Lingaliro la kuimira anthu mwachilungamo m'madongosolo osankha ndilo maziko a ulamuliro wa demokrase. Ilo limatsimikizira kuti mawu onse amamvedwa ndi kuti dongosolo la ndale zadziko limasonyeza kusiyanasiyana kwa anthu. Popanda kuimira bwino, masankho angachititse kusalingana ndi kuchepetsa anthu onse. M’nkhani ino, tidzapenda kufunika kwa kuimira kwachilungamo, chiyambukiro chake pa chitaganya, ndi madongosolo osiyanasiyana amene amafuna kukwaniritsa. Tidzapendanso kufufuza nkhani zenizeni za dziko lapansi, mavuto opitirizabe, ndi kuyambitsa mikhalidwe imene imaumba mtsogolo mwa kulinganiza kwa osankhidwa.

Kumvetsa Chithunzi Choyenera

Kuimira bwino kumatanthauza kuti dongosolo la voti limalola magulu onse a anthu kukhala ndi mwaŵi wosakondera wa kusonkhezera dongosolo la ndale zadziko. Lingaliro limeneli nlozikidwa pa lingaliro lakuti voti ya nzika iriyonse iyenera kukhala ndi kulemera kofanana ndi kuti magulu ochepa ofotokozedwa ndi fuko, fuko, kakhalidwe ka ka kakhalidwe, kapena malo a zachuma. Kutsatira, kuimira koyenera kumaloŵetsamo osati kungopanga pepala logawira; kumaphatikizapo mmene mavoti amatembenuzidwira m'mipando ndi mmene opanga malamulo amaŵerengeredwa kwa awo amene anawasankha.

Kufunika kwa Kuimira Zinthu Zabwino

Kuimira anthu mwachilungamo kumathandiza kwambiri kuti anthu azikhala ogwirizana ndiponso kuti azichita zinthu moyenera pa nkhani zandale.

  • Kugwirizana kwa ovota kowonjezereka: Anthu ali othekera kwambiri kutengamo mbali m'masankho pamene alingalira kuti akuimira zofuna zawo. Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti madongosolo a kulinganiza kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala okwera kuposa m'madongosolo onse opambana. Mwachitsanzo, Maiko adziko lonse a IDA [ amasonyeza kuti maiko oimira motsatira mfundo zachikatikati nthaŵi zonse amachitira lipoti pulogalamu yoposa ya ovota.
  • Malingaliro osiyana bwino kwambiri: Amachititsa madongosolo omveka bwino ndi ogwira ntchito. Pamene opanga malamulo asonyeza anthu, iwo abweretsa chidziŵitso ndi ukatswiri zimene zimawongolera malamulo. Kufufuza 2020 kofalitsidwa mu Joyal of Politics [ anapeza kuti nyumba zoimira anthu ofotokoza kwambiri zimapanga malamulo abwino amene amathandizira zosoŵa za magulu otchulidwa.
  • Kugwirizana kwa mayanjano a anthu: Kuimira zachilungamo kumakulitsa lingaliro la kukhala ndi anthu ndi chitaganya pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana. Pamene nzika zidziwona kukhala m'boma, kukhulupirira m'mabungwe kumawonjezereka, kuchepetsa kugaŵanikana kwa ndale zadziko ndi kugaŵanitsa mayanjano.

Ndiponso, kuimira anthu mwachilungamo kumathandiza kutetezera anthu ambiri ku nkhanza.

Mitundu ya Njira Zotulutsira M’madzi

Malamulo ovota ali ndi mphamvu ndi zofooka zosiyanasiyana, zimene zimakhudza mmene mavoti amatembenuzidwira m’ndale.

1. Kuyamba-Past-The Post (FPTP)

Dongosolo la Kuyamba-Past-The Post ndi limodzi la madongosolo ofala kwambiri osanthula ogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'makampani, ogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'maiko onga United Kingdom, United States, Canada, ndi India. M'dongosolo lino, dziko limagaŵidwa kukhala zigawo zachigawo chimodzi, ndipo wosankhayo ndi mavoti ambiri amapambana, ngakhale ngati sapambana ndi unyinji wonse. Pamene kuli kwakuti limatulutsa maboma amodzi osasunthika, amabwera ndi mavuto aakulu:

  • Kuimira kwapadera: Zipani zazing'ono zingavutike kupeza mipando, ngakhale pamene zilandira mbali yatanthauzo ya voti ya dzikolo. Mwachitsanzo, m'chosankha cha 2019 cha boma la Canada, Green Party inapambana 6.5% ya voti yotchuka koma 3 mwa mipando 338 (0.9%).
  • Mavoti osankhidwa: [[FLT :1] Ogwirizana a otayika samathandizira kutuluka kwa m'chigawo chawo. M'mipando yotetezereka, mavoti ambiri amatayidwa bwino. Chisankho cha pulezidenti cha 2020 U.S. chinaona mavoti mamiliyoni ambiri m'maboma a chigamulo chimene sichinakhudze Electoral College.
  • Kuvota kochitidwa: Kaŵirikaŵiri ofufuza amakakamizika kuvota kaamba ka wosankha wosakondedwa kwambiri kutsekereza wodedwa kwambiri, kusokoneza zikondano zenizeni.

2. Kuimira (PR)

Proportonational directoration zolinga za kugawira mipando m'nyumba ya malamulo mogwirizana ndi mavoti amene gulu lililonse limalandira. Dongosolo limeneli lingakhale ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, monga:

  • Mndandanda PR: [[FLT :1] Mastime amapereka mpambo wa oyembekezera, ndipo mipando imagaŵiridwa mozikidwa pa mlingo wa mavoti olandiridwa. Mavoter angasankhe pakati pa mpambo wotseka (kumene chipanicho chimasankha dongosolo) kapena ndandanda yotseguka (kumene osankha angasonyezere zokonda pakati pa ofunsira). Mndandanda wa PR umagwiritsiridwa ntchito ku Israel, Brazil, ndi maiko ambiri a ku Ulaya.
  • Njosa imodzi yokha yotengedwa (STV): [[FLT :1] Ofunsira ntchito m'zigawo zambiri. Mavote amafalitsidwa kufikira mipando yonse itadzaza, kutsimikizira kulinganiza ndi kulolanso ovota kusankha pakati pa ofunsira a pagulu limodzi. STV imagwiritsiridwa ntchito ku Ireland, Malta, ndi masankho ena a kumaloko ku Scotland ndi New Zealand.

Madongosolo a PR kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga nyumba za malamulo zoimira zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, m'masankho 2022 a Sweden, zigamulo 10 zinapambana, kusonyeza malingaliro osiyanasiyana andale. Komabe, PR ingatsogolere ku makhoma ogaŵanika ndi maboma a mgwirizano, amene angakhale osakhazikika m'nkhani zina. Otsutsa amanena kuti PR ingaperekenso chisonkhezero chosayenerera kwa magulu aang'ono otengeka ngati makhoti ali otsika kwambiri.

3. Maselo a M’thupi Amitundumitundu

Magetsi ophatikizapo mapulogalamu a pulogalamu ya FPTP ndi PR ali ndi mavoti awiri: imodzi kwa wobatizidwa m’chigawo chawo ndipo ina ya chipani. Dongosolo limeneli limafuna kulinganiza kuimira kwa anthu a m'deralo ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu. Pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu:

  • . . . . Imagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Germany, New Zealand, ndi Scotland (kwa nyumba yake ya malamulo), MMP imabwezera mwachindunji kuchotsa malo mwa kuwonjezera mipando ya ndandanda kulinganiza ziwonkhetso za chipani. Zimenezi zimapanga kugwirizana pakati pa kugawana ndi mpando.
  • [[NTL:0] Parallel (kapena Midite-Monteber Majoyaniyani) Ogwiritsiridwa ntchito ku Japan ndi South Korea, madongosolo oyenderana amagwiritsira ntchito FPTP ndi PR , popanda kubwezera.

Madongosolo osanganiza angapereke njira zabwino koposa za maiko onse aŵiriwo, koma alinso ocholoŵana kwambiri ndipo amafuna mapangidwe ochenjera kuti apeŵe njira zopezera njira zopezera njira.

4. Ranked-Choice Voing (RCV) ndi Njira Yosagwiritsidwa Ntchito Popanga Zopanga

Kupyola magulu atatu aakulu, madongosolo ena amafuna kuwongolera kuimira. Kuvota kwa Ranked-choice (kumenenso kumatchedwa kuti kuvota kwamwamsanga) kumalola ovota kuyang'anira anthu kuti asankhe mavoti. Ngati wosankhidwa sapambana mavoti ambiri oyambirira, wosankhidwa womaliza amachotsedwa ndipo mavoti awo amachepetsedwa ku zinthu zina zofunikira. Kumeneku kumapitirizabe mpaka munthu mmodzi wa mpikisaniyo ali ndi ochuluka. RCV amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Australia (kufunira Nyumba ya Oimira) ndi m'mizinda ingapo ingapo ya U. mizinda yonga San Francisco ndi New York City. Ogwirizana atsutsa kuti RCVs amachepetsa ziyambukiro zowonongeka, amalimbikitsa mavoti opindulitsa (oti achiŵiri ongofuna malo), ndi opambana amathandiza ku Australia.

Mavuto Ofuna Kuimira Chithunzi Chabwino

Ngakhale kuti anthu ena amaoneka kuti ndi abwino, pali mavuto ambiri amene amapitirizabe kuchitika chifukwa cha mavuto ena amene amachitika chifukwa cha ndale, pamene ena amabuka chifukwa cha kusagwirizana kwa chikhalidwe ndi chuma.

  • [[FLT: 0] Kusintha malire a chigawo cha sankho kungachepetse mphamvu ya kusanthula magulu ena. Ku United States, zigaŵenga ziŵiri zazikulu zagwiritsira ntchito kuwonjezera mapindu, kaŵirikaŵiri kuika ovota ochepa m'zigawo zochepa kapena kuwagwetsa m'madera ambiri kuti achepetse chisonkhezero chawo. Khoti Lapamwamba lalamula kuti gerrymandering ndi funso landale zadziko loposa makhoti a boma, losiya ovota ochepawo ku magawo angapo kapena kuwachepetsa kumbuyo kwa zigawo zawo.
  • Kutsendereza kwa Voter :[[FLT :1] Maluso amene amawononga anthu ena [1] monga malamulo oletsa ovota, kuchepetsa kuvota koyambirira, ndi kuchotsa mpukutu wovota(mummine woimira bwino. Zochita zimenezi zimayambukira kwambiri kagulu kochepa, kangapo ka ndalama, ndi kavoti wamng'ono.
  • zopinga za kakhalidwe ka zachuma: Kusalingana kwa zachuma kungayambukire wovota ndi kutomerana. Anthu okhala ndi ndalama zotsika kaŵirikaŵiri samakhala okhoza kupuma kwambiri pantchito, kusoŵa zoyendera, kapena kuyang'anizana ndi ziletso za zinenero. Kuwonjezera apo, kusagwirizana kwa zachuma kungapereke chisonkhezero chosayerekezereka pa ofuna kuvota ndi malamulo.
  • Zitseko zokulira: [[FLT :1] M'madongosolo ena a PR, zipani ziyenera kupanga mlingo wochepera wa voti kuti apeze mipando. Pamene kuli kwakuti mageti oletsa kugawanika, angasiyenso zipani zoyenerera. Mwachitsanzo, makhomo 10% a Turkey asulizidwa chifukwa cha kutsendereza mapwando a Kurdish.
  • Madongosolo a mpikisano wotenga zinthu zonse: mwachibadwa amene amagwiritsira ntchito zigawo za chigawo chimodzi mopitirira pa malo amodzi akutanthauza gulu lalikulu koposa m’chigawo chilichonse, kaŵirikaŵiri kutulukapo "otchuka ambiri" kumene chipani chimapata mipando yambiri yosakwanira theka la voti yotchuka.

Kufufuza Nkhani m’Chithunzi Chabwino

Kupenda nkhani kungatithandize kudziŵa mmene njira zovota zimakhudzira anthu mosiyanasiyana.

M'Chitumbuka cha Electoral

Mu 1993, pambuyo pa kutsutsana kwa anthu kwa nthaŵi yaitali ndi ma semina, New Zealand inatengera njira ya Mixed Cortents Proportonal (MMP) yoloŵa mmalo FPPP. Kusintha kunatulukapo nyumba ya malamulo yoimira ambiri. Zipani zazing'ono monga Greens ndi New Zealand Kuyamba kupezeka mipando, kukakamiza magulu aakulu kukambirana mgwirizano. Monga chotulukapo, malamulo anakhala ogwirizana kwambiri, ndipo boma tsopano limasonyeza mzera waukulu wa malingaliro. Komiti ya za zamalonda ya New Zealand [1]

2. Dongosolo la Germany losanganizidwa

Germany amagwiritsira ntchito njira ya mipatuko yophatikizana ya Bundestag yake. Voters amavota aŵiri: imodzi ya wosankha wa kumaloko (FPTP) ndi imodzi ya mpambo wa zipani (PR). Vhoti ya PR imasankha kupangidwa konse kwa nyumba ya malamulo, ndi mipando yogwirizana ndi kusokonezeka kwa mavoti. Dongo la Komiti imeneyi lachititsa kuti dongosolo la magawo ambiri likhale logwirizana ndi Akristu, Democrates, Social Democrates, Free Democrates, ndi Chigawo Chakunja Chakunja, kutsimikizira kuti malingaliro andale osiyanasiyana akuimiridwa. Khoti la Jeremani la malamulo laletsa kutsutsa njirayi, kukwaniritsa kudzipereka kwake.

3. Malo Oyenda Amodzi a ku Ireland (STV)

Ireland wagwiritsira ntchito STV chiyambire kukhazikitsidwa kwa boma mu 1922. Ofunsira a magawo osiyanasiyana (mofala 3 mpaka 5 mipando). Zimenezi zimalola zonse ziŵiri kukhala ndi kugaŵana ndi kupikisana kwa itrapartic. Chisankho cha Ireland chimadziŵika kaamba ka milingo yapamwamba ya mizu ya udzu ndi utumiki wamphamvu. STV yapanga maboma ogwirizana okhazikika ndipo yatamandidwa chifukwa cha kuwunikira zokonda za voti. Project ACE projects yogwirizana ndi mmene STV imachitira STV imayerekezerera ndi madongosolo ena.

Kuyesa kwa ku Canada Kupanga Mtengo Wamakono

Canada yakhala ndi mavoti angapo a chigawo pa kusintha kwa voti, makamaka ku British Columbia (2005, 2009) ndi Ontario (2007). Mu BC, kusinthidwa ku njira yoyendetsera modzi okha ya Vote analandira 57.7% mu 2005 koma analephera pa masitepe 60% a pulogalamu. Nkhaniyi inagogomezera kwambiri kuti anthu akufunitsitsa kusintha koma kulephera kuvomerezana ndi njira ina. Canada idakali chitsanzo chotchuka cha dziko limene FPTPP ikupitirizabe ngakhale kuti ikufuna kusintha.

Tsogolo la Kuimira Zinthu Zabwino

Kusintha kwa zinthu kukuchititsa kuti anthu azisinthasintha n’kukhala ndi maganizo oyenera.

  • Kupita patsogolo kwa zasayansi: Kuvota ndi luso la zopimira zingawonjezere kupezeka ndi chisungiko. Komabe, zimayambitsanso nkhaŵa za malo ovota, kutsekereza, ndi kugaŵana kwa manambala. Programu za Pilot m'maiko onga Estonia zasonyeza lonjezo, koma kulera ana kwa anthu ambiri kumayambitsa mkangano.
  • Kuzindikira kowonjezereka: kumvetsetsa kwa anthu kwambiri masankho osankhidwa kungachititse kufuna kusintha. Makampani a zaumoyo ndi a maphunziro a boma akuthandiza nzika kuphunzira zinthu zina monga kuvota ndi kuimira ndandanda.
  • [[FLT: 0] Malingaliro apadziko lonse: [[FLT :1] Kuphunzira kuchokera ku zitsanzo zamitundu yonse kungadziŵitse malamulo a m'banja. Magulu onga Factor Fact Society Reformation mu UK ndi Fairvote [[FLT :5] m'madongosolo a US amene amachirikiza chilungamo ndi kugawana nawo.
  • Madeti a kukalamba kwa anthu, kusamukira m’mizinda, ndi kusamuka zikusintha kupangidwa kwa masankho. Madongosolo amene amasintha zinthu zimenezi. Kufanana ndi kuimira madiaspora ambiri.
  • Kudalirana: Kusintha ndi kusocheretsedwa kumawopseza kuyenera kwa masankho. Masinthidwe amene amakulitsa chikhulupiriro, monga makhonsati odziimira okha ndi kuonekera kwa ndalama za projekiti, ngofunika kwambiri.

Potsirizira pake, mtsogolo mwa kuimiridwa mwachilungamo muli m’kulinganiza kuyenera kwa ulamuliro. Palibe dongosolo ladongosolo lokhala langwiro, koma kukambitsirana ndi kuyesa kosalekeza kungatsogolere ku kuwongokera kowonjezereka kumene kumalimbitsa demokrase.

Kumaliza

Kuimira bwino m'madongosolo osankha kuli kofunika kwambiri kuti pakhale demokrase yathanzi. Mwa kutsimikizira kuti mawu onse amvedwa ndi kuŵerengeredwa, mabungwe angachirikize kusagwirizana ndi kupotoka . Kumvetsetsa madongosolo osiyanasiyana osankha . FPTP, PR, madongosolo osanganikira, ndi madongosolo ena monga RCV, ndi mphamvu zawo pa kuimira nkofunika kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi nzika mofanana. Pamene mavuto onga ngati kuyendetsa ndi kuvota akutsalira, maphunziro ochokera ku New Zealand, Germany, ndi kwina kulikonse amasonyeza kuti kusintha kuli kotheka ndi kopindulitsa. Njira ya kutsogolo imafunikira kupitirizabe kulinganiza kwapo ndi kulinganiza bwino, ndi kudzipereka ku lamulo la lamulo limene ovota aliyense ayenera kukhala ndi liyenera. Monga nzika, kukhalabe ndi kuchirikiza mkhalidwe wabwino kwa anthu, sikuli ntchito yongofunikira kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wadziko la dziko lonse.