Chiyambi: Sayansi ya Zamaganizo

Madongosolo a Electoral samangoŵerengera mavoti; amaumba mtundu weniweni wa mpikisano wa ndale zadziko ndi unzika. Njira imene wovota amatembenuzira nayo kukhala yoimira imapangitsa malo oyenerera. Malo a malo ameneŵa mmene ovota amalingalira ponena za zosankha zawo, kuti ofuna kubatizidwa, ndi mmene magulu amapangira mapulatifomu awo. Kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi otomera nzika, kumvetsetsa masinthidwe a kachitidwe ka kusanthula kosiyana kuli kofunika kuti aone thanzi la democracy ndi kulinganiza zinthu zothekera.

Kachitidwe ka voti sikamakhala kamodzi, kamodzikamodzi kakusonyeza lamulo loyera la nzika. M’malo mwake, ndi kuŵerengera kosonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi nkhani ya m'nthaŵi yake. Wovota m’dongosolo lamitundu yosiyanasiyana amaŵerengera kusiyana ndi wovota m'dongosolo logaŵira. Nkhani ino ikufufuza njira zosankhira zopangira zinthu zokhala ndi khalidwe zogwiritsiridwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi, kupenda zotsatira zenizeni za khalidwe. Kuchokera ku kutembenuka ndi kusanthula ndi kusanthula kuti aimire ndi kusanthula ndandanda iliyonse ya malamulo.

Mabanja Oyendetsa Magalimoto: Masukulu Oyendetsa Mabanja

Kuzindikira mmene njira zovota zimayambukirira khalidwe, munthu choyamba ayenera kumvetsetsa njira zogwirizanitsa zigawo ndi zosankha. Maziko a maziko m'mbali imeneyi ndi Lamulo la Duverger , lomwe limapanga zigamulo zamitundumitundu m'zigawo chimodzi (PFLT- Post) (Past- Post) imapanga ndi kuchirikiza dongosolo la kachitidwe kaŵiri kosiyana. Zimenezi zimagwira ntchito kupyola njira ziŵiri zotsimikizirika koma zothandizira. [[FLT:]] chiyambukiro chochititsa kutaya mtima, kuchotsa chigamulo chachi chaching'ono chaching'ono [[FL: 3] kumatsimikizira kuti magulu aang'ono amalangidwa mwa kutembenuza mipando. [FF:4] Chiyambukiro chachikulu chakusintha kwa zigawalo chandale. [FFoctive] [5]

Kuposa ziyambukiro za ntchito ndi zamaganizo, madongosolo a ovota amaloŵetsamo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kugamula kwa wovota. Kuvota kwapadera kumachitika pamene wovota aponya chisankho kuti asonkhezere zotsatira za chisankho kapena lamulo. Mtundu umenewu wa kulingalira ukulamulira m'madongosolo pamene nkhani iliyonse yovota mwachindunji ku malo oikidwira, koma imakhalanso injini ya kusanthula m'madongosolo monga FPTP. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, kutsendereza chisankho cha chivoti imachitika pamene wovota aponya chivoti kuti atsimikizire chizindikiritso, kapena kutsimikizira ziyambukiro za chivoti cha chivoti cha . protiontiontalement pomaonetsa malo awo otchukawolowera kuti asonyezere bwino kuti adalitse kuti adalire "umboni ya kuwopa kwawo.

Njira Zazikulu Zopangira Zinthu ndi Makhalidwe Ake

Ngakhale kuti pali kusiyanasiyana kochuluka, masankho ambiri a democracy amaloŵa m’magulu angapo a njira zovota.

Kuyamba-Past-the Post (FPTP)

FPTP ndi njira yodziŵika kwambiri, yogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'maiko onga United States, United Kingdom, Canada, ndi India. Wosankha wokhala ndi mavoti ochuluka m'dzikolo akupambana. Mosasamala kanthu za kupepuka kwake, zotulukapo za FPTP ndizozama ndi zolakwika. Woyendetsa woyamba wa khalidwe la wovota mu FPTP ndi ['kusankha kwaluso . Nthaŵi zonse amaŵerengera kuthekera kwa wofunsira amene angakonde. Zimenezi zimatsogolera ku chochitika cha "PGUPUPUTC," kumene kuvomereza motsutsana ndi wofunsira kumakhala wamphamvu kuposa kuvota munthu.

FPP imapanga milingo yapamwamba ya voti. Mavoti ochititsa kutaya oyembekezera kapena kutsala kwa ofunsira kupambana. Kutsendereza kochititsa kusunthidwa mu "mipando yotetezereka," kumene chotulukapo chake ndi kutha kwa achemo. Mavoter m'zigawo zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri amalingalira kuti kutenga nawo mbali kwawo kuli kopanda tanthauzo, kutsogolera ku kuchepetsa pangano la ndale zadziko ndi kuimira kwa zandale. Dongosolo limalimbikitsa magulu a ovota, kutsogolera ku "back-ll" mafriti a synow , koma akhozanso kupangitsa magawo aakulu kugawa (momwe amawonedwa m'malamulo a US), kumene kufunikira kupambana, kupambana kwa ogwirizana odalirikawonjezawo asanafike kutsogolo kwa chisankhoti cha chisankhoma. [Flestle]

Ranked-Choice Voting (RCV) ndi Posakhalitsa Runoff Voting (IRV)

Kuvota kochitidwa ndi anthu osankhidwa kumalola ovota kugawa osankhidwa pa mavoti osankhidwa motsatira mfundo zachikhalidwe. Ngati wosankhidwa sapambana mavoti ambiri oyambirira a chisankho, wosankha womalizira amachotsedwa, ndipo mavoti awo amaperekedwa ku chosankha chotsatira pa oseŵerawo. Njira imeneyi imabwereza kufikira wobatizidwayo afikitsa unyinji. Dongosolo limeneli limagwiritsiridwa ntchito kaamba ka masankhoti a dziko mu Australia ndi boma ndi masankho a kumalo osiyanasiyana mu United States, kuphatikizapo Maine ndi Alaska.

Mwamakhalidwe, RCV imathetsa chimodzi cha mavuto aakulu a FPTP: chiyambukiro chowononga. Osankha angachirikize wosankhidwa wachitatu kapena wodziimira monga chosankha choyamba popanda kuwopa kuthandizira kusankha munthu wawo wosankhidwa. Zimenezi zimalimbikitsa kuvota [[FLT:] ndi kulola kuvomereza kuti kutsutsa kuchitidwe popanda kutaya pepala. RCV imasinthanso mkupiti wamphamvu. Agogo ayenera kukopa osati kokha ku maziko awo apamwamba koma ku chisankhoterero chachikulu chachiŵiri ndi chachitatu. Zimenezi zimachepetsa chisonkhezero cha ndawala yotsutsa, monga momwe kuukira opikisanawo angapatutsiritsidwe, amene angaperekenso mphamvu zosonkhezera mphamvu. [FFFFOT:] Kufufuza kwachiŵiri: [FFFOT] kumasonyeza kuti apeze chivomerezo chapamwamba kuchirikiza kuchirikiza kudalira pa maphunziro owonjezereka. Ngakhale kuti adziwonjezera kuwonjezera, ngakhale kuti akudalira kuchirikiza kuchirikiza kuchirikiza kuchirikiza kuchirikiza kuchirikiza kuchirikiza kuchirikiza kuchirikiza kuchirikiza kuchirikiza kuchirikiza kutsutsa kwa anthu, kuchirikiza

Kuimira kwa Malamulo (PR)

Madongosolo a PR amafuna kulinganiza chigawo cha mipando imene a m'gulu lagawana ndi chigawo chimene amapata. Izi zimachitidwa ku madera ndi zipani zosiyanasiyana. Pali kusintha kosiyanasiyana, chilichonse chili ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana.

M'dongosolo lino: [[FLT :1] M'dongosolo lino, zipani zimalamulira dongosolo la ofunsira pa mpambo. Ovota pa chipani, ndipo mipando imagawiridwa pandandanda ya chipani. Dongosolo limeneli limalimbitsa utsogoleri wa gulu ndi kulimbikitsa chizindikiritso champhamvu. Ma Voter siali othekera kwenikweni kusanthula ofunsira ndi kuthekera kwambiri kuponya voti pa mizera yokha ya chivoti. N’zomveka ndi zosavuta kwa ovota koma zosumika maganizo pa mphamvu za gulu lapamwamba.

Mndandanda wotseguka PR: Pano, ovota angafotokoze chokonda kwa wofunsira wina m’ndandanda wa chipani. Zimenezi zimayambitsa 'parti [1]. Osankha ayenera kukulitsa chivoti chaumwini, chokopa pa maziko a gulu. Voters amakhala ndi maluso ambiri pa mikhalidwe ya ofunsira, osati chabe chizindikiro chawo cha gulu. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku ku ku kuvomerezana kokulira komanso kwa zigamu zachiwonjezo.

Mavoti aŵiri opangidwa: imodzi ya woimira wa kumaloko ndi imodzi ya gulu. Imapanga kachitidwe kapadera kotchedwa [FLT:] ku Germany ndi New Zealand, MMP imaphatikiza madera a FPTP ndi mpambo wapamwamba. Mavoti angachirikize otchuka a pagulu limodzi pamene akuvotera gulu lina. Kusintha kumeneku kumachititsa kulingana ndi kachitidwe ka mtundu wa dzikolo kotchedwa [[FLT:] Commotion-tic coption. Kusintha kwa kachitidwe ka FT kukhoza kuchirikiza kachitidwe kapadera ka kumaloko kochokera ku gulu limodzi pamene akuka kutulutsa gulu lina. Kusintha kumeneku kumalola kulingana ndi kachitidwe ka dziko lakwanuko. [FLD:] Khoma la ELD .

Njofunika yokha yotengedwa (STV): Igwiritsiridwa ntchito mu Ireland ndi Malta, STV ndi woyembekezera kulowa pa PR system . Voters amasankha anthu ofunsira m'zigawo zosiyanasiyana. Imaphatikiza zotsatirapo zogwirizana za PR ndi ma agulu a ma abulu oikidwa pa malo apamwamba. Mkhalidwe, imaika katundu wapamwamba wa ovoti, amene ayenera kuikidwa pa maopera ambiri kuchokera ku zipani zosiyanasiyana. Imakhazikitsa maboti olimba a kumaloko ndi kulola masankhoti a odziimira.

Kuvomerezedwa ndi Kutchuka

Izi nzosafala koma zikufotokozedwa mowonjezereka m'mabungwe okonzanso. [[FLT: 0] Kuvota kwachivoti kumalola ofufuza kusankha ofunsira ambiri monga momwe amavomerezera. Wofuna kuvomerezedwa ndi ambiri amapambana. Dongosolo limeneli limachotsa chiyambukiro chowononga chonse ndi kulola osankha kusonyeza kuchirikiza anthu ambiri obatizidwa. Kusankha kumachepetsa kusatsimikizirika kwapadera koma kumachititsa kuti "kuvota kwa munthu mmodzi" (kusankha) kukwezetseretsa chitukuko cha munthu mmodzi. kuvota (kapena kuvotera) kulola ofufuzawonjeza pamlingo (g.g. 0, -5)

Kusintha Khalidwe la Anthu

Kupyola pa kulinganiza kwa dongosolo lapadera, njira zingapo za makhalidwe abwino padziko lonse zimayambukiridwa ndi malamulo a osankhidwa.

Kusintha kwa Zipembedzo ndi Usilikali

Kulingalira kwakuti nkhani za voti ndizo chisonyezero champhamvu kwambiri cha kutembenuka. [FLT: 0] nthaŵi zonse zimasonyeza kuti maiko okhala ndi njira zoimira zoimira ali ndi chiwonjezeko chokulirapo (kuwonjezera 5-10 peresenti) kuposa aja okhala ndi dongosolo losankhira. Maiko a dziko lonse a IDA nthaŵi zonse amasonyeza kuti maiko okhala ndi njira zoimira zothandizira ali ndi kukwera kwambiri kwa mavoti ovota (kuwonjezera 5-10 peresenti) kuposa amene ali ndi madongosolo aakulu opangira. M'potokosokerapo, nzika za m'zigawo, zingamve kuti zapatuka pansi, zotsogolera ku kubwerera pansi. Madongosolo onse ovotera, pochirikiza lingaliro la RVCC, angachirikizenso mwa kuwonjezera ndi kuwonjezera njira zapadera.

Malo Oyenera Kuyendera

Mumpata wa pakati pa kusankha kwenikweni kwa nzika ndi voti yawo ndi muyezo wachindunji wa zoletsa zoikidwa ndi dongosolo losankhira. FPTP imawonjezera mpata umenewu, kukakamiza ovota "opanda zolakwika ziŵiri". Mu 2015 chisankho chachisawawa cha UK, chisankho chimodzi mwa mavoti asanu osankhidwa. RCV ndi PR amachepetsa mpata umenewu, kulola kusonyezedwa kwa zinthu zabwino moona mtima kwambiri. Zimenezi sizimangopereka chithunzi cholondola cha malingaliro a anthu komanso zimachepetsa kusokonezeka maganizo ndi kukhumudwa kumene kumabwera ndi kuvota koyenera.

Kujambula, Kuimira, ndi Madongosolo a Chipani

Malamulo a Electoral amakhudza mbali yoperekedwa ya ndale. FPTP, , pamodzi ndi maprojekiti, zingasonkhezere kuchititsa kuwonjezereka kwa dziko mwa kulimbikitsa oyembekezera kukopa ku magawo ochepera, onkitsa kwambiri kuti apangitse kupambana kuyang'ana kutsogolo. Komabe, chotsani FPTP (kupanda ma Primerime) kaŵirikaŵiri amasonkhezera magulu a ovota, kumanga mipatuko yonse. PR amapanga madongosolo ambiri ogwirizana, amene angawonjezere kusiyanasiyana kwa malamulo. Zimenezi zingatheke kuwonjezera chithunzi cha [FL:] [FLT:] [[FLT1].

Kufufuza Kwa Kuyerekezera Matenda: Madongosolo Ochitidwa

Zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko zimapereka umboni wowonekera bwino wa mmene madongosolo ameneŵa amagwirira ntchito m’zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zandale.

Kufufuza Nkhani: United Kingdom and FPTP

UK ndi chitsanzo chodziŵika bwino cha kuyendetsedwa kwa lamulo la Duverger. Kwa zaka makumi angapo, dongosolo lokhazikika la mbali ziŵiri lolamuliridwa ndi Labour ndi Conservative linali mwambo. Komabe, kuwonjezeka kwa zipani zachigawo (SNP ku Scotland) ndi kufalitsa zipani zochokera ku zipani (UKIP, Liberal Democrates) lachititsa chitsenderezo chachikulu pa dongosolo. Kusintha kwa maluso kwakhala kofala tsopano. Savota yaikulu 2019 inawona kuvota kowopsa kogwirizana ndi kutsekereza pulogalamu yawo yogwirizana ndi okondedwa kwambiri. Dongo lamakono limadziŵika ndi milingo yapamwamba ya "kuipitsa molakwa" ndi kukula kwa matele oimira.

Phunziro la Nkhani: Australia ndi Ranked-Choice Voling

Australia imagwiritsira ntchito Alternative Vote (AV) mpangidwe wa RCV pa Nyumba yake ya Oimira, yophatikizidwa ndi kuvota. Zimenezi zimapanga laborato yapadera ya makhalidwe. Mwa kubwerera pafupifupi 90%, osankhira amaikizidwa kwambiri. Magawo amafalitsa "wawawa kuti apite ku mapepala apadera," kutsogolera ochirikiza awo pa mmene angapangire zokonda. Dongosololi limalimbikitsa "[[FL:0] kututa ," kumene magulu aang'ono amatsogolera zofuna za atsatiri awo ku magawo aakulu osinthana malamulo. Voters amadalira kwambiri pa zipani zimenezi, kufeŵetsa ntchito yapamwamba. Dongo lapanga mbali ziŵiri zokhazikika (Vol vs. Liburn / chivolal) ndi chigwirizano chachikulu kwambiri kuposa kuchirikiza kuyendetsa ntchito ya UK, popanda kuopa kuyendetsa ntchito yoyamba ya Grent.

Kupenda za Apolisi: New Zealand ndi Kusintha kwa MMP

Kusintha kwa New Zealand kuchoka ku FPTP kupita ku MMP mu 1996 kuli chimodzi cha zofufuza zamphamvu koposa m'mbiri yamakono. Pansi pa FPTP, dongosolo linatulutsa zinthu zazikulu, zopanga zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zinasiyanitsa mbali yaikulu ya osankhidwa. Pambuyo pa mametanti aŵiri, dziko lotengedwa MMP. Kusintha kwa makhalidwe kunali kwa nthaŵi yomweyo. Voter, kumene kunali kuchepa, kukhazikika ndi kupezedwa. Chiŵerengero cha magulu ogwira ntchito m'nyumba chinakwera kuchokera pa aŵiri kufika pa sikisi. Maboma a Chikole anakhala mwambo, kupempha kuti avoti amve chinenero chatsopano cha PPM. Maori, chimene chinali chapatuka, chinakhala cholemekezeka kwambiri. Chikhalidwe cholimbikitsa mgwirizano, cha ndalembere, ngakhale kuti chinayang'anizananso ndi mphamvu ya kutsutsa kwachimodzi.

Kuphunzira za Odwala: United States ndi Dongosolo Lalikulu

US imagwiritsira ntchito maonjezedwe apadera: FPP apadera osankhidwa ndi sequality, kaŵirikaŵiri otsekedwa, masankho aakulu. Zimenezi zimapanga zisonkhezero ziŵiri za makhalidwe. Kuti apatsidwe pa mfundo yoyamba, wobatizidwa ayenera kukopa gulu (mwapadera). Kuti apatsidwe chisankho, ayenera kukopa anthu osankhidwawo (oyenerera). "tima tiŵiri tapansi" timatulutsa milingo yapamwamba ya kukwera ndi njira yapadera. Kutenga RCV mu Alaska ndi Maine kuimira njira yapadera. dongosolo la Alaska limagwiritsira ntchito njira yosakhala yapaledi (pamwamba zinayi) yotsatiridwa ndi voti yaikulu ya RV. Ofuna kukopa kuzungulira, mbali yaikulu kuchokera ku chiyambi, kusandulika kwa onse aŵiri.

Magulu Osintha Zinthu a m’Nthaŵi Yathu Ino ndi Mtsogolo mwa Kusintha Khalidwe

Kuzindikira chiyambukiro cha makhalidwe cha njira zovota sikuli kokha kugwiritsa ntchito kwa maphunziro. Ndi maziko a magulu amakono, ofalikira a kusintha kwa osankhidwa. Kusintha kotchuka koposa m'dziko la Angelezi ndi kumene kumalimbikitsa Rhanked-Choice Voting. Ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti RCV idzachepetsa kalankhulidwe ka ndale zadziko, kuwongolera kuimira, ndi kuwonjezera chikhutiro cha wovota. Otsutsa amada nkhaŵa ponena za kucholoŵa m’zolakwa ndi kuthekera kwa kuŵerengera zimene zingafooketse chidaliro chawo.

Kupyola RCV, pali chikondwerero chomakula mu Kusintha kogwirizana kwa Volting ndi [FLT :2]] Kusintha kwa mawu , makamaka kwa osakhala apadela ndi masankho a kumaloko. Madongosolo ameneŵa amapereka kupepuka kwa kusanthula kozungulira limodzi pamene akuchotsa chiyambukiro cha chowononga. Kachitidwe kakulingalira kuti madongosolo ameneŵa angakhale osavuta kwa ovotawo kuzoloŵera kupambana RCV, pamene safuna kukwezeka, koma amayambitsa kuthekera kwawo kwapadera ponena za kuvomereza kapena kugaŵira.

Kukwera kwa ndi kuvota kwakutali kumagwirizananso ndi njira zovotera. Pamene kuli kwakuti si njira yosankhira, njira yoperekera mapepala, makina, kapena pa Intaneti imagwirizanitsa zovota ndi kudalirana. Zokumana nazo za Estonia ndi kuvota zimasonyeza kuti kusavuta kukhoza kuchotsa, koma kusasamala kwa intaneti kumakhalabe chopinga chachikulu cha kulera anthu ambiri m'masankhoti aakulu a dzikolo.

Kumaliza: Masukulu Amakhudza Kukula kwa Masukulu

Njira ya kuvota siiri yosatenga mbali, tsatanetsatane wauyang'anira. Ndi mphamvu yamphamvu imene imaumba mwamphamvu khalidwe landale la mamiliyoni a nzika. Kuchokera ku ntchito yapadera, kuŵerengera kwa wovota wa Chiyambi ndi Chipulumutso ku njira ya kutsimikizira, wovotera m'dongosolo la Proportation Intecration, malamulo a ku boma akusankha bwino za democracy ya democracy. Pamene maiko akulimbana ndi mavuto a kutha kwa kudalirana, kugawa kwa ndale, ndi democracybacracy Bullectic , kumvetsetsa kwambiri mmene njira zopangira masinthidwe ziliridwe. Osintha zinthu ayenera kupereka chisamaliro mosamalitsa ku njira zimenezi za kapekedwe ka madongosolo a ka ka kapeseŵeretsedwe kamene sikatulutsa kokha koma ka kuyambitsa, kokwaniritsa, ndi koimira kwenikweni. Njira yosankha ya kusankhiridwa yosankha ya kukwaniritsa mtundu wa democracy.

Kuŵerenga Kowonjezereka ndi Ziŵiya