mayiko angapo amene anthu sakugwirizana, m’malo mofuna kuti atchule mtundu. Chisankho cha 2000 ku Florida ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri: mkanganowu unaperekedwa ku boma limodzi, ndipo Khoti Lapamwamba linathetsa nkhaniyo. Pansi pa kayendetsedwe ka voti kotchuka, masankhoti apafupi angayambitse chigamulo chilichonse m’dziko lonselo, kuyambitsa chipwirikiti.

Mikangano Yotsutsana

Otsutsa akuti Electoral College imaswa lamulo la democracy la munthu mmodzi, voti imodzi. Kulemera kwa voti iliyonse kumasiyanasiyana kwambiri pakati pa mayiko ena. Mwachitsanzo, wovota ku Wyoming, amene ali ndi mavoti atatu osankhidwa a anthu pafupifupi 5800,000, ali ndi mphamvu zosanthula zoŵirikiza kanayi za munthu wovota ku California, amene ali ndi mavoti 54 osankhidwa a anthu pafupifupi 39 miliyoni.

Opanga mafilimu amanenanso za kuthekera kwa kupambana kwa woyembekezera kupambana pamene akulephera kukhala wautsogoleri pamene akulephera voti yotchuka, imene iwo amati imafooketsa kuyenera kwa wopambanayo ndi kufooketsa chidaliro cha anthu mu dongosolo la sankho. Kupambana ndi kugawana konse m'maiko ambiri kumapanga kuthekera kwakukulu kumene oyembekezera kukhoza kunyalanyaza motetezereka mabomba aakulu a dzikolo. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2016, magawo aŵiri a zikondwerero zonse za mpikisano zinachitidwa m'zigawo zisanu ndi chimodzi. Zimenezi zingasiye chivoti m'magawo osagwirizana ndi olephera kugawana nawo.

Pomalizira pake, otsutsa amanena kuti Electoral College ingachititse kutsenderezedwa kwa ovota mwa kusumika maganizo m’maiko ndi malamulo oletsa kuvota.

Mbali ya Kutchera Maboma m’Kusankha kwa Prezidenti

Mayiko a Sung [1] otchedwanso kuti nkhondo kapena mayiko apepo ndi amene amayandikirana ndi amenenso amatenga magawo aakulu kuti apambane. Mayikowa amakopa anthu ambiri otsatsa malonda, maulendo ofunsira, ndi ofuna kutsatsa malonda.

Mapu a Electoral College akusintha kwa nthaŵi chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi kukhulupirika kwa ndale. Zaka makumi aŵiri zapitazo, mayiko monga Colorado ndi Virginia achoka pa nkhondo n’kukhala a Democratic , pamene mayiko monga Ohio ndi Iowa apendekeka pambuyo popikisana kwambiri. Nkhondo yamakonoyi imaphatikizapo mayiko a Rust Belt a Michigan, Pennsylvania, ndi Wisconsin; Sun Belt ya Arizona, Georgia, Nevada, ndi North Carolina; ndipo nthaŵi zina Minnesota ndi New Hampreshi.

Kusumika maganizo pa chiŵerengero chochepa cha maboma amene amayambukira kwambiri. Kaŵirikaŵiri opanga mapulatifomu awo amakopa ovota a boma, asanayambitse nkhani zonga kupangira m'Belt, ufulu wa madzi ku Southwest, ndi kutha kwa nyumba ku Nevada. Zotera m'maiko otetezereka. Zotchedwa bluu kapena red [1] Zimapeza nkhaŵa zawo zikutchulidwa bwino chifukwa mavoti awo osankhidwawo ali otsekeredwa kale.

Kwa ovota m'maiko osinthasintha, Electoral College imamveketsa mawu awo. Voti imodzi m'boma logaŵikana kwambiri ingasonkhezere amene wosankhayo kulandira mavoti onse a bomalo. Ichi nchifukwa chake makampani amawononga ndalama zambiri m'maiko ameneŵa, ndipo chifukwa chake wovota amayesetsa ndi okonza udzu ali owopsa kwambiri kumeneko.

Zolinga za Kusintha Zinthu ndi Msonkhano Wotchuka wa National Vote Interstate

Chifukwa chakuti kuletsa Electoral College kumafuna kusintha malamulo a boma . Kufuna kuti mavoti awiri chitatu a m'nyumba zonse ziŵiri za Congress ndi kuphwanyidwa ndi magawo atatu mwa anayi a mayikowa n’kovuta kwambiri pa ndale. Komabe, malamulo ambiri osintha zinthu aikidwa.

Choloŵa chotchuka kwambiri ndicho National Popular Vote Interstate Compact (NPVIC). Imeneyi ndi pangano pakati pa maboma otengamo mbali kuvomereza mavoti awo onse osankhidwa kwa wosankhidwa amene apambana chivoti cha dzikolo, mosasamala kanthu za zotsatira zake m'boma lawo. Mabomawo akangoyamba kugwira ntchito pamene mavoti 270 osankhidwa agwirizana. Pa 2024, mavoti 209 a voti asankha akhazikitsa mgwirizanowo. Ngati khotilo lafika, wopambana wa voti yotchuka ya dzikolo angatetezere modzi Elctoral College, akukwaniritsa chivoti chotchuka cha dzikolo popanda lamulo.

Ochirikiza atsutsa kuti NPVIC ikanathetsa kuthekera kwa kupambana kwa utsogoleri popanda voti yotchuka, kutsimikizira ukulu wolingana wa chivoti chirichonse m’dziko lonse, ndi kupanga ndawala zopikisana m'maiko onse 50. Otsutsa amanena kuti chigwirizanocho chikasokoneza mzimu wa dongosolo la boma, chikayang'anizana ndi zitokoso za lamulo, ndipo chingakhale chosavuta kumenyera nkhondo za ndale zadziko ngati boma lifuna kuchotsa. Bungwelo silinayesedwebe m’khoti, ndipo lamulo lake lidakali nkhani ya mkangano pakati pa akatswiri a zamalamulo.

Malamulo ena asintha zinthu amaphatikizapo mavoti osankhidwa ndi boma, monga momwe Maine ndi Nebraska amachitira; kugwiritsa ntchito njira yapansi; kapena kuwonjezera chiŵerengero cha osankha kuti asonyeze bwino kusiyana kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu. Pamlingo wa boma, mamembala a Congress akhazikitsa njira zalamulo zothetsera Electoral College, koma palibe amene atsala pang’ono kudutsa.

Zimene Zimenezi Zimatanthauza Kaamba ka Kusankha kwa Mtsogolo

Electoral College ipitirizabe kuumba masankho a pulezidenti kaamba ka mtsogolo moyembekezeredwa. Masinthidwe a kutsogolo, kuphatikizapo kukula kwa anthu ku South ndi Kumadzulo, akusintha pang'onopang'ono mapu a voti. Maboma onga Texas ndi Florida akupeza mipando ya mavoti osankhidwa [1] ndipo chifukwa chake mavoti osankhidwa mu Rust Belt ndi Northast akutha. Zimenezi zingasinthe maufumu amene akulingaliridwa kukhala malo ankhondo m'zaka makumi ambiri zikubwera.

Kugwirizana ndi Voter ku Electoral College kumakhalabe koopsa. M'mayiko ena, ngakhale mashifiti ochepa angaone zotsatira zake. M’mayiko otetezeka, ovota angasonkhezere kwambiri mpikisano wa maseŵero a khoti, Nyumba, nyumba ya malamulo, ndi maofesi a boma, komanso a a zaudindo. Kumvetsa yunivesite ya Electoral kumathandizanso ofufuza kuti amvetsetse njira ya kampeni: chifukwa chake ofunsira amayendera malo ena, chifukwa chake amagogomezera nkhani zinazake, ndiponso chifukwa chake maboma ena sapeza chisamaliro.

Kwa ovota amene amafuna kuti mawu awo akhale ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu, kukhalabe odziŵitsidwa ponena za mkhalidwe wa boma lawo . Kusankha ndi njira yachindunji kwambiri yochitiramo mbali. Dongosolo nlovuta, koma lidakali maziko amene demokrase yakale kwambiri ya dziko isankha mtsogoleri wake.

Mfundo Zofunika Kwambiri Zokhudza Koleji ya Electoral

  • Pali osankhidwa okwanira 538, olingana ndi mamembala 435 a Nyumba, mametanti 100, ndi osankhidwa atatu a Chigawo cha Columbia.
  • Wosankhayo afunikira mavoti osachepera 270 kuti apambane utsogoleri.
  • Nthawi zambiri anthu amasankhidwa ndi zipani zandale pa misonkhano yachigawo kapena ndi makomiti a zipani.
  • Manei ndi Nebraska amagwiritsa ntchito njira ya chigawo ya chigawo cha Collegiants.
  • Lamulo la ku United States, makamaka m’Chigawo II, Chigawo 1, Demetrip Amendment ya 12 ndi 23 Amendment (Kusintha kwa Malamulo).
  • Act ya Electoral Count Reformation 2022 inakonza njira zosintha zoŵerengera mavoti osankhidwa, kumveketsa bwino ntchito ya wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti ndi kuyambitsa njira yotsutsira chivoti cha zigawo zonse ziŵiri za Congress.
  • Osankha opanda chikhulupiriro — awo amene amavota motsutsana ndi lumbiro lawo / nkosapezekapezeka, ndipo Khoti Lalikulu lachirikiza kuyenera kwa maboma kusungitsa zitsimikizo ndi kulanga olakwa.
  • Pa Electoral College pali ziwongolero zoposa 700 za lamulo zoperekedwa m’Malamulo, kuposa nkhani ina iliyonse, komabe palibe imene inapitapo.
  • Pa zisankho zisanu ndi chimodzi zomaliza (2000 ndi 2016), wopambana pa yunivesite ya Electoral College sanapambane pa chisankho cha dzikolo.
  • Dongosololo linalinganizidwa mwapang’ono monga kulolerana pakati pa maboma aakulu ndi aang’ono pa Convention ya Malamulo ya mu 1787 ndi mbali ina monga kupenda demokrase yachindunji.

Kumaliza: Kukonda Zinthu M’dongosolo

Electoral College idakali imodzi ya mbali zotsutsana kwambiri za demokrase ya Amereka. Imagwirizanitsa chisonkhezero cha ovota m'maiko osintha, imapatsa mphamvu ya maboma aang'ono yolinganiza, ndi kutsimikizira kuti opita ku pulezidenti ayenera kumanga mapangano a dziko lonse. Komabe imayambitsanso kusiyana kwa mphamvu zovotera, imalola kuti anthu ambiri apezedwe chipambano cha boma, ndipo makampani apanga mphamvu ya mpikisano kukakhala ndi magawo ankhondo.

Kwa wovota aliyense payekha, dongosololo limatanthauza kuti chiyambukiro cha voti lanu chimadalira mbali ina pa kumene mumakhala. Zimenezo sizimapangitsa voti lanu kukhala losaphula kanthu; kutanthauza kuti voti lanu limagwira ntchito m'dongosolo la boma lokhala ndi zidutswa. Kumvetsetsa mmene Electoral College imagwirira ntchito kumakuthandizani kuona malo oyenera ovota anu, chifukwa chake machitidwe a mchitidwe a kuvotako, ndi kusintha kumene kungasinthe dongosolo. Kaya dongosolo lamakonoli likupitiriza kapena lisintha, kachitidwe kena ka kuvotera kamakhala maziko a kutengamo mbali kwa democracy.

Kuphunzira zambiri, fufuzani [[FLT: 0] National Archives's perfectal College , ŵerengani Center ya Brennan] kupenda masinthidwe , ndi kuyang'ana Conference of State Legislatures ya malamulo a boma . Zolemba zimenezi zimapereka chidziŵitso chodalirika, chosagwirizana ndi dongosolo limene limaumba chisankho cha preziden wa.